The Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Nigeria

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The Impact of Health on Economic Growth in Nigeria

Abstract

This paper examines the impacts of health on Economic growth in Nigeria. The Cointegration, and Granger

Causality techniques were used in analysing Quarterly time series data of Nigeria for the period of 1995-2009. The study finds that GDP is positively influenced by health indicators in the long run and health indicators cause the per capita GDP. It reveals that health indicators have a long run impact on economic growth. Thus, the impact of health is a long run phenomenon .The major policy implication of the study is that, a high level of economic growth can be achieved by improving the health status of the populace, especially if the current status is at low ebb.

Keywords: Health human capital; Economic growth; Cointegration; Granger Causality.

Introduction

The relationship between human capital and economic growth has received generous enquiries in the literature

.The significance of Human capital in achieving sustainable economic Growth has been documented. Growth theories suggest the role of human capital in achieving significant growth in the economy. The economic view of human capital encompasses education, health, training, migration, and other investments that enhance an individual’s productivity. Outcome from several studies seem to suggest that there is a positive correlation between health status and sustainable economic growth. The wide acceptance of this nexus prompted the prominence of health outcome in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In fact three of the goals are health specific while the others can also be regarded as health enhancing. Thus, the development of human capital becomes more important in many resource constraint countries like Nigeria. The opportunity costs of spending on health is very high and thus the need for a justification on the increase or otherwise of health spending in Nigeria. Incidentally, Nigeria is among the developing nations with poor health outcomes and its attendant problems. The health status of Nigeria is still considerably low and exists below that of some countries in West Africa. Low life expectancy at birth, high infant and maternal mortality rates, malaria and tuberculosis afflictions are some of the characteristics features of the Nigeria`s health status. Life expectancy at birth in Nigeria was estimated at only 48 in 2007, compared with 56 in Ghana. This is complemented by the high numbers of women who die of complications during pregnancy or childbirth. Although the global maternal mortality ratio of below 400 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births in 2008, the maternal mortality ratio for Nigeria was 1100 per 100 000 live births, still on the high when compared to 560 and 910 in Ghana and Guinea respectively. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adults aged 15 and above infection has contributed significantly to Nigeria’s low life expectancy (WHO 2010). It was estimated at 2,886 per 100,000 people. It is above the Prevalence rate in Ghana (1722), but below that of Cameroun (4580). Also, the per capital income in Nigeria is low, with more than half of the population leaving below the poverty line. Thus, provision of adequate funding for health care either by the household or the government remains difficult.

Most of the literatures that have incorporated human capital in the growth studies, tends to Paid greater attention on analysing the impact of education on economic growth, while ignoring the role of health human capital. It is only in very recent times that studies have started looking at health and tried to estimate the relationship between health status and economic growth. There exists a two-way relationship between improved health and economic growth. Health and other forms of human and physical capital increases the per capita GDP

by increasing productivity of existing resources coupled with resource accumulation and technical change.

Furthermore, some part of this increased income is spent on investment in human capital, which results in further per capita growth. On the other hand, Economic development results in improved nutrition, better sanitation, innovations in medical technologies; all this increases the life expectancy, reduces the infant mortality rate. Akram (2008). Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate and established the relationship that exists between health and per capita GDP in the long-run. This study will further test whether, there exists a two-way causality between health and per capita GDP or causality is unidirectional given conflicting results in the literatures.

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