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FACTORS INFLUENCING READING HABITS OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Reading is central to learning in schools because all learning activities revolve around it. Owing to its importance in academic work, this study assessed factors influencing reading habits of secondary school students across the major Nigerian tribes. It has become necessary now that the modern school system makes greater use of reading as a tool for learning other subjects as well as acquiring other linguistic skills of listening, speaking and writing. Seven research questions were formulated with their corresponding hypotheses. Secondary school students within the major tribes were used as population for the study. However, the sample was drawn from senior secondary school students where nine hundred students were randomly selected from each of the major tribes. The total sample was two thousand seven hundred students. Questionnaire and observation were used as instruments in collecting data. Frequencies and percentages were used in analysing the results, while ANOVA statistical tool was adopted in testing the hypotheses. The major findings revealed that students claimed they read everyday, yet a large proportion of them did not provide evidence of reading anything. Those who read among the students, concentrated on notebooks and other prescribed texts. However, Yoruba students had the highest percentage of reading highly qualitative materials, while those across Igbo states had the least percentage. The numbers of extensive reading texts were few (Hausa and Yoruba, 6 and Igbo, 3). It means that the quantitative reading level is low. No significant differences were recorded in the reading activities of male and female; urban and rural students across the major groups. Despite the fact that the findings revealed poor reading habits of these students, a few who read indicated that they were encouraged to read to acquire knowledge that would improve them. This knowledge seems to be the one that would enable them to pass examinations since their reading was restricted to notebooks and prescribed literary texts. Laziness and chatting became the major factors that hindered students‟ development of reading habits. States labelled with educational advantage did not read better. The major recommendations were that senior secondary schools need experts who teach reading in schools. Alternative to a reading teacher and English language teachers are teachers of other subjects. They are to make reading become part of every class and subject. Students who are still ignorant concerning the enormous roles reading plays in the lives of everybody should be enlightened through sensitization workshops by their teachers and parents. Besides, they should be given adequate motivation to read, get them attracted to books and provide adequate books. It becomes necessary to supply students with high quality reading materials in order to develop their reading habits. The curriculum needs to be expanded to incorporate more reading activities. This should transcend to creating more time and space in the scheme of work.
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GENDER STEREOTYPES IN VIDEO GAMES: A STUDY OF PLAY STATION AND XBOX AMONG STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, UNIVERSITY OF JOS
ABSTRACT
This dissertation sets out to identify gender stereotypes in popular media, specifically those portrayed in video games, and why it is important for video game users to recognize stereotypical portrayals. To achieve this, ten (10) most popular games available in Nigeria were selected and used for analysis. Students were randomly selected from the target group and two hundred copies of questionnaire were distributed to gather more data on the subject matter, interviews were also conducted to this end. With the use of Social Learning Theory as a lens for analysis, media depictions can be further understood and analyzed as learning material for helping young people and adults alike to understand and accept themselves as individuals rather than seeing themselves within the mirror of the society. The gender images under investigation are mass produced and distributed in many countries across the world. Accordingly, the implications of exposure to the images and themes characterized in video games take on global importance. As such, the goal of this study is to shed light on the impact of exposure to the stereotyped portrayals of video game characters on video game users. This study has shown that New Media has an influence on how people view gender issues. This is largely because it is pervasive and also considered as one of the most powerful influences on people. In other words, media insinuates messages into our consciousness at every turn. It is therefore, imperative to note that this study found that all forms of media communicate images of the sexes, many of which perpetuate unrealistic, stereotypical, and limiting perceptions. It was also discovered that gender stereotyping is commonly used in media to enhance character traits and create humorous situations. It is therefore perceived that when stereotypes are overwhelmingly present in media forms, viewers internalize them and go further to replicate them.
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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION VIEWING ON THE HABITS OF STUDENTS IN SELECT SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ZARIA, KADUNA STATE
ABSTRACT
Access to the television set is prominent among young people. However, due to the influence of television, some of its programmes/contents have been linked to incidents of social vices such as open violence, illicit sex, drug abuse and other related immoral acts. The study therefore setsout to establish the effects of television viewing on habit formation among secondary school students in Zaria metropolis. The objectives of this study areto determine the level of secondary school studentsexposure to television viewing, identify the type of programmes/contents that secondary school students view on television and examine the perceptions of secondary school students on the effects of television viewing on their habits formation. The theoretical frameworks deployed for this study are the Cultivation theory of mass media by George Gerbner (1976) which propose that heavy viewers of television are thought to be cultivating attitudes that seem to believe that the world created by television is an accurate depiction of the real world, while Bandura‟s social learning theory/Modelling process (1977) reveals a clear connection between what is seen on the screen and what is enacted in real life through learning. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research methods. The instruments used to elicit data for this research were questionnaire, focus group discussion and key informant interview. The targeted population is students of Demonstration and Government Secondary Schools in Zaria metropolis with a sample sizeof 375 respondents. Findings of this study revealed that television viewing is prevalent among secondary school students in Zaria and they watch television daily for relaxation, enlightenment and entertainment purpose. It also discovered that the students prefer watching foreign television channels, films/movies more frequently than local ones which expose them to certain television contents that are alien to our norms and traditions which can be detrimental to their minds and cognitive development. Furthermore, the study established that exposure to viewing unsupervised and restricted television programmes that portray contents that are unsuitable for young minds have negative influence on the habits formation of secondary school students.The study recommends that parents and guardians should endeavour to control or minimize the access to television set and frequency of television viewing by their children. Theyshould be active in monitoring and scrutinizing the type of channels and programmes viewed by children, especially foreign television channels and programmes.
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INTERNET USE AND THE ENHANCEMENT OF CITIZENSHIP AMONGST STUDENTS OF AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY ZARIA AND BAYERO UNIVERSITY KANO, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Over the years there have been an overwhelming increase in the use of the Internet by youths all over the world. Information is now at our finger tip as with just one click, users can access a variety of information on specific topics of interest. This has led to the shrinking of boundaries and a polarization of information sources. A wide variety of issues are now discussed in the public sphere occasioned by the Internet. Discussion platforms on social network sites have become avenues for citizens (youths) to interact and share ideas on pressing matters that affect them. With this development the question arises as to whether or not the Internet can help citizens enhance their citizenship. This study therefore explores the place of the Internet in the enhancement of active and effective citizenship amongst students of Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Zaria and Bayero University Kano (BUK). Citizenship in this study is premised on the conception of rights and freedom. The rights to expression, freedom to associate freely and express views freely, without being hindered and without infringing on the rights of others. Employing a Mixed Method research design the study uses probability sampling techniques to draw a sample of 1000 comprising 700 ABU students and 300 BUK students. Analysing data collect through Questionnaire (1000 copies), Focus Group Discussion and Observation methods, the study discovered that: youth exercise their freedom as citizens on the Net, youths are politically conscious due to the information they receive from the Net and participate actively as citizens resulting from the interaction and knowledge generated from the Net. The study also discovered that the Net also comes with some negative influences like fraud and misinformation. It concludes by stating that the Net has a lot of potentials for the enhancement of citizenship rights and freedom. Thus, if Nigeria must grow as a nation, citizens must be able to identify groups, spaces, and opportunities that facilitate youths to actively participate as citizens in influencing events and changes in the society especially through the Internet.
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BRITISH POLICY TOWARDS TERRITORIAL CHANGE IN TROPICAL AFRICA, 1905-1914
ABSTRACT
Towards the end of the Nineteenth Century, the (proving awareness of Britain’s isolation in Europe and the pressures ethno faced in the colonial field,both in Africa and the European, led to a move by some British Statesman, notably Joseph Chamberlain, for a rapprochement with one European Croat Power. Attempts were made to establish such a relationship with Germany, but those failed because of the divergences in policies and objectives of tho two powers, Britain, however, succeeded for various reasons which have been made clear in the text, in effecting” a rapprochement with France based on an understanding on some reconcilable colonial interests in Africa. This understanding, tho Entente Cordials of 1904 later led to a closer alignment of Anglo-French, not only in Europe but also in Africa. This had sorno relevance for Africa. The partition had loft some unresolved questions such as frontier rectifications and anomalies like extensive territories under weak rulers Come of the frontier rectifications went beyond mere local delimitations and they raised issues of territorial change, while the territories of weak powers were under constant throat of despoliation by their more powerful rivals. Xn resolving these problems, while it tended to prefer tho maintenance of the territorial status QUO, the attitude of tho Foreign Office was /proved by its appreciation of the relationship between Britain and the two other Great Powers, Germany and France. Thus, although irritations continued between France and Britain, these never got out of hand; and Britain was able to overlook some of the excesses france in certain areas, for example in Liberia. With regard to Germany, resentment against tho blackmailing tactics practised by Bismarck ami the available rivalry between the two powers, engendered less generosity or understanding from Britain On frontier -questions tho Germans always seeded to be overstating their case; the question of tiffin Day or ceding this territory to Germany was soon as strengthening the enemy Tn 1911, however, British support for Franco during the Agadir crisis the criticisms which it evoked from radicals and liberals, led the government to review its general policy, The strident cries of Germans for a pl-oe in the sun found a responsive chord in Britain. There was a foolinr that Germany had not had a fair chare of Africa, and, some argued this was ono reason for her aggressive demands. It was suggested that colonial concessions might evoke come flexibility in German caval policy. Some, notably Lulu lfercourt, even hoped that the colonial detente mi«ht lead be wider fields. The literature of the period was full of Suggestions for the repartition of Africa in which the Just demands of the powers could be satisfied and peace in Europe preserved. The idea was to uoe Africa as a safety valve. Criteria. of Grey’, policy aid not induce th. Liberal government to Chang, the lives of its foreign policy, out it Bad. a.mo mo-e to roach, an Undemanding with Carmany. Britain was prepared to accommodate Germany in colonial matters and to agree to n political formula, if Germany would modify its naval policy. Eventually, there was no headway in the naval Political talk.. this proved wrong the assumption that an offer of colonial concessions would Germany to modify her Kavy programme negotiations on a colonial agreement, essentially the revision of the Secret Treaty of 1890, ware pushed ahead hy Ilarcourt’o enthusiasm for an Anglo-German understanding. The experiment was not easy to carry out| not on’y were there strong material reasons militating against a colonial d.al or a re partition of Africa, hut, more important, there were very strong objections in terms of general policy and strategy, from various if ranee. Although this movement for a re partition of Africa dooa indicate that, many people, including Statesmen, believed that some of the somalis left the nineteenth Century partition could he rectified,
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A HISTORY OF KARU, KURAPB ANIJ KURUDU KINGDOMS A STUDY OF ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CHANGE AMONG GBAGYI OF CENTRAL NIGERIA IN “THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES.
ABSTRACT
This thesis is an attempt at the reconstruction of the history of Karu, Kurape and Kurudu kingdoms c. ‘1700-1900 A.D. These were Gbagyl kingdoms located in the heart of Nigeria. By the beginning of the 17th century the area had been occupied by the g’bagyi and under the politica l control of Kurape for at least a century. However, by the end of the 18th centuiy the interna l contradictions and the pressures of external forces disabled Kurape effective control of Karu and Kurudu area. By the beginning of the 19th century Karu and Kurudu had become splinte r state s with defined boundaries. Although they had become indapendent of Kurape, they stil l maintained some economic, cultura l and military ties, and sometimes organised consorti im military efforts in order to ward off and curb extern al attacks. In the course of this study it was consistently argued that the interna l factors were of paramount importance in the emergence of the kingdoms. And tJ split of Kurape kingdom was to a large r extent caused by the rulers of Kurape who raided their subjects. The major challenge these kingdoms faced in the 19th century was the jihadist a activitie s in the region. First , there sharp demographic changes. The jihadists activitie s forced down the Hausa, Gwandara, Pulani, Gade, Yeskwa and Koro groups who were given respit e by the kingdoms. There was also drasti c loss of Gbagyi population because of head-hunting. Second, there was the evolution of new settlements which had strong tie s with the Caliphate, and the subsequent change of balance of power in the region in favour of the new centres tha t became Emirates. It was again posited that the relationship between the emerging Emirates and the autochthonous Kurape, Karu :nd Kurudu was very complex type and not as simple as portrayed in the dominant literatur e – the Emirates versus the ‘pagan* states. Rather, there were sporadic allianc e systems whereby the emirates sometimes took side with the ‘pagan* politie s against a riva l emirate and vice versa . We are of the view tha t there seemed to have been co-existence than a situation of perpetual war in the 19th century. However, the coming of the new groups strengthened the centralisatio n of the kingdoms, increased economic activities, increased trade and external relation s with the neighbouring state s and so on. In the heat of various struggles against the nvading surrounding emeirates of Nassarawa, Keffi, Abuja, Bida and the kingdoms of Igu and Opanda, the European traders and crusaders came in . The Royal Nigeria Company (NRC) Biffied tratie s with many chiefs for trade purposes, and in pre ex to protect the nailer kingdoms against the jihadists. But the RNC eoon revealed tha t it was for trade , and prefered the emirs in the allianc e since the emirs promised the PNC trade rights and were forcibly trying to break the trade barriers put by the autochthonous kingdoms. The emire of Nassarawa and Keffi signed some treatie s which implied ceding out the whole area under study to the RNC without the knowledge of the rulers of the autochthonous polities. In particular, the emir of Nassarawa requested for rifle s and soldiers from the company in order to subdue the kingdoms. And this emir was one of the earliest omeirs to submit to the Britis h invasion and conquest of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1902 (afte r the Emirs of Bida, Ilorin , Muri, Adamawa, Kontagor and Bauchi had .submitted between 1897-1902). The attitud e of Nassarawa, lik e the emirates above, dissabled collective resistanc e to the conquest. Thence the Britis h had changed their attitude s as friends to become foes and conquerrors, and finally as administrators Again, it was the colonial invasion tha t actually destroyed the three kingdoms under study, and not the emirates as normally claimed in the colonial historio – graphy. However, the stiff ;resistance put by the kingdoms partly influenced the British ideology of colonial administration, and marginalised them in the scheme of things.
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AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF GOROBI ABANDONED SETTLEMENT, MAYO-BELWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The research on Gorobi site is informed by the need to reconstruct the history of the Yandang people from an archaeological perspective against their sole dependant on oral tradition which was the focus of the few records on the area. The aim of the research is to document the archaeological finds and features found on the Gorobi abandoned settlement site with a view to attempting a reconstruction of the past life ways of the people who settled in Gorobi area. Methods like archaeological survey, oral tradition, ethnographic survey, classification analysis and interpretations of data were employed in this research. Archaeological survey conducted in Gorobi led to the discoveries of finds such as potsherds which were collected randomly to represent the type and forms of cultural materials on the site. Iron slags and tuyeres which could not be removed from their original context were measured, photographed and represented on a map. This research on Gorobi has thrown light on the understanding of the settlement history and Archaeology of the Mayo-Bel wa area.
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A LINGUISTIC STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF GENDER VARIATIONS IN SELECTED TELEVISION NEWS REPORTAGE
ABSTRACT
This study identifies and assesses the linguistic differences that contribute to gender language variations in news reportage. It examines ninety six (96) news reports (48 Males, 48 Females) from the three selected television stations of BBC, NTA and Channels TV. All the reports were recorded between March, 2015 and January, 2016. Content analysis was used in examining the linguistic gender differences in the Themes and Rhemes of the reporters and in the type of stories they reported. A survey in the form of personal interview was also conducted to find out the implications of the variations on the target audience. Using Halliday (2004) textual analysis of themes and Rhemes as a model, the study reveals that male and female reporters adopt distinct mode of Themes and Rhemes in passing across their reports. The male reporters predominantly employ active voices which are realized through unmarked topical themes. The female reporters prefer passive voices thus, use marked themes which were given additional force by their fronting. In addition, the mapping of the thematic system on the informational system of the reporters helps to project their viewpoints and attitudes towards events in the reports. Furthermore, analysis of news reportages reveals that female reporters are more likely to present reports on human interest and health related stories, home, education, world affairs, and to some extent politics and conflicts. The males it is assumed, present reports on conflicts, world affairs, politics and sports that is considered intense dynamic and active reports. These findings support researches such as Boyle and Macleod (2012) and Wen McCarthy and Strain (2013) but challenge some of their positions with regard to the topic selections and beats covered by the female reporters. According to them the female reporters do not cover conflict topics like War, Politics and International Affairs. However, the result of this study establishes the fact that female reporters cover International Affairs, Politics and to some extent Conflicts. The study reveals that 58% of the respondents prefer female reports. Some of the reasons given by this cadre to justify their choices include ‗simplicity‘, ‗more detailed‘, ‗more comprehensive,‘ etc. while 42% of the interviewee prefer male reports on the bases of ‗specificity‘, ‗forcefulness‘, ‗less time consuming‘, ‗technicality‘ and ‗persuasiveness‘. Results suggest that the current news reportage largely conforms to an established gender divide that, the language use amongst males and females can actually be distinguished in terms of vocabulary, expressions and subject matter even in the field of the media (television).
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FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESOLUTION OF CONFLICTS BY THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY
ABSTRACT
This study has been undertaken to investigate the causes that under the inability of the OAU to successfully resolve interstate conflicts that have bedevilled the continent of Africa. The study holds the assumption that African states are products of colonial: and as such, most if African conflicts (which are largely dispute over territory) have their root causes in colonialism, A situation has therefore arisen whereby the component states of the African regional system in a constant attempt to redefine their boundaries. The OAU, which is seen as the organizational representation of the African regional system, advocates a maintenance of the status quo, as at the time of indi i ce, as a means of averting claims and counter – claims to the redefinition of boundaries which could lead to chaos, This insistence on the status quo however has not succeeded in preventing the development cf conflicts which have attracted intervention a n d b y external powers. This scenario establishes the fact that the regional system are not only mutually affect ingbutals political phenominaafricanreginalsystemare a c t e upon by forces external to the system. It therefore becomes imperative when analysing intra – African politic: to place it within the larger global context in order to have & more comprehensive understanding of interacting variables that affect the political phenomena being observed.Within this broad framework of sis this study has attempted to investigate the ineffectiveness of the OAU at resolving
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RADIO AND PEACE COMMUNICATION IN KADUNA METROPOLIS: A STUDY OF KADUNA STATE MEDIA CORPORATION’S PEACE ARENA
ABSTRACT
Media has always remained a powerful tool for shaping the strategic interests of nations across the globe. However, it has been found and researched in relation to peace-building, that few media organisations have been able to guard the strategic interests of the nation through their broadcasts or write-ups. The assumption of the study is that media can create the needed atmosphere for peace and tolerance through having programmes on peace sustainance without waiting for conflict to erupt before engaging in peacebuilding. The research was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a radio programme in communicating peace in Kaduna State as lack of vital or effective information can, at any stage of a conflict, make people desperate, restless and easy to manipulate. The need arose as a result of the on-going debate on the role of the media in peacebuilding. Despite various attempts through the media, especially radio to mitigate conflicts in Nigeria, cases of conflicts, sentiments, discrimination and hatred still prevail in Nigeria, particularly in the Northern parts. Hence the study aimed at enhancing radio communication system for proper and effective conflict resolution and peace-building especially in heterogeneous societies such as Nigeria. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather data from listeners in Kaduna metropolis. The study was premised on Social Responsibility Theory which states that during conflicts, the media has the power to either escalate or mitigate it and that a responsible press should promote peace, human rights, give intelligent account of the day‟s event in a context which gives them meaning and facilitate development. Meyer‟s formula was adopted to get the Sample size of 384. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select the number of localities to study. Method of analysis statistical package for the social sciences was used to analyse the collected data and content analysis was used to analyse the selected episodes of the tape and selected script. One of the findings of this study was that indigenous language was not used during the programme and this could hinder the enhancement of creating, gathering of information, feedbacks, audience‟ feelings and perceptions. Another finding was that audiences were not given the opportunity to initiate new discourse on peace and this could also limit the effectiveness of the programme. Hence there are noticeable gaps in the programme. Thus it is recommended that Peace Arena on Capital FM, Kaduna, should be held at least twice a week to improve awareness and further promote peace and tolerance. It is thus imperative to experiment with local language which is more appealing to the larger population of the study area and create more active roles for the audience so as to ensure greaterpeace as championed by the programme
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