ASSESSMENT OF HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CANCER PATIENTS ON CHEMOTHERAPY. A CASE STUDY OF CANCER PATIENTS IN EKITI AND OSUN STATE

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ASSESSMENT OF HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN CANCER PATIENTS ON CHEMOTHERAPY. A CASE STUDY OF CANCER PATIENTS IN EKITI AND OSUN STATE

Chapter One:

Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, significantly impacting individuals, families, and healthcare systems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were approximately 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths in 2020. In Nigeria, cancer is increasingly recognized as a major public health challenge, with an estimated incidence of 124,815 cases in 2020. Chemotherapy, a cornerstone of cancer treatment, involves the use of cytotoxic drugs to eliminate cancer cells or inhibit their growth. While chemotherapy is effective in treating various types of cancer, it often results in significant adverse effects on hematological parameters, including anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia.

Hematological parameters are crucial indicators of a patient’s health status during and after chemotherapy. These parameters reflect the functioning of the bone marrow and the patient’s overall physiological response to the treatment. Changes in hemoglobin levels, white blood cell counts, and platelet counts can lead to severe complications, affecting treatment outcomes and the patient’s quality of life. Thus, assessing hematological parameters in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy is essential for monitoring treatment efficacy, managing side effects, and optimizing patient care.

This study focuses on assessing the hematological parameters of cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in Ekiti and Osun states, Nigeria. By analyzing these parameters, the study aims to identify trends, understand the impact of chemotherapy on the hematological profile, and provide insights that can enhance patient management and care strategies.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy frequently experience changes in their hematological parameters, which can lead to severe complications and impact treatment outcomes. Anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia are common side effects associated with chemotherapy, necessitating regular monitoring of blood parameters. In many healthcare settings in Nigeria, including Ekiti and Osun states, there is limited data on the specific effects of chemotherapy on the hematological profile of cancer patients. This lack of information hampers the ability of healthcare providers to effectively monitor and manage these patients, potentially leading to suboptimal treatment outcomes.

Given the rising incidence of cancer and the increasing use of chemotherapy in Nigeria, it is imperative to conduct a thorough assessment of hematological parameters in these patients. Understanding the extent of these changes and their implications for patient care can inform clinical practices and enhance the management of cancer treatment in local healthcare settings.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to assess the hematological parameters of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Ekiti and Osun states. The specific objectives are:

To evaluate the baseline hematological parameters of cancer patients before chemotherapy treatment.

To assess the changes in hematological parameters during and after chemotherapy.

To investigate the relationship between specific chemotherapy regimens and hematological alterations.

To identify potential risk factors associated with significant changes in hematological parameters among cancer patients.

To provide recommendations for monitoring and managing hematological complications in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.

1.4 Research Questions

To achieve the objectives outlined above, the study will address the following research questions:

What are the baseline hematological parameters of cancer patients before chemotherapy treatment?

How do hematological parameters change during and after chemotherapy in cancer patients?

Are there specific chemotherapy regimens that are associated with significant alterations in hematological parameters?

What risk factors contribute to significant changes in hematological parameters among cancer patients receiving chemotherapy?

What strategies can be implemented to improve the monitoring and management of hematological complications in cancer patients?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study is significant for several reasons. First, it will contribute to the existing body of knowledge regarding the hematological effects of chemotherapy in cancer patients, particularly in Nigeria. By providing empirical data on hematological parameters, the study will assist healthcare providers in understanding the implications of chemotherapy on patient health.

Second, the findings will inform clinical practices and guidelines for the management of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life. Additionally, this study may highlight the need for tailored interventions to mitigate the adverse effects of chemotherapy on hematological parameters, leading to enhanced patient care strategies.

Finally, the study will raise awareness among healthcare stakeholders about the importance of monitoring hematological parameters in cancer treatment, advocating for improved diagnostic and management facilities in local healthcare systems.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study will encompass cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in selected healthcare facilities in Ekiti and Osun states, Nigeria. The study will focus on patients diagnosed with various types of cancer undergoing different chemotherapy regimens. Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin levels, white blood cell counts, and platelet counts, will be assessed at baseline, during treatment, and at follow-up to evaluate changes over time.

The study will exclude patients who are not undergoing chemotherapy or those with pre-existing hematological disorders to ensure that the focus remains on the effects of chemotherapy on blood parameters. The study will also consider socio-demographic factors and other variables that may influence hematological changes.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Hematological Parameters: Laboratory measurements that provide information about the blood composition, including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count.

Chemotherapy: A type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill or inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

Anemia: A condition characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin levels or red blood cells, leading to reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.

Neutropenia: A decrease in neutrophils, a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune response, increasing the risk of infections.

Thrombocytopenia: A condition involving a low platelet count, which can lead to increased bleeding and bruising.

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