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EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA EXTRACT ON THE GROWTH OF MILLET
ABSTRACT
Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree, has gained recognition for its diverse nutritional and medicinal properties. This study investigates the impact of Moringa oleifera extract on the growth of millet (Pennisetum glaucum), a staple cereal crop with high importance in many regions. The research aims to explore the potential of Moringa oleifera as a bio-stimulant for enhancing millet growth, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.
The experimental design involves the application of Moringa oleifera leaf extract to millet plants at different growth stages. The extract, rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, serves as a natural fertilizer. Key parameters such as plant height, leaf area, root development, and grain yield are measured and compared between the treated and untreated millet groups.
Results from the study are expected to provide insights into the bio-stimulant effects of Moringa oleifera on millet growth, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to agricultural enhancement. Additionally, the research may shed light on the potential nutritional benefits transferred to millet grains, addressing food security concerns in regions where millet is a dietary staple.
This investigation contributes to the broader understanding of plant-microbe interactions and sustainable agricultural practices, positioning Moringa oleifera as a potential natural resource for improving millet production and nutritional quality. The findings have implications for farmers, researchers, and policymakers seeking innovative and environmentally friendly approaches to enhance crop yield and food security.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) stands as a crucial cereal crop globally, particularly in regions with arid climates where its hardiness and adaptability play a vital role in food security. The pursuit of sustainable agricultural practices has prompted researchers to explore natural alternatives to traditional fertilizers for enhancing crop growth and yield. Moringa oleifera, often referred to as the drumstick tree, is renowned for its rich nutrient profile and various medicinal properties. This study delves into the potential of Moringa oleifera extract as a bio-stimulant for improving the growth and yield of millet.
Biostimulants are the substances that promote plant growth when applied in micro quantities. They also help plants to withstand harsh environments. In recent years, a growing interest has been observed with natural biostimulating substances. The influence of humic-like substances was studied on hydroponically cultured various crop plants viz. cucumber, maize, pelargonium, and wheat. Treated plants presented a faster development and reached reproductive stage three to five days earlier than control. They also provoked a better efficiency of plant water uptake and improved the mineral nutrition (Morard et al.,2011).
Bajra is a cereal crop grown in tropical semi-arid regions of the world. It is well adapted to production systems characterized by low rainfall (200-600 mm), low soil fertility and high temperature, and thus can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as wheat or maize, would not survive. In its traditional growing areas, pearl millet is the basic staple for households in the poorest countries and among the poorest people. It is also one of the most drought resistant crops among cereals and millets. Pearl millet is generally used as a temporary summer pasture crop or in some areas as a food crop. Pearl millet is one of the four most important cereals (rice, maize, sorghum and millets) grown in the tropics and is rich in iron, zinc and antioxidants. These nutrients along with the antioxidants may be beneficial for the overall health of people. Poor seed germination and seedling establishment adversely affect the growth and development of plants and results into low yields of crops. The success of seedling growth depends on the formation of roots and shoots. Shilajeet is an exudate that is pressed out from layers of rock in the most sacred and highest mountains in Nepal, India and other areas. It is composed of humus, fulvic acid and organic plant material that has been compressed by layers of rock. Humic acid has been isolated and characterized by Agrawal et al. (2010). Shilajeet is known to boost the immune system in human beings (Bizanov et al.,2012 and Ghosal et al.,1989).
Presoaked wheat seeds with Shilajeet resulted in the increase of seed germination and seedling growth (Shrotri et al.,2012). Leaf juice of fenugreek and Luceme along with potassium humate treated seeds showed significant increase on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat and jowar (Patil,2010). Moringa leaf extract was sprayed on to leaves of onions, bell pepper, soya beans, sorghum, coffee, tea, chili, melon and maize and was shown to increase yields of these crops (Fuglie,2000). Moringa leaves are rich in zeatin, ascorbic acid, vitamin E, phenolic compounds and minerals (Makkar & Becker,1996 and Nagar et al.,2006), the leaf extract has the potential to promote plant growth; hence, it can be used as a natural biostimulant. Seeds priming with diluted leaf extract has been reported to improve germination and seedling growth in sunflower (Basra et al.,2009). Enhanced growth and yield of tomato due to the application of Moringa leaf extract has been reported recently (Culver et al.,2012). The inhibitory effect of Moringa leaf extract in rice seed germination and stimulatory effect in maize, wheat and sorghum seed germination has been reported (Phiri,2010).
However, there is very little work on the effect of shilajeet and Moringa leaf juice as phytohormone on plant metabolism. Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to see the biostimulatory action of shilajeet and Moringa leaf juice on Bajra seed germination.
1.2 Statement of the problem
As global populations continue to rise, the demand for staple crops like millet intensifies. Conventional farming practices often rely on synthetic fertilizers, posing environmental concerns and contributing to soil degradation. Exploring natural alternatives, such as plant extracts with potential bio-stimulant properties, becomes imperative. Moringa oleifera, known for its sustainable cultivation and diverse applications, emerges as a promising candidate for enhancing millet growth.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this research are:
• To investigate the impact of Moringa oleifera extract on the growth parameters of millet.
• To assess the potential bio-stimulant effects of Moringa oleifera on millet plants at different growth stages.
• To contribute empirical evidence on the viability of Moringa oleifera extract as a sustainable and natural enhancer for millet cultivation.
1.4 Research Questions
The study addresses the following research questions:
1. What is the influence of Moringa oleifera extract on the height and leaf area of millet plants?
2. How does the application of Moringa oleifera extract affect the root development of millet?
3. Are there significant differences in grain yield between millet plants treated with Moringa oleifera extract and those left untreated?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research holds significance in several dimensions. Firstly, it contributes to the existing body of knowledge on sustainable agriculture by exploring the potential of Moringa oleifera as a natural bio-stimulant. Secondly, the findings may offer farmers an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fertilizers, potentially enhancing millet yield while promoting soil health. Moreover, the study has implications for regions where millet is a staple crop, addressing food security concerns through innovative and sustainable agricultural practices.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the influence of Moringa oleifera extract on the growth parameters of millet. The experimental design involves the application of the extract at various growth stages to evaluate its effects on plant height, leaf area, root development, and grain yield. The research is conducted within a controlled environment to isolate the impact of Moringa oleifera extract from other external factors.
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis is structured to provide a systematic exploration of the research topic. Following this introductory chapter, Chapter Two reviews relevant literature on bio-stimulants, plant extracts, and their effects on crop growth. Chapter Three outlines the methodology employed, including the experimental setup and data collection procedures. Subsequent chapters present the results and discussions (Chapter Four), conclusions, and recommendations (Chapter Five).
In summary, Chapter One lays the foundation for the research by introducing the background, rationale, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance, and scope of the study. The subsequent chapters will build upon this foundation to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effect of Moringa oleifera extract on the growth of millet.
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EFFECTIVENESS OF JUVENILE DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAM AMONG SELECTED RESIDENT STUDENTS IN BORSTAL HOME ILORIN, KWARA STATE
Abstract
Juvenile delinquency remains a significant societal concern, prompting the need for effective prevention programs to rehabilitate and reintegrate youth into productive societal roles. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a juvenile delinquency prevention program among selected resident students in Borstal Home, Ilorin, Kwara State. The research examines the program’s impact on behavioral modification, academic improvement, and psychosocial development of the participants. Using a mixed-method approach, data were collected through structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and observation of 100 resident students. The findings reveal that structured counseling, vocational training, and educational support significantly contributed to a reduction in delinquent behaviors. Furthermore, the program fostered improved self-esteem, social skills, and conflict resolution abilities among participants. Challenges such as insufficient funding, limited staff capacity, and lack of community reintegration support were identified as barriers to program success. The study concludes that while the program demonstrates potential for preventing juvenile delinquency, addressing systemic challenges is crucial for its sustainability. Recommendations include increased government funding, enhanced training for staff, and partnerships with community organizations to provide comprehensive post-residential support. This research contributes to the discourse on juvenile rehabilitation and offers practical insights for policymakers and stakeholders in youth development.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Juvenile delinquency remains a global challenge that threatens societal stability and the future of young individuals. Defined as criminal or antisocial behavior by persons under the age of 18, juvenile delinquency is influenced by various factors, including family instability, poverty, peer pressure, and inadequate educational opportunities (Adeyemo & Owoeye, 2020). In Nigeria, increasing reports of juvenile involvement in theft, substance abuse, and violence have raised concerns about the effectiveness of existing preventive and rehabilitative measures.
Borstal institutions, established under the Borstal Institutions Act of 1962 in Nigeria, aim to rehabilitate young offenders and provide them with skills for reintegration into society. These homes implement various juvenile delinquency prevention programs, including counseling, vocational training, educational support, and moral instruction. The Borstal Home in Ilorin, Kwara State, serves as a critical facility for the rehabilitation of delinquent youths in the region. However, despite the existence of such programs, questions remain about their effectiveness in achieving sustainable behavioral change among residents (Oladipo & Adebayo, 2019).
Juvenile delinquency prevention programs are designed to address the root causes of delinquent behavior and provide alternative pathways for positive development. Studies have highlighted the importance of structured interventions, such as life skills training and educational initiatives, in reducing the likelihood of reoffending among juveniles (Smith et al., 2018). However, the effectiveness of these programs varies depending on factors such as program design, implementation quality, and available resources.
Based on the increasing rate of juvenile delinquency, a re-examination of the ineffectiveness of juvenile delinquency prevention programs is necessary to effectively reduce juvenile recidivism. Due to limited research, competing resources, and variety of aftercare programs, a gap analysis study was required to ensure the success of juvenile aftercare programs. This study aimed to determine the reasons why juvenile delinquency has been on the rise and ensure the effectiveness of aftercare programs in reducing juvenile delinquency. Law enforcement agencies have been involved in nearly 1.1 million juvenile delinquency cases (Ryan et al., 2013). Furthermore, reported law enforcement data reflected those juvenile offenders were responsible for 15% of all violent crimes and 24% of all property crimes (Ryan et al., 2013).
This study on community prevention programs and a school-based substance abuse prevention program provides results that could minimize the number of repeat offenders in the criminal justice system. Additionally, the results identified cost-effective applications and precursors for legal professionals to meet the required needs for juveniles to become responsible decision-makers and positive contributors within our society. This study’s social implications include minimizing the negative impacts of the criminal justice system by offering effective rehabilitation treatment methods that could be implemented through aftercare programs. An in-depth analysis was used to align many aspects of deviant behavior with current treatment program effectiveness to reduce juvenile delinquency.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the existence of juvenile delinquency prevention programs in Nigeria, reports indicate a high rate of recidivism among young offenders. Many juveniles struggle to reintegrate into society after their time in Borstal homes due to limited post-rehabilitation support and societal stigma (Owolabi et al., 2021). The Borstal Home in Ilorin, Kwara State, has implemented several preventive measures, but the extent to which these initiatives have positively impacted the residents’ behavior remains unclear.
Furthermore, challenges such as inadequate funding, insufficient staffing, and outdated facilities hinder the effective implementation of these programs. If left unaddressed, the issue of juvenile delinquency may continue to escalate, posing significant risks to the affected individuals and the broader society. Therefore, this study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of juvenile delinquency prevention programs in Borstal Home, Ilorin, with a view to identifying areas for improvement.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of juvenile delinquency prevention programs among selected resident students in Borstal Home, Ilorin, Kwara State. The specific objectives are:
To assess the impact of the prevention program on the behavioral modification of resident students.
To examine the role of vocational training and educational support in reducing delinquent tendencies.
To identify the challenges faced in the implementation of the program.
To propose recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of the program.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
How effective is the prevention program in modifying the behavior of resident students?
What role does vocational training and educational support play in reducing delinquent tendencies?
What are the challenges faced in the implementation of the program?
What strategies can enhance the effectiveness of the program?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study holds significant value for policymakers, social workers, and other stakeholders involved in juvenile rehabilitation. By evaluating the effectiveness of the prevention program in Borstal Home, Ilorin, the research will provide insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the current initiatives. The findings can guide the design of more effective interventions aimed at reducing juvenile delinquency and promoting successful reintegration.
Additionally, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on juvenile delinquency prevention, offering evidence-based recommendations for addressing the issue in Nigeria and other developing countries. It highlights the importance of investing in preventive and rehabilitative programs to ensure the holistic development of young individuals and foster a safer society.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the juvenile delinquency prevention program implemented at Borstal Home, Ilorin, Kwara State. It examines the experiences of selected resident students and assesses the program’s impact on behavioral modification, vocational skills acquisition, and academic performance. The research is limited to the activities and outcomes observed within the Borstal Home, and findings may not be generalizable to other institutions without contextual considerations.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Juvenile Delinquency: Criminal or antisocial behavior committed by individuals under the age of 18 (Adeyemo & Owoeye, 2020).
Prevention Program: Structured interventions aimed at reducing the likelihood of delinquent behavior among juveniles (Smith et al., 2018).
Borstal Home: A correctional facility designed to rehabilitate and reform young offenders.
Behavioral Modification: The process of altering negative behaviors through structured interventions and reinforcement strategies.
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PRODUCTION OF ALKALI USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS (PALM INFLORESCENCE)
ABSTRACT
The project aims to develop a flow process to obtain the optimum temperature and time necessary for the maximum recovery of alkali present in palm inflorescence.
On this ground, a preliminary experiment was performed. During this process, both male and female palm inflorescence were compared for maximum alkali production and it was observed that the female palm inflorescence produced highest quantity of alkali than the male palm inflorescence. Based on this, the female palm inflorescence was used in performing the experiment.
Also, experiments were carried out to determine the optimum temperature and time for maximum alkali recovery. After the analysis and analytical calculations it was found that the optimum temperature for maximum alkali production is 4500c and the corresponding time for the production is 90 minutes.
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the study
Over the years, alkali has been of prime importance as raw material both for industrial and laboratory purpose. Alkali as a word was derived from an erabic word, which mean ashes. Ashes could be wood ashes, Ngu ashes or any other type of ash sourced by burning a given material. Alkali is said to be the basic hydroxide, which is soluble in water.
The compounds of alkali metals are so soluble that they tend to be leached out of the soil by rainwater end hence carried by streams and rivers to the sea. Based on this, sea water contain about three percent (3%) by weight of alkali salts.
Alkalis are produced both industrially end locally. The local production is mainly by the use of palm inflorescence or plantain peels. It involved burning of the palm inflorescence and subsequently leaching out of the alkali with water. When the produced alkali is sourced, potassium hydroxide is much in quantity then sodium hydroxide. About 45% of alkali is obtained using the female palm inflorescence of the oil palm tree.
The quality of the leachate obtained depends on the following.
i. Ashing condition
ii. Solvent used
iii. The type of plant ash used
iv. Method of leaching
One of the major raw materials for soap production is alkali. The alkali may be a hydroxide, a carbonate of hydrogen carbonate. The cations most commonly used are those of sodium and potassium. At the time of saponification, they denote metal ions, which form soap with fatty acid. Hence
0
H2 C – C OR1
0
H C – C – OR11 + 3xY 3RC00x + CH2 Y
CH2 Y
H2 C – C – OR111 CH2 Y
Where x is a metal ion
Many of the alkali has gained wide application some of them are sodium hydroxide (Na0H), sodium carbonate (Na0 C03), potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHC03).
1.2 THE OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT RESEARCH
i. Establishment of the best and optimum method of producing high quality alkali locally.
ii. Development of a flow process to obtain the optimum temperature and time needed for the maximum recovery of the high quality alkali and specification of its concentration at this optimum condition.
iii. Preparation of the detailed process flow diagram.
1.1 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
It is important to state that production of alkali locally is very much encouraged. This is because soap which is one of the numerous products produced by the use of alkali finds extensive usage both in domestic and other general laundry activities.
In order to sustain the industry in dear need of alkali as a major raw material, there is the need that alkali should be locally produced, more especially at this period of time that the federal government has placed ban on importation of some of the basic raw materials needed in soap and soap related industries.
For there to be continuity of these industries, alkali which is a major raw material must be source locally. This can be obtained by the use of palm inflorescence of oil palm (Eleasis Guineasis). The production of alkali through this means, makes 17 possible for soap industries and other related industries to obtain one of their major raw materials.
Owing to the fact that this production process is relatively cheap, it prevents the expenses incurred in the importation of alkali for soap production and other uses which subsequently reduces the cost of the final products. Hence, this research project is geared towards harnessing the somewhat neglected Nigerian’s agricultural prowess in the preservation of the vest palm trees found in her rich forest, and then make appropriate use of its palm inflorescence in the production of alkali
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PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF AFRICAN STAR APPLE SEED OIL
ABSTRACT
This research explores the physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) seed oil, an underutilized plant resource with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The study aims to provide comprehensive insights into the nutritional and industrial value of the seed oil, contributing to the understanding of its potential benefits and applications.
The physico-chemical analysis includes the determination of parameters such as acidity, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, refractive index, and specific gravity. Additionally, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is employed to elucidate the fatty acid composition of the oil. The research integrates both qualitative and quantitative approaches to characterize the oil’s chemical profile.
The findings reveal crucial information about the oil’s stability, quality, and potential applications in various industries. The fatty acid composition analysis provides a detailed breakdown of the major constituents, offering insights into the nutritional value and health benefits associated with the consumption of African star apple seed oil.
This research serves as a foundational exploration into the potential of African star apple seed oil as a valuable and sustainable resource. The outcomes contribute to the growing body of knowledge on underutilized plant oils, providing a basis for further research, product development, and potential commercialization of this natural resource.
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Significance of the Research
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Research Methodology
1.6 Organization of the Thesis
2. Literature Review
2.1 Overview of African Star Apple (Chrysophyllum albidum)
2.2 Historical Uses and Traditional Knowledge
2.3 Phytochemical Composition of African Star Apple Seed
2.4 Previous Studies on Seed Oils and Their Applications
2.5 Gaps in Knowledge and Research Questions
3. Methodology
3.1 Collection and Preparation of African Star Apple Seeds
3.2 Extraction of Seed Oil
3.3 Physicochemical Analysis
3.3.1 Acidity
3.3.2 Peroxide Value
3.3.3 Iodine Value
3.3.4 Saponification Value
3.3.5 Refractive Index
3.3.6 Specific Gravity
3.4 Fatty Acid Composition Analysis
3.4.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
3.5 Statistical Analysis
4. Physicochemical Properties of African Star Apple Seed Oil
4.1 Acidity
4.2 Peroxide Value
4.3 Iodine Value
4.4 Saponification Value
4.5 Refractive Index
4.6 Specific Gravity
4.7 Interpretation of Results
5. Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Contributions to Knowledge
5.3 Practical Applications
5.4 Recommendations for Further Studies
References
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ENERGY BENCHMARKING AND CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION OPPORTUNITIES IN SUGAR MANUFACTURING PROCESSES AT DANGOTE SUGAR REFINERY NUMAN
Abstract:
Sugar manufacturing processes are energy-intensive operations with significant environmental impacts, particularly in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. As one of the leading sugar producers in Nigeria, Dangote Sugar Refinery Numan plays a critical role in the country’s sugar industry and faces challenges related to energy consumption and carbon emissions. This study focuses on exploring energy benchmarking and identifying carbon footprint reduction opportunities within the manufacturing processes at Dangote Sugar Refinery Numan.
Through a combination of data collection, analysis, and assessment of energy usage patterns and emissions, this research aims to establish energy benchmarks for various stages of sugar production at the refinery. Utilizing established methodologies for carbon footprint assessment, the study quantifies the refinery’s carbon emissions associated with energy consumption, transportation, and other operational activities. The findings provide valuable insights into the refinery’s energy performance relative to industry benchmarks and identify areas for improvement in energy efficiency and emissions reduction.
Moreover, the research examines potential strategies and technologies for reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions in sugar manufacturing processes. These strategies may include the adoption of renewable energy sources, implementation of energy-efficient technologies, process optimization, and waste heat recovery. By evaluating the feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and environmental benefits of these mitigation measures, the study offers practical recommendations for enhancing sustainability and reducing the carbon footprint of sugar production at Dangote Sugar Refinery Numan.
The outcomes of this research contribute to advancing sustainable practices in the sugar manufacturing industry and provide valuable insights for Dangote Sugar Refinery Numan to optimize its energy usage, reduce carbon emissions, and enhance operational efficiency. Additionally, the findings may inform policy development, industry standards, and best practices for promoting energy efficiency and sustainability in the Nigerian sugar sector. Through collaborative efforts between industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers, the potential for achieving significant reductions in carbon emissions and promoting sustainable development in the sugar manufacturing sector can be realized.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Background and Context
1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Scope and Limitations
2. Literature Review
2.1 Energy Benchmarking in Sugar Manufacturing
2.2 Carbon Footprint Reduction Strategies
2.3 Case Studies of Energy Efficiency in Sugar Refineries
3. Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Data Collection Methods
3.3 Analysis Techniques
4. Energy Benchmarking at Dangote Sugar Refinery
4.1 Overview of Dangote Sugar Refinery, Numan
4.2 Current Energy Consumption Patterns
4.3 Identification of Energy Efficiency Opportunities
5. Carbon Footprint Analysis
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Recommendations for Dangote Sugar Refinery
5.3 Recommendations for Future Research
References
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EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF SALT STRESS ON THE GROWTH OF GUINEA CORN
Abstract:
This study investigates the effect of different concentrations of salt stress on the growth of Guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor), an important cereal crop with widespread cultivation in diverse agro-ecological zones. The experiment involves subjecting Guinea corn plants to varying concentrations of salt stress in a controlled environment. Different concentrations of salt solutions will be applied to the soil, simulating salinity levels commonly found in soil affected by natural and anthropogenic factors. The growth parameters to be assessed include plant height, leaf area, biomass production, chlorophyll content, and other relevant morphological and physiological characteristics.
The objective is to elucidate the plant’s response to salt stress and identify potential thresholds beyond which growth is significantly impaired. This research aims to contribute valuable insights into the adaptability of Guinea corn to saline conditions, providing essential information for farmers, agronomists, and policymakers involved in crop management and sustainable agriculture. Understanding the plant’s response to salt stress is crucial for developing strategies to enhance crop resilience, optimize agricultural productivity, and ensure food security in regions where salinity poses a threat to traditional crop cultivation.
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DETERMINATION OF REDUCING SUGAR FROM POTATO PEELS USING DILUTE HCL
ABSTRACT
This work is on determination of reducing sugar from potato peels using dilute hcl.
Potato peel is a waste biomass which can be a source of raw material for biofuel production. This biomass contains a sufficient amount of total reducing sugar (TRS), which can be extracted and further treated with microbial pathways to produce bioethanol. The extraction of TRS from potato peels by hydrolysis in dilute sulphuric acid was investigated at different acid concentrations (0.50%, 0.75% and 1% w/v) and sonication was carried out to improve the extent of sugar extraction after hydrolysis. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to verify the experimental data and later applied for the optimization of the main important reaction variables including amplitude (60%, 80% and 100%), cycle (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) and treatment time (5, 10 and 15min) for the responses of TRS extraction by acid hydrolysis and later compared with the experimental data.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
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Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
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08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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DETERMINATION OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE IN CASSAVA
ABSTRACT
Cassava is one of the major dietary stable for a large percentage of the population of tropical Africa and other parts of the world, and is likely to remain the biggest single source of calories for the poor in the continents. An important drawback to increase cassava use for human and animal feeding is its cyanogenic potential, or ability to generate hydrogen cyanide, a well – known poison with potential acute and chronic metabolic effects in human.
This project work deals with the determination of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in cassava tubers (using the bitter varieties) collected from Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) premises with respect to four days fermentation period using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS).
The result shows that the concentration of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) decreases with increase in fermentation period, and based on the safe limit given by the us food and drug administration (FDA) and others, a safe fermentation period for cassava before processing it to produce garri is deduced.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction 1
1.1 Hydrogen Cyanide 2
1.2 Aims and Objectives of The Study 4
1.3 Statement of Problem 5
1.4 Hypothesis 5
1.5 Scope of Study 5
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review 7
2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of HCN 9
2.2 Entry of Hydrogen Cyanide into the Body and
Its Exit from the Body 11
2.3 Effect of Cyanide on Health 14
2.4 Symptoms of Cyanide Poisoning and Treatment 18
2.5 Safety Factor and Procedures for Cyanide Identification 21
2.6 Cassava and Cyanide Concentration 25
2.7 Factors Affecting Cyanide Toxicity 27
2.8 Sources and Control Methods for Hydrogen Cyanide 28
2.9 Uses of Cassava 32
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology 34
3.1 Materials for the Analysis 34
3.2 Method of Analysis 35
3.3 Personal Hygiene Procedures 36
3.4 Sample Collection and Fermentation Process 37
3.5 Sample Fermentation 38
3.6 Sample Preservation and Storage 39
3.7 Acid Distillation 40
3.8 Distillation Procedure 40
3.9 Calibration Standard Preparation 42
CHAPTER FOUR
Result and Discussion 43
4.1 Concentration 44
4.2 Safe Fermentation Period 46
4.3 Cassava Processing Technique 46
4.4 Innovation to Cassava Processing 48
4.5 Seasonal Influence on Cyanide Content of Cassava 50
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion 52
52 Recommendation 52 References 54
Appendix I 56
Appendix II 56
Appendix III 57
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Cyanide, is usually found in compounds. It can interact with metals and other organic compounds. Cyanide refers to all of the cyanide compounds that can be determined as the cyanide ion, CN. The cyanide ion is a conjugate base of a weak acid, hydrogen cyanide, which is an extremely poisonous gas with an almond odor. Other forms of cyanide compounds are sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN). Cyanide can be produced by certain organism (e.g bacteria, fungi and algae), and equally present in plants. Cyanide ion is one of the most rapidly working po isons. Lethal doeses taken orally act in minutes, cyanide, poisons by asphyxiation, as does carbon monoxide, but the mechanism is different. Instead of preventing the cells from getting oxygen, cyanide interferes with oxidative enzymes, such as cytochrome oxidize, which is vital to every cell in use of oxygen. Oxidizes are enzymes containing metal usually iron or copper. Cyanide binds tightly to the enzyme cytochrome C and forms stable cyanide complexes with Fe3+ ion and inactivates the enzyme system.
Much of the cyanide in soil, water and air comes from industrial processes gold mining, waste waters from starch industry. The major source of cyanide in water are discharges from metal mining processes, other sources include exhaust, release from certain chemical industries, municipal waste burning and use of pesticides containing cyanide. Underground water can be contaminated by cyanide present in landfills. In other body, cyanide can combines with plants foods including almonds, millet sprouts, lima beans, soy spinach, bamboo shoots and cassava roots, cyanide occurs as part of naturally occurring sugars or other complex organic compounds.
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OR
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Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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DETERMINATION OF HEAYMETALS IN WATER, FINISH AND SEDIMENTS
ABSTRACT
In the present study, some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni and Pb) were seasonally determined in water, sediment and some tissues of Cyprinus carpio from Avsar Dam Lake, which is an important water source for irrigation and drinking in Turkey. Heavy metal levels in water, sediment and fish samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP/AES). The obtained results showed that the average values of Fe in water samples were higher than the respective reference values for fresh water. Results for levels in water were compared with national and international water quality guidelines, as well as literature data reported for the lakes. The analysis of heavy metals in sediments indicated that among the six heavy metals tested, Fe was maximally accumulated, followed by Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb and Cd. Heavy metal concentrations were found to decrease in sequence of the Cyprinus carpio samples, in the muscle and stomach-intestine as Fe > Cu > Pb> Ni > Cr > Cd; in the gill, heart and liver as Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd and in the air sac as Fe > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd >Cr. In the fish samples, cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead concentrations exceeded the tolerable values provided by international institutions.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
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Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
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OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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BIOLOGY TREATMENT AS A SUSTAINABLE OPTION FOR URBAN DOMESTIC WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Abstract
This work discusses biology treatment as a sustainable option for urban domestic waste water treatment.
In order to develop sustainable wastewater treatment it is needed to view the wastewater treatment systems in a broad sense. In addition to cost and treatment performance energy aspects, recycling and social issues are important when evaluating sustainability of a wastewater treatment system and selecting an appropriate system for a given condition. This requires a multidisciplinary approach where engineers cooperate with social scientists, economists, biologists, health officials and the public. Wastewater contains organic matter and the three main nutrients for plant production: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Theoretically speaking, the nutrients in domestic wastewater and organic household waste are nearly sufficient to produce enough food for the world population. Nitrogen fertilizer is energy consuming to produce and phosphorus is a limited mineral resource. Recycling and energy aspects are thus important factors of sustainable system design. Scandinavia is pioneering sustainable solutions to wastewater treatment. Energy efficient moving bed reactors are developed for tertiary treatment in traditional “end of pipe” wastewater collection and treatment systems. A variety of watersaving and urine diverting toilets can nearly halve water consumption. Toilet waste (blackwater) or urin can be collected separately. Cotreatment of blackwater and organic household waste yield both energy and hygienic fertilizer and handles all organic waste from the household in one waste stream. Water from showers, sinks and kitchen (greywater) can be treated in a variety of systems. Treated greywater is suitable for irrigation, groundwater recharge or as a source of potable water production. Utilizing the latter more than 90% water saving is possible. Source separation (blackwater/greywater) systems produce near zero emissions and open up for exiting urban applications.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>