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THE PROBLEM FACING COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Commercial banks in Nigeria have been facing a of problem. These problem ranges from integrity factors location factor technological factor unstable management incompleteness of board members and unqualified personnel.
Therefore this study was aimed at looking into these problems so as to ascertain the impact on commercial banks as well as suggesting the possible ways of eliminating these problems. The researcher used three commercial banks for effective analysis namely union bank of Nigeria united bank of African and Afric bank.
In order to be arrive at a conclusion decision interviews literature review and personal observation were employed as the means of data collection. The three banks used were fund to be having almost the same basic problems even though some were bigger bank than others mismanagement politician instability and government interference in the daily affairs of banks were seen as problem to all commercial banks.
By way conclusion suggestion on how these problems can be prevented in the future were made. One of these suggestions is by including professional who are competent in the field of banking. Another is that government should minimize its interference in the activities of the commercial banks
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(2) Email Address
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BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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COMMERCIAL BANKS LIQUIDITY, PROBLEM AND EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Liquidity of banks is “the case with which banks assets could easily be converted into cash”. The liquid asset include cash in bank vaults, and other government securities that have not been used as collateral for loans. The most liquid of all these assets is cash.
These are many reasons why a bank should have reasonable liquid assets in its assets portfolio. These includes amongst others to babble the bank to meet prompt demands from deposits and to ensure that the bank main trained public confidence and also beadle to utilize profitable opportunities that may come out in future.
However, it should be mentioned that banks like most other business are profit oriented. They operate in order to make profit for their shareholders. The profits could duly be realized only if there is adequate deposits from bank customers. The deposits will not come unless the depositors could be assured of the safety of their deposits and for the safety of the deposit to be assured, these has to be enough liquidity in the bank.
Conversely, a bank operates in order to make profit for her shareholders. It is a known fact that action designed to make profit in banks may bring about bank distress and vice versa. Therefore, equilibrium has to be sought between the two. These taken extreme cases, have been the constant concerns of bank management.
Liquidity management involves provision for depositor drawals and short term cash requirements. It also involves the provisions to meet legal reserves requirements and for the cyclical and secure cash requirement.
In Nigeria, the activities of the banking Act of 1969 as amended under the control of Central bank of Nigeria. The essence of these regulations was to maintain trust and confidence in banking system as well as to achieve specific economic objectives. Thus in the period of mounting excess liquidity as was the case in the 1970s the banks were expected to hold some of their deposits in liquid form.
This is known as legal reserve requirements and cash stabilization securities issued by the Central bank, the liquidity ratio requirement and special deposits.
The rationale for the use of these instruments was to mop up the excess liquidity in the economy to great extent, is also expected to enhance bank in the banking system.
The problem of bank liquidity management was brought about as a result of continuous inflows of income from the oil sector in the 1960s. Since the introduction of the second tier foreign exchange market which resulted in the mopping – up of more than N56 million from the economy, the situation has automatically changed, so the era of excess liquidity has gone.
Banks have devised new methods to attract deposits from their customers hence the new devices of marketing financial services and other innovations in the banking sector. Some questions which this research intends to address includes:-
How does central bank policies on commercial banks solve excessive liquidity problems in the banking system and the national economy?
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research is intended to identify problems of selected commercial banks prior to the introduction of the second tier foreign exchange market and under the second tier foreign exchange market operation. Bank liquidity either in excess or shortage constitutes operational and management problems. Positive responses of bank liquidity to monetary policies may resolve such liquidity problems in the economy.
In Nigeria, regulatory and monetary policies appears to be ineffective hence the recent distress problems associated with some banks. However, the nature and extent by which commercial banks liquidity problems responds to monetary aggregates is not known. This informed the need to re-examine the bank liquidity problems, with the over all objective of investigating the nature and extent of these problems.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM
The broad objective of this problem is to examine liquidity problems and their policy implication both in the banking industry and Nigeria economy.
Specifically the objectives are to:-
1. a) Identifying bank liquidity problems wither in excess or shortage which constitutes operational and management problem.
2. b) Identifying the overall impact of these problems on loans and advances to customers of the commercial banks.
3. c) Identifying the nature and extent by which commercial banks liquidity problems responds to monetary aggregates.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Some questions which this research intends to address includes:-
1. a) How does excess and shortage liquidity affects commercial banks/customers relationship?
2. b) How effective and efficient are central bank policies?
3. c) Does excess and shortage liquidity problems in the banking system affects commercial banks profit?
4. d) What are the overall impact of those problems on loans and advances to customers of the commercial banks?
5. e) Does the nature and extent by which commercial banks liquidity problems reports to monetary aggregates negative or positive?
6. f) Does bank liquidity problems either excess or shortage constitute operational and management problems?
7. g) The response of bank liquidity to monetary aggregates were analyzed using ordinary least square (OLS) regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
1.5 HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
HO: Commercial banks liquidity responses to monetary aggregates is not positive.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Following the downturn in the economies future of this country over the years, commercial banks behaviours is difficult to predict and their loan to deposit ratio appears to show a gross inefficiency and lack of depositors protection this study is therefore, intended to provide these banks without sound banking policies which will protect depositors fund and ensure viability and efficiency.
The study also intended to ensure adequate managerial economic growth and development which will be encouraged as a result of improving banking operations and management.
Therefore, the research intended to have an empirical base either to correct all the sources about the poor impression people have of the banks liquidity and to advice banks on how to improve their services by ensuring that liquidity problems does not affect loans and advances made to their customers.
1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Availability of research materials.
The researcher encountered some problems in getting the material necessary for the study. A lot of the researcher’s time and money was used up in buying Journals of the firm and test books dealing on the subject. And equally on visiting many libraries within Enugu and outside Enugu
Corporation from the management and workers of both banks (first bank and union bank plc).
The researcher found it very difficult to get permission and co-operation from the management and workers of the firms who though that the researcher was trying to carry out an industrial espionage on the company or expose the internal operations of the firm to other firms or her competitors, it took researcher some reasonable time to convince the management that the study was strictly an academic exercise.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms used in this study should be taken to mean the following:-
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET (FEM)
The foreign exchange market is an arrangement which exists to assist buyers and sellers of foreign exchange to enter into contract of buying and selling.
LIQUIDITY RATIO
This is the percentage of bank deposits that the banks should hold in the form of cash or eligible liquid assets in the tills of the bank.
MORAL SUASION
It is a democratic instrument of monetary control. It involves the use of persuasion and appeal by the central bank to the commercial banks to comply with the central bank guidelines.
OPEN MARKET OPERATIONS (OMO)
This method involves the sale and purchase of securities, bills, bonds, and government securities by the central bank.
ORDINARILY LEAST SQUARE (OLS)
This is instrument used by central bank to analyse response of banks liquidity to monetary aggregates
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
It is also instrument used by bank to analyses response of banks liquidity to monetary aggregates
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
BANK EFFECT OF COMPUTER ON THE ACCOUNTING PROFESSION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
There has been a lot of observations and comments on the effect of computer as it relates to the accounting profession in Nigeria. According to professor Longe “Computers are being used to assist in the management of major areas of the computers are under utilized and in several areas the uses are yet rudimentary”. In the accounting yet rudimentary” story is the same. It has, therefore becomes necessary to know the effect of computer on the accounting profession, to determine whether computer does have effect on the accounting professional and perform task with maximum speed and accuracy which will make the job of the account staff a lot easier or they are under utilized, despite the immense benefits derivable from their optimum utilization.
With the advent of computer-based accounting system, accountants have to cope with the resulting complexity of the flow of information through the accounting systems. Traditional accounting procedures did not accommodate the sophisticated processing devices that came with the computer-based accounting system. As the design of the computer based accounting system advanced from simple clerical automation to complicated integrated information systems, the accountant could no longer perform his duties around the computer but found it necessary to develop procedures to cope with the new challenges.
Furthermore, the traditional accountant was not trained in the special languages and devices used in the computer based system. Accordingly, a chartered accountant and professional organizations to educate the accountant to functions effecting in a computer based accounting system. Therefore in the course of the study. Efforts will be made to establish the effect of computer on the accounting profession. Finally, that the efforts expended in this study will be a worthwhile investment. This is further strengthened by the fact that this study will serve a springboard and basis for further studies on the relationship between the computer and the accounting profession and other related topics in the future.
1.1 MANUAL DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM
Manual data processing has existed as long as man has walked this planet. It continuous to exist today in every organization and is major form of data processing for many small business firms. The earliest methods of manual data processing included the use of fingers, stones and stick for counting and knots on a string, scratches on a rock or notches in a stick as record keeping devices. The Babylonians wrote on clay tablets with a sharp stick, while the ancient Egyptians developed written records on papyrus using a sharp pointed reed a pen and organic dyes for ink.
The earliest form of manual calculating device was the Abacus. The use of pebbles or ords laid out on a lined or grooved board were early forms of the Abacus and were utilized for thousands of years in many civilizations. The abacus in it present form originated in china and still a widely calculator. Manual data processing techniques contributed ot progress over the centuries due to developments such as Arabic numerals, the decimal system, the manufacture of paper, the printing press, the slide rule and double –entry book keeping to name a few. Manual data processing systems of today employ tools and materials that have been used for several hundred years such as pencil, pens, rulers paper record keeping, forms, folders and filing cabinets. More recent development which have been tools and materials such as multiple copy forms, carbon paper, accounting pegboards and notched cards.
The information system of any organization can include manual data processing systems if information, requirement become more complex and the volume of data increases, mechanical data processing systems become more efficient and economical. In manual data processing transactions can be recorded easily in a human-readable form and changes and correction to such systems can easily be made. Manual data processing is also quite in expensive at low volumes. The major limitation of manufacture data processing include its inability to handle large volume of work and its reliance on many cumber-some and tedious methods. It is also more susceptible to error and slower them other data processing methods because it depends on human effort for most data processing operations.
1.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Accounting procedures are naturally complex and are becoming increasingly more sophisticated and so it becomes more necessary wanting to know how computerization has helped in resolving this complexity and also to get to know of it holds any greater promise for the future in the field of accounting. There is the need also to know if it hold any risk of aiding perpetrators of frauds in order to weigh its against benefit. It also seeks to identify how the personnel conduct their activities in an accounts department without computers and how it is different when computers are introduced. “ I am quite sure that many people would have been amazed the way computer process millions of inputes at a very short time.
For instances an IBM system 370/145 model II computer can process a company’s journal, Asset register, balance sheet, trial balance, profit and loss Account, Departmental statements, age receivable and customers account receivable approximately in 10 minute, 24 seconds every month”. This recent development in the practicing accountant which has let him to hiring the services of a computer expert for audit purposes. Does the computer displace the accountant with a computer scientist? Sometimes the auditor looks frustrated watching the computer as a fast beas perform the job of an accountant and selfishly stores them on magnetic tapes as invisible magnetized spots.
In addition to this problems, the electronic accounting systems are usually designed by systems analyst and programs who are in most cases non accounts. This makes the accountant a stranger to the system he is to audit, unlike in a manual system. Furthermore, the accounting information processing procedures are stated in computer programs which are written in special computer languages and stored on machine-sensible medium. Where on-line integrated systems are in use, audit trail may not be in existence, these make the auditor to be lost in the mist of computer processed data. How can all these problems of the computer be surrounded so as to return accountants and make them offer more qualitative job to the firm and the public in general instead of the computer scientists or economists with computer knowledge. These are the problems the study shall be focused at.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The objective of this study is to:
1. Highlight the importance of computer and it relevance accountants.
2. To convince Accountant without previous knowledge of computer programming to take a course on computer programming in order to combine their accounting experience with their knowledge in computer operating to make the computer always be under their absolute control
3. In pursuance of his duties, the auditor may come across accounting statements prepared by a computer, especially by large business organization.
Thus, the auditor also needs to lean about computer programming.
1. To provide a guide for organization that need to understand the benefit of computers.
2. To provide a resource material for accountants and students of the profession relative to the advantage of computers
3. Identify the major areas of computer application in accounting
4. Establish the various forms of accounting operations in which computers could be utilized
5. Highlight the unexplored potentials of the computer necessary for the efficient and smooth operation of the commercial banks as far as customer services are concerned.
6. To encourage a continued investigation of the relevance of computers in the financial sector of the third world countries
7. Finally to emphasize that computer is o way a threat as thought by non professionalism but rather an aid to the accountant, as it enables him perform his accounting duties quickly and accurately. These are the points the research will focused on the effect of computer on the accounting profession ( a case study of Asaba Aluminium company, delta state.)
1.3 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
This study “Effect of computer on the accounting profession ( A case of the Asaba Aluminium company, Delta state) will educate the entire public how computer aids the accounting profession. The world is fast turning into a global village with the rise of satellite communication, the internet and specialized software in very competitive financial environment. This study is significant in that it mains at increasing the awareness of our leverage on computerization. If the company’s financial market must be further opened and stay competitive and profitably so, the computer technology might just hold the key. In recent times, there has been increased demand in the knowledge and application of the computer for processing data. This has become necessary in the face of unique position that computer occupies today in organizations with which most calculations and data processing are handled. Such a lot of the accounting boarder-some processing large volumes of data, there is need therefore, to find out in the study the various benefits associated with the use of computers in accounting.
The study will not seek to justify the huge amount invested in computer, but also try to show the reward and meaningful development or improvements in terms of times saved, less clerical and laborious manual entries from the use of computers than any other mechanical automated machines. As immediate and future computer users in this company, accountant need a basic understanding of computers and how they can be applied to the management and operations of a business enterprise. Therefore, they need to be introduced to the fundamentals of computers and electronic data processing, wide range of hard-ware and soft-ware that process of computer programming and the “high level programming languages that are utilized by the computer-using business firms. However, and more importantly they need the basis concept.
1. System analysis and design
2. Management information system
3. Computer – application in business and
4. The management of the computer
Computer is significant as we find out that he many uses of computer have something in common, looking at other fields now, including accounting, there are various way in which computers are sued. Some of the computer application are:
– Department store credit accounting
– Banking telephone dealing assistance
Inventory control, crime prevention, analysis of construction specifications payroll calculation industrial process control, space light, projection of fashion trends, theater and air line ticket reservation, insurance, securities brokerage accounting assistance in education, modeling and simplification, library cataloguing and retrieval, monitoring status of hospital patients, matching job applicants, urban traffic control warfare, artificial intelligence ashology, art and music.
Behind all these storage and manipulation of data is the need to communicate ideas to produce a certain image in the mind of a person, or to inspire a person to act in a certain way. For instance, a banker could decide to approve a loan simply on the basis of a credit report produces by a computer.
1.4 DELIMITATION TO THE STUDY
This study “the effect of computer on the accounting profession is structure to
1. Focus on the introduction of computers and their application into accounting operations in an organization
2. To highlight the benefit offered by such application and weighing it with the risks associated with these application
3. It is not an attempt to discuss accounting software perse, but to show how their use can accelerate the operation of accounting procedures and enhance the assignment of the accountant as professional.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION TO THE STUDY
This topic, Effect of computer on the accounting profession (a case study of Asaba Aluminium company, delta state) should have covered the Aluminium company indifferent state, but it is due to some unavoidable constraints some of which include;
1. TIME: Time limit set for the compute completion of the work. That is this study is carried out under a limited time. Having to cope with assignments to lectures here and there, course work and examination was not an easy task especially having to measure up with the high standard of the department in particular, there by reducing, the physical and mental contributions which I would have wished to put into the study.
2. FINANCE: This constant was the most serious of all. It restricted the number of journeys made to my research centre to collect data which led to narrowness of the scope of the study.
3. INADEQUATE FACILITIES IN THE LIBRARY: inadequate facilities in the library such as modern textbooks, journals, news magazines and other materials almost thwarted the effort of the researcher. These materials are supposed to be a pre-requisite for successful project work.
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The analysis of these problems of this research work will raise certain important questions, which the researcher intends to prepare to answer.
1. What is the effect of computer on the accounting profession in Asaba Aluminium Company?
2. Has the inventions of computers led to job creation or job displacement of accountants?
3. Does computer increase the job shill and marketability of accountant?
4. Is computer an aid to the accountant?
5. If yes, what are the needs and wants that are now being satisfied in this company?
6. Does the maximum speed and accuracy of computers make the job of the account staff a lot easier?
1.8 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Hypothesis 1
Ho: There is no effect of computer in the accounting profession in Asaba Aluminium company.
Hi: There is effect of computer in the accounting profession in Asaba Aluminium company.
Hypothesis 2
Ho: Computer does not perform task with maximum speed and accuracy that will make the job of account staff a lot easier
Hi: Computer perform task with maximum speed and accuracy that will make the job of the account staff a lot easier.
Hypothesis 3
Ho: Computer is a threat to the accountant
Hi: Computer is an aid to the accountant.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
(A) COMPUTER: computers are electronic machines which under programme controls, can accept data, process the data and give out accurate information with regard to that set of data.
(B) PROGRAMME: is a set of instructions which feel a computer in logical sequences on how to solve a given problem. These instruction are written by programmer.
(C) ACCOUNTING SYSTEM; is defined as the collection of method basis and principles adopted by an organization for the preparation of its financial statements to satisfy the need of the users.
(D) OPERATING SYSTEM: the permanently held programmes which control the sue of applications programmes and provide standardized facilities to the facility.
(E) HARDWARE: this refers to the six physical element making up the computer eg backing storage, arithmetic and logical unit, immediate access stores, input device, output device and control unit
(F) SOFTWARE: these are programmes that inject life if not systems or set of instruction and data which feeds the computers hardware with what actions to take.
(G) MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS: these are large general purpose computers with extensive processing storage and input and output capabilities.
(H) MINI-COMPUTERS: these are physical small compare with main frames and tends to be used for special purposes or small scales general purposes
(I) MICRO COMPUTERS: these are relatively low cost computers used by a single user.
(J) ON-LINE: These refer to the peripheral devices or equipment that are in direct communication with the central processing unit of the computer. It is the opposite of off line.
(K) SYSTEM ANALYSIS: it is the process of studying the operations of an organization with the intent of defining data processing problems and designing a system that can be applied to the computer.
(L) COMPUTER PROGRAM: A computer program is a set of computer instructions which are sued for solving a specific problem.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
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WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
EFFECT OF BANK FAIL EFFECTIVE BUDGETARY CONTROL AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR ORGANIZATIONAL SURVIVAL IN NIGERIA ECONOMY
ABSTRACT
This study was undertaken to verify how much effective budgetary control contributes organization survival. The objective are focused on determining whether budgeting is an effective management tool in organizations whether budgetary control has contributed to the success and survival of organization as well as how organization handle their budgetary process successful organization were used as reference point in all situation. The choice of these organization was because they are primary constituencies that have shown a consistent increase in profits over the years in most cases for the past years hence used in this study as reference point.
Careful and thorough analysis made revealed that:
v Organization that are survival conscious use budgeting as a management tool
v This helped organization achieve their overall objectives
v It was also discovered that there is need for effective budgetary control measures in organization this aids organizational survival.
v It was also found that here is need for well defined long range objectives in organization as short term objective derive from these long term objectives
v Our findings also showed that management principle i.e. management my objectives and management by exception could be of immense benefit when applied to budgetary control.
The study made the following key recommendations among others.
v It is imperative that various level of management understand the process through which budget preparation go
v It is also important to involve subordinates in preparing divisional and departmental budgets as this ensure commitment
v Organization that hitherto do not use budget as a standard in their business operation are advice to make use of budget as this draws the attention of the managers of a business more explicitly to the nature of the problems they are facing and leads to more careful and critical thinking and greater precision.
v It was recommended that shorter budget review periods be adopted by organization as this helps manger to detect problems and makes corrections early before they become complex.
According to Jom Odetola Odeleye “budgetary control is the means of determining the extent to which planned goals and objective are attained”. Control ensures that action are taken where necessary and possible, to bridge the gap between the budget and actual performance. Budgetary control is therefore essential if the budgetary targets or objectives are to be achieved.
Plans and actions do not always match some plans are made to be executed in future present and future condition are never the same a lot of forces i.e. economic, social, political, etc.
Act between the times a plan is made and the time it is to be executed to cause variances. There is, then, the need for control mechanism to monitor the plans, detect variances and initiate corrective action so that the objectives of the plans are attained.
Budgetary control mechanism aimed at keeping budgets on course so that the budget objectives are achieved over a period of time.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Budgeting control is the process of ensuring the accomplishment of budgetary plans by applying the needed corrective measures to deviation i.e. moving away from the original plans it is also a process of assigning responsibilities for the achievement of budget targets measuring actual performance and comparing actual with planned performance budgetary control is therefore as essential as the making of budget.
All survival conscious organization both public and private have objectives or goals which they try to attain with resources available to them.
These objective or goals include survival in hostile and competitive business world.
Maximizing of profit as well as attaining a certificate level of societal responsibility to community in which they operate. Resources for the attainment of this objectives are limited hence the need for planning.
Planning in form of budgeting a budget is plan of action which an organization intends to execute within any given period it is not enough to make which cannot be achieved. Therefore, the achievement budgetary plans require control mechanism.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The modern business world is characterized by intense competition, new product development, use of advance technology, diversification etc. all these are aimed at making success out of businesses.
But we know that not all business are successful. Some have collapsed. Others liquidated while others have been swallowed by stronger organization, and still many others have successfully weathered the hostile business environment.
Recently, some business organization in Nigeria i.e. banks have been listed as distressed while others are listed as healthy. Some manufacturing organization has ceased production while others are producing below installed capacity. The list is endless.
The question then is, why does some organization find it difficult to survive while others which operate under the same economic condition make huge profits does budgeting and budgetary control influence the survival of organizational?
This research is therefore aimed at determining the import of effective budgetary control on organizational survival using United Africa Company Nigeria Plc. As a case study. United African company Plc is one of the few companies that has maintained a steady progress in its business activities its turnover as well as the profit figure on the increase for the past four years and business has been generally good for the company inspite of prevailing national economic problem. Relating him survival of the company to its budgetary control is the aim of this research.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objective associate with this study include:
v To determine whether budgeting is an effective management tool in organizations
v To determine whether budgetary control has contributed to the success and survival of most set ups.
v To determine whether some organization would still have achieved success without effective budgetary control
v To determine whether participatory budgeting aids effective budgetary control
v To determine the impact of deviation from established budgets
v To assess the relevance of management principles on budgetary control
v To make recommendation on how to improve performance in organiztions.
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Budgetary control measures shall be the focus of our study we may not present budget schedules as this is outside the scope of our study, but rather we shall present, state some problems encountered during the period of data collection.
Their was the problem of time to interview management and staff, time to visit various organization and time to re evaluate the responses to questionnaires.
All these time were not adequate hence time became a constraint. A study of this nature would require financial assistance from either the government or private bodies but since this was not possible the researcher utilized the limited resource available to him.
Some questionnaire administered on management and staff of the organization visited was not returned some were returned unanswered while some came back with incomplete answers. All these limited our sample size form what it was originally intended.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
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THE ROLE OF AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK IN NIGERIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
The urgent need to establish a financial institution that will carter for the development of various sector of the African economy brought about the emergence of the African development bank. Also when the African government realized that the central bank are commercial banks could not provide bring financial developmental services, the development banks were specially established to bring the gap.
The objective of the research is to appraise the activities of ADB and highlight the efforts that ADB plays in acceleratory the economic development in Nigeria and African in general.
The study examined the banking history the evaluation of mechanism of credit from the civilization of antiquity to its organization as in banking toclary was examined.
Thus the researcher recommends among others that capital of the bank be increased by regional members and should cease from tending to countries who persistently refuse to pay their debt.
CHAPTER ONE
THE ROLE OF AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANKS IN NIGERIA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Economics development has always constructed a major concern of most of government in both development and developing countries.
In achieving this economic development, the setting up of financial institution is always the first step to be taken having recognized the importance of finance in economic development.
The mainstream business of banking enterprise retune banking and practiced by specialist institutions. While these categories of banks share a common role of facilitating the mobilizational conversion of resource into invertible funds they differ in their economic objective and investment policies. Where as the commercial and merchant banks are propelled and sustained in the investment activities in the drive towards profit maximization for the benefit of a social subgroup comprising shareholders, worker creditors and associated interest.
1.2 THE OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The sole aim of this study is an extensive research into the whole system the bank (ADB) in order to identity the constraints to optional operation the bank and to recommend solution to it.
i. To appraisal if the activities of ADB and highlight the effort that it play in accelerating the economic development of African countries.
ii. What recommendations could be made in order to enable the bank to better meet its mandate.
iii. What are problems facing the bank
iv. What are the performed by ADB in order to accelerate the pace of African development in Africa:
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The dominance of the banking industry in the financial system and relative importance to the health of the economy dictate that any issue that is at the lone of its survival is very significant and must be given the due attention its deserves,
The study will to agent event contributed to the existing knowledge about a role development banking is performing and the role the ADB is performing in order to accelerate the economic development of Nigeria and Africa.
This study is also important because if will help the banks management to take measures that will attempt to make the ADB more solid to meet its mandate.
1.5 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
ADB: African development bank.
NEXIM:- The Nigeria export import bank
NIDB: The Nigeria Industrial development bank.
NERFUND: The National economic reconstruction fund.
RCMS:- Regional members countries.
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IMPROVING THE MANAGEMENT OF LOANABLE FUNDS IN COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study centered on improving the management of loanable funds in commercial banks. The study was comparative in nature, using Trade Bank of Nigeria (TBN) and Inland Bank of Nigeria (IBN).
These two banks were chosen because of their accessibility, high rate of mobilization of deposits and loan defaulting.
The major instrument used for data collection included oral interviews, bank records of daily operations, annual report and statement of accounts. Four hypothesis were formulated in line with the statement of the problems. The data obtained was organized and analyzed with the use of chi square test for goodness of fit, coefficient of correlation, percentage of loan chart and component bar chart were also used respectively where necessary.
The study finally revealed if the incidence of loan default was continuously on the increase/decrease and if such increase/decrease was more in government owned banks or in privately owned banks. It also saw if such increase/decrease was higher/lower in relation to deposit mobilization.
In order to find solution to the problem, it was suggested that banks should adhere strictly to the principles of good lending, improve on security valuation, ensure that men of high integrity are employed at the credit department and emphasize on prudent supervision and control of loan accounts. Other suggestions were purely focused on advisory and credit worthiness for effectiveness and proper management.
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THE IMPACT OF IMPROVED CAPITALIZATION ON NIGERIAN BANKS LENDING RATE
ABSTRACT
Capitalization or capitalisation is writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (upper-case letter) and the remaining letters in lower case in writing systems with a case distinction. The term is also used for the choice of case in text.
Conventional writing systems (orthographies) for different languages have different conventions for capitalization.
The systematic use of capitalized and uncapitalized words in running text is called “mixed case”. Conventions for the capitalization of titles and other classes of words vary between languages and, to a lesser extent, between different style guides.
In some written languages, it is not obvious what is meant by the “first letter”: for example, the South-Slavic digraph “nj” is considered as a single letter for the purpose of alphabetical ordering (a situation that occurs in many other languages) and can be represented by a single Unicode character, but at the start of a word it is written “Nj”: only the “N” is capitalized. In contrast, in Dutch, when a word starts with the digraph “ij”, capitalization is applied to both letters, such as in the name of the city of IJmuiden. There is a single Unicode character that combines the two letters, but it is generally not used.
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THE IMPACT OF MICRO FINANCE BANK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The development of the various sectors of any economy is the basis for its survival, different measures have been put in place by the Federal Government of Nigeria in order to achieve this objective, such as, the establishment of the Finance and Research Institution in 2001, provision of direct financial assistance to small business organization, the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investment Scheme (SMIEIS) in 2001, establishment of Small Scale Industrial Credit Scheme, establishment of Government Intervention Strategies in 2002, provision of Credit Scheme, establishment of National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND) in 1989, establishment of Industrial Development Centres and Industrial Estate Scheme, etc. The initial efforts were government-led through the vehicle of large industries, but lately emphasis have shifted to Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) following the success of Small Scale and Medium Enterprises in the economic growth in the Asian countries. (See Ojo, 2003) as cited in Babajide, 2012). However, the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises over the years has been stunted because they have not been able to meet the requirements for obtaining financial services from the conventional commercial banks, thus their opportunity for expansion has been greatly limited. This shortcoming of the formal financial institution is what initiated micro financing.
In 2005, the Federal Government of Nigeria adopted microfinance as the main financing window for SMEs in Nigeria. The Microfinance Policy Regulatory and Supervisory Framework (MPRSF) was launched in 2005 with the core objective of making financial services accessible to a large segment of the potentially productive Nigerian population .It also addressed the problem of lack of access to credit by small business operators who do not have access to regular bank credit. It also created the framework for licensing, regulation and supervision of privately owned microfinance banks, provides for the participation of various institutions such as deposit money banks, non-governmental organizations, microfinance institutions and financial cooperatives in the provision of financial services. This framework was also extended to SMEs that have little or no access to financial services..
The Microfinance Policy (MPRSF) provides for two categories of Microfinance Bank in Nigeria, namely: Microfinance licensed to operate as a unit bank otherwise known as community bank which can only operate branches or cash centres within a local government with the minimum paid up capital of ₦20 million and the Microfinance Bank licensed to operate in a state or Federal Capital territory with the minimum paid up capital of ₦1 billion.
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises play important roles in the economic growth in both developing and developed nations. Apart from increasing per capital income and output, micro enterprises create employment opportunities, enhance basic standard of living of the populace, enabling entrepreneurs to be self reliant, create wealth, alleviating the adverse effects of growing population and generally promoting effective resources utilization,onsidered critical to engineering economy development and growth.(See Tijani, M.O., 2011). (Ogujiuba, Fadila & Stiegler, 2013; Musa & Aisha, 2012) agree that Small and Medium Scale Enterprises account for well over half of the total share of employment sales and value added and they constitute the most viable and veritable vehicle for self sustaining industrial development, as they possess the capability to grow an indigenous enterprises culture more than any other strategy.
However, as cited in Tijani, M.O.(2011), the role played by Small and Medium Scale Enterprises notwithstanding, its development is constrained by inadequate funding and poor management. The unfavourable micro-economic environment has also been identified as one of the major constraints which most times encourage financial institutions to be risk-averse in funding Small and Medium Scale businesses. Also, the reluctance on the part of the financial institutions to fund Small and Medium Scale Enterprises can be explained by the insufficient capital base of banks. As a result, these enterprises rely onpersonal assets for working capital, thua making it difficult to operate at full capacity and increase output and sales which will serve as impetus in increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a nation like Nigeria. Thus, the concern of this research is to examine the impact of microfinance bank on the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ilorin metropolis
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The microfinance banks (MFIs) promoted by the Federal Government of Nigeria was meant to purview credits entrepreneurs who owned Small and Medium Scale Enterprises because of their limited access to sources of finance. Small and Medium Scale Enterprises face a lot of problems in obtaining finance from the conventional finance banks because of the cost of finance, collateral security and the bureaucracy involved in accessing loans; the high interest rate etc. In addition, this entrepreneurs are predominantly made up of illiterates who cannot understand all the paperwork involved in applying for a loan. Also, the banks are not very excited because of the fact that the credit deposited by them is so little compared to what is deposited by customers in other big businesses. These problems and more necessitated the emergence of the MFBs.
1.3 Statement of the Research Questions
Thus, the above problems raises the following questions:
i) What are the nature of SMEs financing before the establishment of MFBs?
ii) What role does microfinance banks play in the growth of SMEs?
iii) What are the problems Microfinance banks faces in providing finance to SMEs?
iv) In what ways can the services rendered by microfinance banks be improved upon to enhance the growth of SMEs?
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of this study is to examine the impact of microfinance banks on the growth of small and medium scale enterprises in Ilorin metropolis. This specific objective include the following:
• To examine the nature of SMEs financing before MFBs establishment?
• To examine the role of microfinance banks’ in the growth of SMEs in Ilorin metropolis.
• To examine the problems Microfinance banks face in providing finance to SMEs.
• To examine in what ways the services rendered by the Microfinance banks can be improved upon to enhance the growth of SMEs.
1.5 Justification for the Study
A considerable number of literatures have been written on this subject matter both inside and outside the country; (see Babajide, 2011; Olowe, 2013; Moradeyo, 2013; Babalola, 2013 and Agboola, 2012).To the government and policy makers, the study on the impact of microfinance banks on the growth of SMEs will enable them come up with policies i.e fiscal and monetary policies to improve the efficiency of the SMEs. The result from this finding would enable the stakeholders to employ ways to improve the contribution of SMEs to the country. This research work will contribute to the literatures on the impact of microfinance on the growth of SMEs for the benefit of researchers.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study covered microfinance banks and Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Ilorin metropolis because Ilorin metropolis is a fast developing city where many Small and Medium Scale Enterprises are springing up and more microfinance banks are being established and also because of the convinience and low cost of carrying out the research work. This work covered the period of 5yrs from year 2009- year 2013.
Five years is often used as a yardstick for survival by demographers (Alexander, Davern and Stevenson, 2010) to permit greater balancing of statistical power of test (as cited in Babajide, 2011).
1.7 Hypothesis of the Study
The hypothesis for this study is stated in null form as follows:
: There is no significant difference between the roles of microfinance banks and the growth of SMEs in Ilorin metropolis.
: There is no significant difference between microfinance banks and the problems they face in providing finance to SMEs in Ilorin metropolis.
: The services rendered by MFBs have no significant difference on the growth of SMEs.
Definition of Terms:
Microfinance Banks: These are special banks established by the federal government to promote the growth and development of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises/businesses.
Microfinance: It is the provision of a broad range of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfer and insurance to the poor and low income households and their microenterprises. (Asian Development Bank, 2000).
SMEs: Nigeria’s national Council on Industry; an SME is defined in terms of employment i.e. as one with between 10 and 300 employees.
Entrepreneurs: This refers to the proprietor or owner of a privately owned business enterprise. The entrepreneur employs his capital in the business, manages the business resources and takes the risk of business alone. He is self employed i.e he is not employed by anyone but instead he employes others to work for him.
Regression analysis: This is a statistical approach to forecasting change in a dependent variable on the basis of change on more independent variables.
Development: An event constituting a new stage in a changing situation.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): It is the value of goods domestically produced in a country.
Growth: An increase in size, number, value or strength.
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FINANCIAL CONTROL AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATION
ABSTRACT
The primary concern here is to identify to what extent good accounting system in the Public Sector can ensure Financial Control and Accountability in the Public sector Financial or is a critical factor in management and therefore must be prudently handled and accounted for if the public sector is to realize its goals and objectives. It is on this account that this research work has been undertaken to try and unravel the reasons why government ministries and department most times finds it difficult to control and properly account for finances available to them. Subsequently, a number of reasons have been deduced as being responsible for poor financial control and accountability. They include; Poor implementation of financial regulations, lack of effective internal control system, inadequate reward system and sharp practices by public servants. The Abia State Ministry of Finance was used as case study, and information was sourced through sampled population in the Ministry by means of questionnaire. Data was collected, analyzed and interpreted using tables and chi-square. Findings showed that unless financial regulations are strictly followed and defaulters punished accordingly, financial control and accountably may still elude the public sector.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Government activities nowadays have largely increase. The increase in government functions and activities come as a result of the complex nature of the modern society. For government to live up to its responsibility, care must be taken in the management of scare resources available to achieve these laudable goals.
Other than maintenance of law and orders, peace and stability, government is also involved in providing social services such as provision of good roads, transport, portable drinking water, power and energy etc. All these services need money (finance). It is also the duty of government to generate revenue for the achievement of its set goals and objectives- creating social welfare and harmony in the society.
Finance is a critical resource in the chain of production and therefore must be prudently used to achieve results. It is on this premise that financial control and accountability in public sector becomes imperative. This research work attempts to discover the reason(s) behind poor performance by government in relation to financial control and accountability in the public sector.
Government agencies or the public sector is very heterogeneous in nature and so the nature of financial control is completely different from that of the private sectors in so many ways. At one end we have government owned companies that must be operated like private business, in the middle, our parastatal, that are somewhat amorphous, often having conflicting goals to achieve and then the government machinery itself which is a services outfit, (Azubuike and Njemanze 2006, 15)
Consequently upon the heterogeneous nature of the public sector, the financial regulations guiding the activities or financial transaction in public sector is contained in the law setting it up. Some of such financial statutory regulations are:
a. Finance (Control an Management) Act 1958
b. The Nigerian Constitution
c. Financial Memorandum
d. Financial Regulation
e. Gazette
f. Treasury and circular Letter
g. Accounting manual.
These regulatory framework of public sector accounting mentioned above are applied in varied ways depending on the mode of operation of the government agencies or ministry.
Amara (2009) sums up the benefit of financial control and accountability in the public sector as follows:
– It justifies the estimates of public sector.
– It ensures and superintends the use of appropriated funds
– It is device for timing the rate of expenditure and auditing of accounts
In the same vein, Johnson (1999) also list a number of importance associated with financial control and accountability to include the following.
1. That it provides the broad and specific accounting system adopted in recording financial transactions.
2. Ensure that transactions remain within the framework of law and further reduces the risk of fraud
3. It provides the basis for financial management and control
The Abia state Ministry of finance is one of the parent ministries in the Abia State Government. The state governor is the chief accounting officer of the state. He is the executive head of government and head of the executive council of the executive arm of government.
As the minister of finance is the chief accounting officer in the federal ministry, the commissioner is also the chief accounting officer in Abia State finance Ministry outside the permanent secretary. The ministry has other departments and units, some of which include Auditing department, board of internal revenue, statistics and record, accounts unit, budget and logistics among others.
The ministry of finance is in charge of rendering accounts and controlling all financial transactions. The ministry through the accountant-general of the state is saddled with responsibility of general supervision of all the accounts of the different ministries and departments within the state, and prepares the annual financial statement of account of the state as required by the ministry.
The finance Ministry is vested with the statutory responsibility of auditing the state accounts as provided by the financial regulations. The Auditor –general is empowered by law to audit the account of all accounting officers and all persons entrusted with the collection, custody, receipts, issues or payment of public funds, (Adams 2001).
Ministry of finance in the Abia State government is populated with one hundred employees who make up workforce of the ministry. These are the people who are responsible for ensuring compliance with the laid down procedure for financial transactions as contained in the financial regulations and legal books
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM
Nigerian Public Sector is plagued with a number of problems. These problems hinder it from discharging its duties and responsibilities effectively and efficiently for the betterment of the people. One of such problem is that of financial control and accountability.
Financial control and accountability becomes a problem when there is no strict measure to ensure compliance with the laid down regulations guiding financial transaction and accountability in public sector. In other words, the lack of justification of estimate, superintending the use of appropriated funds and timing the rate of expenditure and auditing of account constitute the problems which triggers this investigation
In addition to the above mentioned problems, other problematic areas in the public sector finance includes:
· Fraudulent practices by public officer and agencies.
· Maintaining and operating proper accounting system as required by law.
· Inadequate internal system in each unit.
· Problem of poor coordination
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Within the ambit of this research topic, “Financial control and accountability in Public Sector”, The purpose of study is not far fetched. The purposes of the study can be summarized in these ways:
(a). To determine ways of checking fraud.
(b). To ascertain to what extent compliance with financial regulations can help government in achieving set goals and objectives.
(c) To establish standard and appropriate financial system for recording and extracting financial information.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research work will be of immense benefit to those in the top management cadre in the government ministries and parastatals and to the general public. For top management, the information gained from this work will help them streamline their financial regulation and assist in fraud detection. Secondly, young researchers will also find the result of this, work a very useful resources material for work. This is so because the information have given them the basic knowledge needed to pursue their work to a logical conclusion. On a more general note, the research will also add to the existing body of knowledge in the subject matter.
Conclusively, this work will as a matter of fact help public organizations know whether or not they have appropriate control mechanism in terms of recourse management and fraud detection.
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Research hypothesis are tentative statement of propositions made about the research in a testable or verifiable manner. The term “verifiable” or “testable” as used here mean that hypothesis can be accepted or rejected.
Therefore, the following research hypotheses are formulated based on the research problems stated above:
Ho1: Fraudulent practices by public servants is not a hindrance to achievement of public sector goals and objectives.
H1: Fraudulent practices by public servants is a hindrance to achievement of public sector goals and objectives.
HYPOTHESIS II
Ho: Maintaining and operating proper accounting system as required by law is not a means of ensuring financial control and accountability.
H1: Maintain and operating proper accounting system as required by law is a means of ensuring financial control and accountability.
HYPOTHESIS III
Ho: Internal control system does not contribute to financial control and management.
H1: Internal control system contributes in financial control and management.
1.6 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The public sector accounting concepts are numerous. For this research work, the most appropriate concept or theory on which this research can be analyze is the matching concept of government accounting.
Matching theory of government accounting holds that for any accounting period, the earned revenue and all the incurred cost that generate that revenue must be matched and reported for the period (Oshisam 1992). This concept only applies to economic unit in the public sector, which seeks the determination of profit or adopts the accrued basis of accounting (Adams 2001)
In other words, the matching concept of government accounting means that cost and expenses should be tied to the revenue and its associated costs and expense are accounted for in the same accounting period. This concept succinctly explains financial accountability in the public sector.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research work is aimed at examining the effect of financial control and accountability in the public sector. On this account, a case study of Abia State Ministry of Finance is chosen. Therefore is delimited to Abia State Ministry of Finance alone.
1.9 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. To what extent strict compliance with financial regulations can help government ministries in achieving goals and objectives.
ii. How does financial control check fraud in government circles?
iii. How can financial control and accountability aid in establishing appropriate system for recording and extracting financial information.
iv. To what extent does accountability ensure judicious use of public funds?
1.10 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
According to Aguwa (2005), the primary goal of operational definition is to remove ambiguity wherever it is likely to occur in the research work. Therefore where there is no likelihood of ambiguity, it becomes unnecessary to define terms. The technical or ambiguous terms used in this work are the only ones being defined.
MANAGEMENT: For the purpose of this research, management means or connotes ‘the condition of being prudent in the use of scarce resources.
ACCOUNTABILITY: Accountability in this research work is considered as the quality of being answerable to one’s action or conduct.
CONTROL: Control means ensuring that the functions of the different unit and agents in the public sector do not work at cross purposes but in rhythm to ensure achievement of corporate goals.
INTERNAL CONTROL: Auditing guideline defines internal control as “the whole system of controls, financial and otherwise established by management in order to carry out government business”
GOVERNMENT FINANCES: Government finance refers to the wide range of activities undertaken by government in financial and economic matters (The new Encyclopedia Britannica 1988).
ETHICS: Ethics simply put refers to what is ‘right’, just and what ‘just’ in the decisions and actions that affects other people as a financial or accounting officer or manager in the public sector.
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THE ROLE OF THE ACCOUNTANT IN THE PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF PARASTATALS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This research work is aimed at ascertaining the various role played by the accountant in the privatization and commercialization of pubic enterprise in Nigerian economy.
It also focused on the information supplied by the accountant, its contribution to the success of privatization and commercialization exercise, and this shows that the accountant is important among other groups of professionals needed for the implementation of the exercise and they formed the pillar on which any successful established rest upon.
The accountants in Nigerian today faces a lot of challenges in executing their services, but from the course of finding, I will recommend that accountants should be given a free hand in the implementation of the exercise in order to enhance the profitability of such parastatals.
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Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
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