MOLECULAR PROFILING OF BREAST CANCER USING INNUNIHISTOCHEMISTRY AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING
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MOLECULAR PROFILING OF BREAST CANCER USING INNUNIHISTOCHEMISTRY AND NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING
Background
Breast cancer remains the most common malignancy among women worldwide, contributing significantly to cancer morbidity and mortality (Sung et al., 2021). Its heterogeneity at the molecular and histopathological levels has profound implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic strategies (Perou et al., 2000). Traditional histopathology provides limited insight into the molecular mechanisms driving tumor progression, necessitating advanced profiling techniques.
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) allows the detection of protein expression patterns within tumor tissues, particularly hormone receptors (estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR]) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which guide treatment decisions (Rakha et al., 2010). However, IHC is limited in its ability to capture the broader genomic landscape of tumors.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has emerged as a powerful tool for comprehensive molecular characterization, enabling the identification of somatic mutations, copy number variations, and gene expression profiles (Mardis, 2017). Integrating IHC with NGS can provide a more precise and personalized understanding of breast cancer biology, improving patient stratification for targeted therapies.
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