DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DRAFTING TABLE AND CHAIR USING ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES

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DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A DRAFTING TABLE AND CHAIR USING ERGONOMIC PRINCIPLES

Abstract

This research presents the design and construction of a chair and drafting table for the drafting workstation of the Kano State University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Nigeria. Anthropometric data were collated from 100 students: 97 male and 3 female students and studied. The NORDIC Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) was used to ascertain the current status of the workstation which shows severe pains in the neck, lower back, and upper back and mild pains in the other anatomical areas. The analysis of the NORDIC questionnaire together with the anthropometric data were used in designing for the dimensions of the chair and drafting table for the workstation to alleviate the intensity of musculoskeletal trouble in the affected parts of the body and other anatomical areas. A prototype of the recommended chair with the following dimension: height 85 cm, depth 56.0 cm, width 42 cm, weight 580 N, height back rest 29 cm and drafting table: width 81.8 cm, length 93.6 cm, height 79.2 cm were fabricated using locally source materials considering the engineering properties of the materials and economic value in saving cost.

1.0 Introduction

The word Ergonomics comes from two Greek letter words; ERGO meaning work and NOMOS meaning laws. Hence, ergonomics is a science that focuses on the study of human fit, decrease in fatigue and discomfort through proper product design, work spaces and workstations (Scott and Erin, 2006). Ergonomics played a great attention in body positioning in order to prevent physical injuries that can occur from bad posture during work and is an integral part of modern design, manufacturing and use of products (Festervoll, 1994). Researches in ergonomics had lead to the increase in the efficient use of product through proper design based on biomechanics of the human body. This research aspect of ergonomics that deals with the measurement of human body dimensions and certain physical characteristics is called Anthropometry. Thus, anthropometry is the science that measures the range of body sizes in a population. Anthropometric data are often collated, analyzed and used in ergonomics to specify the physical dimension of work spaces, workstations, and equipments as well as applied to product design (Chou and Hsiao 2005, Davis et al, 2009). The need to protect the body from muscularskeletal pain, cumulative trauma and reduce fatigue, increase productivity and efficiency of workers or equipments users necessitates proper anthropometric data collation and analysis for designing of work spaces, workstations and products. Anthropometric data varies considerably between regional populations of the world. For example, Scandinavian populations tend to be taller, Asians and Italians tend to be shorter and Africans tend to be stronger than Arabs (Scott and Erin, 2006).

Structural anthropometric are measurements of the bodily dimensions of subjects in fixed (static) positions. Measurements are made from one clearly identifiable anatomical land mark to another or to a fixed point in space (e.g. the height of the knuckles above the floor, the height of the popliteal fossa (back of the knee) above the floor, and so on) (Davis et al., 2009). Examples of structural anthropometric data are to specify furniture dimensions, ranges of clothing sizes, vehicle dimensions etc. Deros and Mohammad (2009) proposed and recommended a chair and table dimensions surface for Malaysian citizen’s using Malaysian anthropometric data. This paper presents ergonomic principles base on structural anthropometrics variables applied to the design and construction of a chair and drafting table use in engineering drawing studio using locally sourced materials. The design focuses on user’s (students) comfort during drafting technique.

1.2 Methodology

For the purpose of this study, levels 200 and 300 students of Kano State University, Wudil were used. Ninety-seven male students were randomly selected with three female students making a total of one hundred students that were studied. Eight anthropometric data’s were measured using traditional anthropometric measuring tools like tapes and weight scale. These are; Popliteal height (A), Buttock to Popliteal length (B), Hip breadth (C), Sitting elbow height (D), Buttock to back length (E), and Weight of the students (F) for the design of the chair while the related anthropometry measurements for drafting table are; sitting elbow height (D), Upper arm length (G) and Lower arm length (H) Tom Albin, (2008). The mean, standard deviation, 5th percentile and 95th percentile values of the anthropometric data were then evaluated. The analysis of the NORDIC questionnaire together with the anthropometric data were used in designing for the dimensions of the chair and drafting table for the workstation to alleviate the intensity of musculoskeletal trouble in the affected parts of the body and other anatomical areas (i.e. neck, shoulders, elbows, wrist/hands, upper back, lower back, hips/thighs/buttocks, knees and ankles/feet) in designing for the chair and drafting table dimensions.

1.3 Determination of Mean and Standard Deviation

To estimate the parameters of stature in a population, the mean and standard deviation are needed. The mean is the sum of all the measurements divided by the number of measurements. Thus, the value of the mean determines the position of the normal distribution along the x (horizontal) axis. The standard deviation is calculated using the difference between each individual measurement and the mean. It is a measure of the degree of dispersion in the normal distribution (David et al., 2002). Equations 1 and 2 were used for computing the mean and standard deviation respectively.

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