PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AMONG WOMEN (A CASE STUDY OF LAFIA LGA OF NASARAWA STATE)

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PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE AMONG WOMEN (A CASE STUDY OF LAFIA LGA OF NASARAWA STATE)

Abstract:

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) pose significant public health challenges, particularly among women, necessitating effective prevention and control measures. This case study focuses on the prevention and control of STDs among women in Lafia Local Government Area (LGA) of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study aims to assess the prevalence of STDs, identify risk factors, and evaluate existing prevention and control strategies.

Through a mixed-methods approach, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. A structured survey was conducted among a representative sample of women in Lafia LGA to determine the prevalence of STDs and associated risk factors. Additionally, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with healthcare professionals, community leaders, and women to gather insights into the effectiveness of current prevention and control measures.

Preliminary findings indicate a notable prevalence of STDs among women in Lafia LGA, with risk factors including limited access to healthcare services, insufficient awareness, and cultural barriers. Existing prevention efforts include awareness campaigns, community outreach programs, and healthcare services provided by local health facilities.

Based on the findings, the study recommends a multifaceted approach to enhance prevention and control efforts. This includes scaling up awareness campaigns, improving access to affordable healthcare services, and fostering community partnerships. Strengthening collaboration between healthcare providers, community leaders, and government agencies is vital for the successful implementation of sustainable strategies.

This case study contributes valuable insights to the broader discourse on STD prevention and control, particularly in resource-constrained settings. The findings aim to inform policy decisions, guide healthcare interventions, and ultimately empower women in Lafia LGA to protect themselves against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) continue to be a global public health concern, with a disproportionate impact on women. The prevention and control of STDs are essential components of public health efforts, aiming to reduce the burden of diseases, protect vulnerable populations, and promote overall community well-being. In this context, the focus of this study is on the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases among women, with specific attention to the case study area, Lafia Local Government Area (LGA) of Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Lafia LGA, like many other regions, faces challenges related to the spread of STDs among women. Factors such as limited access to healthcare, cultural norms, and socioeconomic disparities contribute to the vulnerability of women to STDs. Understanding the dynamics of STD prevalence, associated risk factors, and the effectiveness of existing prevention and control measures in Lafia LGA is crucial for designing targeted interventions.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) remain a critical public health challenge, with far-reaching implications for individuals, communities, and healthcare systems. Among the most vulnerable populations affected by the consequences of STDs are women. The prevention and control of these diseases are fundamental to safeguarding the health and well-being of women, ensuring their reproductive rights, and promoting community-wide health.

This study delves into the specific context of STD prevention and control among women, with a focus on Lafia Local Government Area (LGA) in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Lafia LGA, like many other regions, grapples with the complexities surrounding the spread of STDs, especially among women. A thorough examination of the prevalence, risk factors, and the effectiveness of existing prevention and control measures in this locality is imperative to develop targeted interventions and policies.

The global burden of STDs, including but not limited to HIV/AIDS, syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, is significant. The impact on women is exacerbated by factors such as gender-based violence, societal norms, and limited access to healthcare services. Women often bear a disproportionate burden of the health consequences associated with STDs, including infertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and increased vulnerability to other infections.

In Nigeria, where cultural, socioeconomic, and healthcare access challenges persist, the prevalence of STDs among women is a matter of grave concern. Nasarawa State, in particular, reflects the broader disparities that contribute to the spread of STDs, necessitating a nuanced examination of the local dynamics within Lafia LGA.

Understanding the specific challenges faced by women in Lafia LGA in the prevention and control of STDs is crucial for several reasons. The health disparities, cultural norms, and limited resources unique to this region can significantly influence the effectiveness of interventions. By focusing on this context, the study aims to inform evidence-based strategies that consider the intricacies of the local landscape.

Gonorrhea is the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease (STD) in Nigeria. In fact, in 1963, WHO found Lagos to have the highest gonorrhea rate in the world. Recent surveys report gonorrhea prevalence to be as high as 28.1%. Further some studies show a clear association between gonorrhea and male and female infertility. Penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhea prevalence varies from 44.4% in Zaria to 80% in Ibadan. There is an increase in the prevalence of gonorrhea among girls, mostly due to sociocultural factors such as the belief that sexual intercourse with a girl who has urethritis cures the condition. Gonorrhea is not always the most common form of urethritis, however. For example, in a study in Ibadan, 61% of male urethritis cases had nonspecific urethritis. Further schistosomiasis often causes urethral symptoms like those of gonorrhea. Most women at STD clinics have vaginitis and vaginal discharge. Even though the prevalence of trichomoniasis and candidiasis are rather high (10.2-22.3% and 4.33.1% respectively), bacterial vaginosis is the leading cause of vaginitis and vaginal discharge in Nigeria. The predominant malignancy of women in Nigeria is cervical cancer which my be due to the high rates of infection of trichomoniasis and Herpes virus II. Another prevalent STD is syphilis, yet many people with the infection are asymptomatic. For example, a study reports that 10.3% of women in a prenatal clinic in Lagos tested positive for syphilis, but the physician believed only 1.5% had syphilis. Tropical venereal diseases still cause genital ulcers in Nigeria. Dermatophyte infection, genital warts, and pedicubsis pubis also occur, but scant data exist. Many people believe they have an STD and do not, yet they insist they do. This phenomenon may be a result of the common fear of infertility which results from STDs. In conclusion, the government should allocate adequate funds for health programs and research, particularly those associated with STDs.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among women in Lafia LGA represents a significant health challenge. Factors such as stigma, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and cultural barriers may contribute to the underreporting and persistence of STDs in the community. Without targeted and effective prevention and control strategies, the health and well-being of women in Lafia LGA are at risk.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objectives of this study are as follows:

To assess the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among women in Lafia LGA.

To identify the risk factors contributing to the spread of STDs among women in the study area.

To evaluate the effectiveness of existing prevention and control measures for sexually transmitted diseases in Lafia LGA.

To provide recommendations for enhancing the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases among women in Lafia LGA.

1.4 Research Questions

What is the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases among women in Lafia LGA?

What are the key risk factors contributing to the spread of STDs among women in the study area?

How effective are the current prevention and control measures for sexually transmitted diseases in Lafia LGA?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons:

It contributes to the body of knowledge on the prevalence and factors influencing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases among women.

Findings from this study will inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and community leaders about the specific challenges faced by women in Lafia LGA.

The study will provide a foundation for designing targeted interventions and public health campaigns aimed at preventing and controlling STDs among women in the study area.

1.6 Scope of the Study

This research focuses specifically on women in Lafia LGA of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. The study will assess the prevalence of STDs, identify risk factors, and evaluate prevention and control measures. The research does not extend to other demographic groups or regions outside the specified study area.

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