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APPRAISAL OF SECURITY CHALLENGES IN MARITIME SECTOR: A STUDY OF TINCAN ISLAND
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Maritime Security is the grouping of preventive and responsive actions to guard the maritime sphere against threats and intended illegitimate acts (Feldt, Roeli, and Thiele, 2013). The maritime domain’s worth for states can be designated in terms of its natural assets, its importance for transport and trade, power forecast and defence, and the maritime atmosphere’s intrinsic value (Lundqvist, 2013). Thus, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the sea (UNCLOS) was established as a basic legal instrument for oceanic affairs as an offer of corollary rights for coastal states to ensure amongst others, sustainable use and defence of the marine environment and to guarantee the security of sea lines of communication (Jesus, 2003).
For the Gulf of Guinea, maritime insecurity has led to regional loss of revenue, limitations on investment and caused an increase in crime rates (2013: 58). According to the report of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) during the first three quarters of 2009, the coast of Nigeria is said to rank as the second most perilous in the world in terms of attacks, with 20 reported. This is more obviously linked to militancy in the Niger Delta with traces of spreading into adjoining countries through organised criminal groups and divergent separatist sects. Given the political raids since 2006 by militants both at sea and in the Niger Delta intended at Nigeria’s hydrocarbon zone, the trend has received considerable awareness, since their net impact has been to cut the state’s oil exports by nearly one-third from 2.2 million barrels per day to about 1.6 million or so today (though, production is on the rise again in the tenuous peace following an amnesty granted to militants in 2009), the events of piracy for mainly lawless motives are somewhat a weird phenomenon (GlobeSec, 2010). While the legitimacy of many grievances cited by various groups in justifying these assaults cannot be denied, there are also distinctive signs that there are organised misconduct, rather than partisan engagement at work as reported in so many instances. This means that Nigerian maritime security has a direct bearing on the state’s capacity to secure its national assets, which is a vital asset for the country (National Security Strategy, 2011). Added to the above, is the security of international assets (strategic, economic and political) which widens the scope of its importance.
These threats, coupled with the inability of the Gulf of Guinea countries to adequately manage their maritime security have led to a call for regional approaches and external support. UNSC Resolutions “2018” of 31 October 2011 and Resolution “2039” of 29 February 2012 laid the groundwork which expresses concern posed by piracy and armed robbery at sea and threats to the security of maritime sea lines of communication. It also emphasises the need for coordinated progress and broad strategy to counter piracy including international assistance to states and regional organizations, as well as instituting information-sharing network between countries (Smith-Windsor and Pavia, 2013).
More recently, African initiatives to encourage wider regional and international approaches to tackle maritime insecurity have taken a new dimension. The meeting of Heads of States of three key regional organisations in the Gulf of Guinea (Economic Community of Central African States), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Gulf of Guinea States (GGC) on 24 and 25 June 2013 at Yaoundé in Cameroon adopted the “Code of Conduct on the Prevention and the Suppression on Acts of Piracy, Armed Robbery against Ships and other Illicit Activities carried out at sea in Central and West Africa” (2013: 6). On the account of these threats of insecurity on Nigerian waters, what value is
Nigerian maritime security given the sensitive nature of Exports, Imports and Offshore facility, and what are the likely challenges that hinder the effective security of this sector from the Nigerian and Global perspectives, since it is not an internal problem alone? There are domestic challenges ranging from Corruption, Ill Equipped Navy and Geography. While at the international level (Regional and Global), the international actors have shown signs of weak responses despite their interests and together with lack of effective coordination with the host Gulf of Guinea states especially Nigeria towards a collective strategy. The outcome of most reports and researches on maritime insecurity in the Gulf of Guinea continue to make references to Nigeria as an international hotspot for illegal activities on sea.
This research work endeavours to explore the importance of Nigerian maritime security. It will then go on to determine the divergent perspectives thwarting Nigeria’s efforts at maintaining effective maritime security.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Sea Piracy is a serious problem in Bayelsa State. In fact the gravity of the crime is so intense that it has affected socioeconomic activities in the area. Government on many occasions have developed policy issues to tackle the crime, but yet very little or no positive result is achieved. Residents of the state, market women and commercial ferry operators who do business on the high sea and territorial waters have spoken openly and condemned the crime, yet the perpetrators are still carrying-out the heinous crime unabated. The police and other law enforcement officers particularly the navy have on several occasion warned the perpetrators of sea piracy to stay away from the waterways, yet each time such warning is given, it appears that the sea pirates intensify their effort to rob on high seas. This is problem and it has affected the household economy of many who live on proceeds derived from commercial activities on high seas. It has also affected the economy of the state at large that also benefits from taxing the operators of businesses on high seas. People who before normally travel by water no more does so because of fear of attack by sea pirates. Expatriates who had companies in the area are also folding up because of attack and kidnapping by hoodlums who operate on waterways. Many security operatives have lost their lives in the bid to control the crime. These and many others constitute the problem caused by sea piracy in Bayelsa State. Findings of previous studies (Badejo, 2000; Igbokwe, 2001; Onuoha & Hassan, 2009; and Ezem 2012) revealed that study on sea piracy tend to focus mainly on attacks on “big” commercial boats and the oil industry; as a result, “small” trawlers and fishermen, speedboat operators and traders are ignored whereas they are the first- victims of pirate’s onslaughte. Although studies exist on sea-piracy and national security (Ochai, 2013; Oyetunji, 2012; Onuoha and Hassan, 2009), available literature reveals that no research exists in this area of study linking insecurity and criminality to business growth in the maritime sector of Bayelsa State.
It is in view of the foregoing, that this study was undertaken. This study therefore contrast previous ones by studying sea piracy and security challenges of maritime business operation in Nigeria by so doing, fills the gap that exist in the literature.
Given all this, the questions that therefore arise are: How has sea piracy affected Bayelsa waterways? To what extent does sea piracy affect fishing business in Bayelsa State? What are the security challenges faced by maritime business operations in Bayelsa State?
1.3 Significance of the study
This study is important because it aims at improving maritime industry’s business operation and harness Nigeria’s economic growth through adequate security framework . The inclusion of Nigeria as hub of sea piracy calls for attention to unravel the root causes of Maritime piracy since it constitutes a security challenge to the nation’s maritime business operation.
This study is one of such deliberate attempt to identify and strategically address various factors that sustain the surge in Bayelsa State waterways which constitute a national security challenge. This study have proposed a strategic mechanism which could enhance a better synergy among security operatives, as well as address the issues of security interference by none security operatives (government officials and others). This study has also added to the build-up on literatures that explains and focuses on sea piracy and security challenges of maritime business operation in Bayelsa State. Finally, this study has complemented locality/geographical specific studies on maritime piracy (especially in Bayelsa State waterways), which can collaboratively address the issues of insecurity in their waterways.
This exposition addresses the significance and two main complications within the theme of Nigerian Maritime Security. The major significance is why maritime security is relevant to Nigeria? Secondly, what are the constraints that hinder effective maritime security within Nigeria, as a sovereign state? The third question is what are the possible global challenges (regional and international) outside Nigeria that may be a limitation for Nigeria’s effort at securing its shores? Scholars have all cited divergent views and accounts on the persistent security challenges. However, there exist some gaps that need to be considered owing to uncertainties and inconclusive evidences from literatures reviewed so far.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1. To analyse the importance of an effective Nigerian maritime security and the various challenges faced by it.
2. To identify potential security challenges faced in Nigerian Maritime sector
3. To recommend solutions to maritime security challenges in Nigeria maritime sector.
4. To determine the domestic views that may thwart Nigeria’s quest for an effective maritime security.
5. To determine also, the international aspect (Regional and International) constraints that may hinder Nigerian maritime security.
1.5 Research Questions
1. What is the importance of an effective Nigerian maritime security and the various challenges faced by it.
2. What are the potential security challenges faced in Nigerian Maritime sector
3. What arethe domestic views that may thwart Nigeria’s quest for an effective maritime security.
4. What are the constraints that may hinder Nigerian maritime security.
1.6 Purpose of the Study
To explore the rationale for the importance of Nigerian Maritime Security.
1.7 Research Hypothesis
The following hypotheses will guide the study:
i. There is no significant relationship between Sea piracy and Maritime business operation in Bayelsa state.
ii. There is no significant relationship between Sea piracy and fishing business in Bayelsa State
iii. Poaching does not significantly affect sea faring operation in Bayelsa State
iv. There is no significant relationship between Sea piracy and Security surveillance in Bayelsa territorial waters.
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