A REVIEW OF EFFECT OF STORAGE CONTAINER AND TIME ON POTABLE WATER QUALITY

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A REVIEW OF EFFECT OF STORAGE CONTAINER AND TIME ON POTABLE WATER QUALITY

ABSTRACT

Water tanks are liquid storage containers that store water for human consumption. They are usually made of polyethylene (plastic), steel, clay, ceramics and fiber glass. The need to investigate the changes in water quality during storage in different types of water storage tanks or vessels is very crucial in establishing which tank contributes to deterioration or improvement of stored water during storage. Two sources of potable water (tap water and borehole water) were stored in twelve water storage reservoirs (six for each water source) for a period of six weeks. The tanks include black plastic tank, blue plastic tank, green plastic tank, coated steel metal tank, uncoated steel metal tank and clay pot. The water quality parameters examined were Temperature, Taste, Odour, Colour, Turbidity, Total solids, Conductivity, pH, Nitrate, Dissolved oxygen, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Chloride, Chlorine residual, Manganese, Iron, Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB) and Chlorophyll-A. However, all parameters listed above were analyzed at a sampling frequency of seven days interval. The results showed that among the different container materials/colours used, black plastic tank was the best in terms of preserving water quality. The range in the following examined toxic parameters (i.e Nitrate, Manganese, Total heterotrophic bacteria and Chlorophyll-A) in tap water stored in black plastic tank were 8.0mg/L – 13.8mg/L, 0.099mg/L – 0.201mg/L, 2×102CFU/100mL – 116×102CFU/100mL and 0.000µg/L – 0.959µg/L respectively. On the other hand, the range for the said parameters for borehole water stored in black plastic tank are respectively 8.9mg/L – 13.6mg/L, 0.127mg/L – 0.226mg/L, 6×102CFU/100mL – 112×102CFU/100mL and 0.000µg/L –0.954µg/L. Also, findings from the study recommends that,the maximum retention period for storing tap water or borehole water in plastic tanks as well as coated steel metal tanks to be at most 3weeks while storage in clay pots should not to exceed 6days. On the other hand, uncoated steel metal tank was suggested not to be used as storage vessel for potable/drinking water regardless of the retention time. The research also modeled the water quality results and identified that Electrical Conductivity (EC)is strongly influenced by Alkalinity, Calcium hardness and Chloride ions with R2values of 0.9926, 0.9958 and 0.9995 respectively. From this work, it was established that ,black plastic materials should be considered first when selecting a container material for storing water in large capacity

Literature review

Water, air, food and shelter are the essential items for any living being. It is possible to survive without food and shelter for some days, but without water, it is not possible to survive much of the time. Without air, one cannot live for a few minutes. Next to air is water which is of paramount importance to all organisms (Booker, 2000).

Water is a chemical substance that is composed of two atoms of hydrogen and an atom of oxygen (Hayward, 2004). In typical usage, water refers to only its liquid form or state, but the substance also has a solid state known as ice, and a gaseous state called steam or water vapor. According to Parsons and Jefferson (2006), water to be consumed by man/animals should fall within the range of certain limits set by World Health Organization (W.H.O.) often known as drinking water standards. Such water that is fit for human consumption is called potable water.

Water is readily available all over the world but only a very few proportion of it is potable or fit for human consumption (Nala and Jagals, 2003). Hence, there is the need of storing potable water in containers in order to ensure continuity in supply during interruption or disaster. Such containers used in storing water are called water storage reservoirs or tanks. Storage reservoirs are available in various forms based on the material of construction such as clay, galvanized steel, polyethylene, fiberglass, and concrete.

Water is the most abundant substance on the earth surface and is used as a universal solvent.

1 It is inexhaustible in its use. In Nigeria, consumable water is obtained from rivers, springs, streams, rainfall, pools, lakes, pipe borne water and borehole.

2 Following its abundant nature, water is usually taken for granted in most parts of the world. Water has to be potable before it can be regarded fit for human consumption. When the water falls short of this approved standard, it will harbour pathogenic microorganisms. Various water sources are liable to contamination by various microorganisms.

The organisms contained in the water are generally derived from the soil over which the water flows, birds and human activities. Industrial effluence also play major role in the contamination of the water. In order to protect his health and ensures his well-being, man must have an ample supply of water free from pathogenic and harmful substances. It is therefore as a result of this indispensable nature of water that made Nobel Laureate, Szout- Gyorgy to call it the “matrix of life” (Marlin and Carl 1992). The common sources of water available to man include rain, surface and underground water (Beiger et al 1992, and Connell 1996).3

Due to the increase in human population and steady growth in industrializations, the available and supply of safe water can no longer be ordinarily considered. Priestly in 1781 was the first to observe that the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gas yields water vapour (Kay 1996). The role of water cannot be overemphasized. Its function in transportation, power generation, food production, and processing, manufacturing and waste treatment are absolutely basic, since these activities simply cannot take place without water. Water is an essential element for the maintenance of life and most living organisms can survive only for short periods, without water (Tchobanoglous and Schroeder, 1998). In the case of pipe borne, rain and river water, additional sources of contamination could be from the container used in collecting them. According to Okoro,4 for the past 15years, the problem of providing good drinking water for the teeming number of people in the cities and villages of the developing countries has been of great concern to the various government and World Health Organization (WHO). Today, especially in developing countries, the need for safe water is at its peak.

Rainwater is usually collected during rainfall and with the exception of atmospheric contaminants, is the purest water so far available. Surface water consists of water from shallow wells, river, ponds, lakes and wastewater while ground and underground water include deep wells and springs. Surface water contains more microorganisms than either of the two sources, as it is more prone to contamination. Once surface water is improperly handled or constructed as is the case of shallow well which is poorly maintained especially in rural areas, it can be responsible for the outbreak of diseases by most enteropathogenic organisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella as well as Peudomonas aeruginosa and klebsiella which multiply in water if sufficient nutrient are available (Okpokwasili and Akujobi, 1996; Nnochiri 1990).

Tap water that was identified as the best source of drinking water is now being contaminated through burst pipe, personal hygiene of the workers etc (Nnodim 2000). This has led to suffering of some consumers from diseases like intestinal tract diseases, diarrhoea. These diseases, which are indicative of poor water quality call for monitoring of few portable water sources to determine their public health quality.5 Public health quality of drinking water is concerned with whether there is health risk implications associated with it (Clarke 2000). If there is risk associated with the water, it has to be re-subjected to further treatment. Chlorination has been the traditional method employed for the treatment of municipal water supplies (Kay 1996). This treatment method is relatively expensive and the free residual chlorine content of the treated water represents a built-in safety factor against pathogens surviving the actual treatment period and causing recontamination. The disadvantage of chlorination is the incidental production of trace amount of organochlorine compound e.g. Trihalomethane (THM).

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