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STUDY OF COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS AND AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 limitation of the Study
1.7 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
Design of the study
Population Sampling
Sampling Techniques
Method of Data Collection
Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and Analysis of Data
Data Presentation
Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
REFERENCE
QUESTIONNAIRES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In developing countries as in the case of Nigeria, Agriculture dominates the nation’s economy. It has been established that about to percent of Nigeria population is engaged in agriculture (Obasi and Aug, 2000) while 90 percent of Nigeria total food production comes from small farms and to percent of the country population earn their living from these small farms (Oluwatayo et al, 2008). The recent importation of food items into the country to make up for the short falls in food supply Is a dangerous indication of warning farm productivity and warning sign that if the nation continue with the business as usual, the prospect of food security will be black for millions of people (Nwede 2003)
It terms employment agriculture is by far the most importance sector of Nigeria’s economy engaging about 70% of the labour force. Agricultural holding are generally small and scattered, family is often of the subsistence variety characterized by simple tools and shifting cultivation. These small farms produce about 80% of the total foods. About 30.7 million hectares (76 million acres) or 33% of Nigeria land area are under cultivation. Nigeria’s diverse climate from the tropical area of the coast the arid zone of the North, make it possible to produce virtually all agricultural products that can grown in the tropical and semitropical area of the world the economic benefit of large scale agriculture are recognized, and the government favors the formation of cooperative societies and settlements to encourage industrial agricultural. Large scale agriculture, however, is not common.
Despite an abundant water supply a favorable climate and wide area or arable land, productivity is restricted owing to low soil fertility in many areas and inefficient method of cultivation agriculture. Contributed 32% to GPD in 2001
It’s widely recognized that co-operative form an indispensable component. Through community organization co-operative serves the basis and plant form for bring together the economically weak member of the society with a view of enhancing their individual capacities (Akali, 1991). The contributions of cooperative to the economy especially in the developing countries are enormous, ranging from provision of credit to its members and sourcing of inputs at reasonable price to scale of member produce (Okonkwuo, 1991). Cooperative are defined as “an autonomous association of persons who unite voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. (ICA, 1995) cooperative are established by like-minded persons to pursue mutually beneficial economic interest. Researcher are of the opinion that under normal circumstance, cooperative play significant role in the provision of service that enhance agricultural development.
Patrick, (1995) described cooperative as a medium, through which services like provision of farm input, farm implements, farm mechanization agricultural. Loans agricultural extension member education, marketing of member farm produce and other economic activities and services rendered to members regular and optimal performance of these roles will accelerate the transformation of agriculture and rural economic development. Ijere (1981) further explained that. It is the cooperative that embraces all types of farmers and a well organized and supportive cooperative is a pillar of strength for agriculture in Nigeria.
Ogunbameru (1986) also estimated that 52% of Nigerians population is women and that 70% of such women live in rural area. It is also on record (Adebayo and Amao, 2003) that 53% of the poor in Nigeria are women. In the rural areas a large number of women are illiterate, very poor, have high rate of infection and are economically oppressed (Essien, 2000) observed that only small fraction of woman in Nigeria had the benefit of higher education and that the majority is engaged in petty trading and peasantry farming. Despite the low educational and poor economic background of Nigeria women they are still responsible for more than half of the nations food basket and contribute more than two third of the working hours on the farm (Barret et al, 2001). They also reported that AFRICAN Women are responsible for 66% of micro processing activities, especially the processing of agricultural produce.
In Nigeria, agricultural production is dominated by small-scale farmers most whom live in rural areas. Crops and animals are produced on scattered farm holding. Most of the farmers operate without modern production input. Their marketing system is unorganized with each farmer acting individually to produce farm inputs and to sell farm produce. Cooperative societies enable people to achieve through joint efforts what they are unable to achieve while working as individuals. They are legally established organization on the basis of specific set of principles cooperatives activities is one of the best method by which peasant farmer can take part in their own economic advancement and gain valuable experience of democratic produce and business management. Akinwumi (1978). They are association of persons who have voluntarily come together to achieve common objective through the formation of a democratically controlled organization, making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting fair share of the risk and benefit of the undertaking (World Bank, 1999, Ebonyi and Jimo, 2002).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Cooperative has been regarded as one of the main institutional machineries for empowering the economically weak member of the society. With this official recognition and the determination of government (at all levels) to transform agricultural production and raise the standard of living in the rural areas many agricultural cooperative societies have been formed all over the country. Despite the efforts or contribution made by the cooperative societies towards agricultural development in Nigeria, this effort has not been evenly known and it was in an attempt to address such problem that this study was designed.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. Determine farmer’s extent of participation in cooperative societies.
2. Determine the benefits derived by respondents by being member of various cooperative societies.
3. Determine major problems militating against the participation of farmer in cooperative activities.
4. Make policy recommendation based on the funding
1.4 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Based on the nature of the problems aforementioned, hypothesis testing as a measure will assist immensely in carrying out the research to a logical conclusion because of the statistical testability of the problems formulated.
Hypothesis is an assumption or statement which may or may not be true concerning the population. Walpole (1974). Hence, the hypothesis of this research is considered as tentative statement, which would be considered positive or negative at the end of the research presentation.
i. f0: Agricultural organization operate in ignorant of the existence of cooperative socie5ties.
ii. f0: The objectives, Programme, and agricultural strategies of cooperative societies are not recognized and accepted by agricultural organizations.
F1: the objectives, programme and agricultural strategies of cooperative societies are recognized and accepted by agricultural organizations.
iii. f0: Cooperative societies have not contributed positively to agricultural activities.
f1: Cooperative societies have contributed positively to agricultural activities.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is embarking upon to determine the impact of cooperative societies on agricultural production in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State knowing the contribution of the impact of cooperative societies will encourage farmers and enlightened on the important of this society. This study will also revealed the solutions to the problem militating against the participation of farm in cooperative activities in the study area.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The studies will emphasis the importance of cooperative societies in financing farmers in rural setting of Edo State.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Agriculture: This is the process of producing food, feed, and fiber by cultivation of certain plant and the raising of domesticated animal. It is a general term per productive activities like growing as crops raising of animal (including poultry) fishing and forestry
Cooperative: This can be defined as an autonomous association of person who write voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.
Society: People in general living together in communities or a particular community of people who shared the same customs, laws etc.
Community: This is the people who live in a particular country etc when talked about a group or a group of people who share the same religion.
Development: This is complete term that in many different ideas. But most simply development, when taking about countries means reaching an acceptable standard of living for all the people developed countries are not necessarily rich countries and all rich countries are not necessarily developed.
Economic: This is the realized social system of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or the areas.
Organization: This is a group of people who is form a business, club etc or together in order to achieve a particular aim or the act of making arrangement or preparations for something.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): This is a measure of all of the services and goods produced in a country over a specific period, classically a year.
GDP: Consumption gross investment + government + export – import or GDP = C+I+G+(X=-M).
Peasant: This is an agricultural workers with roots in the country side in which they dwell, either working for other or more specifically owing or renting and working by his or her own labour a small plot of ground.
Arable: This is a land suitable for growing crops.
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CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES TO FOOD PRODUCTION
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
1.3 Aims And Objective Of The Study
1.4 Significance Of The Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 The Scope And Limitation Of The Study
1.7 Definition Of Key Terms
Reference
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 Meaning Of Co-operative Society
2.2 Characteristics Of Co-operative Societies
2.3 Formation Of A Co-operative Society
2.4 Types Of Co-operative Society
2.5 Advantages Of Co-operative Society
2.6 Benefits Of Co-operative Society
2.7 Prospect Of Co-operative Society
2.8 The Impact Of Co-operative Societies On Rural Development.
2.9 Problem Faced By Co-operative Societies
In Rural Development
2.10 The Need For Re-engineering
2.9 Problem Faced By Co-operative Societies In Rural Development
2.10 The Need For Re-engineering Co-operative Societies.
Reference
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Area Of Study
3.4 Population Of the Study
3.5 Sample And Sampling Techniques
3.6 Sources Of Data Collection
3.7 Instrument Used For Data Collection
3.8 Test For Validity And Reliability Of Research
Instrument
Reference
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Presentation Of Data
4.3 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendix
Questionnaire
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The problem of developing the rural area has received the attention of many experts and researchers as well as the government. This is because it constitutes a serious bottleneck to the socio-economic development of the country as well as the communities. It is in the light of this, that I have decided to examine how rural areas would be developed with the help or assistance of co-operative societies using Idah local Government as the case study.
Rural development according to Diejomoah (2003) is “ The process of not only increasing the level of per capital income in the rural area but also the standard of living of the rural population measured by food and nutrition level, health, education, housing, recreation and security. Also Rural development according to UNO (1960) is “The process by which the effort of he people themselves are United with effort that of government authorities to improved the economic social and cultural conditions of the rural communities to integrate those community into life of the nation and to enable them contribute meaningful to national development.
Therefore, Rural Development is an integration activity involving the Implementation of programmes of agriculture, health, education, home management, provision of infrastructure and other community facilities under the supervision of the government, its agencies and the local people.
Co-operative society is one of the principal agent of rural development. It is not only an avenue for job opportunities, but also as a training ground for the rural dwellers and other society and economic benefits. Hence, it is a strong factor in the nations economic development.
Helms (2005) on the other hand defines co-operative society as an association of persons who have voluntarily joined together to have a common end through the formation of a democratically controlled enterprise, making equitable contribution to the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefit of the undertaking in which the member activity participate. On the other hand it could be seen as a voluntarily association of persons having mutual ownership in providing themselves some needed service on non-profit basis usually organized as a legal entity to accomplish objectives through joint participation of its members.
As it is, the problem faced by the rural dwellers in Nigeria today is complex. It is those in he rural areas who have to produce not only enough for their families but also for industries and urban population. They also have to produce cash crops either for processing by local industries or for export. Still they lack the basic necessities of life.
Co-operative is a vital issue in every community in this world. Place where it has been properly put into effective operation, its members have greatly achieve something from it. Idah Local Government area is one of the area where co-operative societies have improved the live of its citizens.
Hence assistance should be given to the rural people e.g. Idah people so as to enable them improve politically, economically, socially and otherwise through co-operative societies.
This project therefore, intends to examine rural development, discuss or diagnose strategies adopted by coo-operative societies in developing rural areas. Examine the problem areas if coo-operative societies and to provide recommendation or solution to the problem so far identified.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Perhaps, one of the greatest problem confronting Rural Development today is the lop sided and unbalanced development of their environment and how best to improve the living standard of the rural dwellers. It is not in correct to state that the gross unbalance and inequalities in the level of development between the rural and urban areas of Nigeria is enormous taking Idah local government area for example. Inspite of all the orchestrated policies and programmes of successive government in Nigeria. The problem of rural backwardness and under – development has remained unresolved. This is evident in the persistence of agriculture stagnation, hunger, poverty, disease, unemployment, poor housing, under-employment, poor infrastructure facilities. Most of our rural areas also suffer from inadequacy of social services, high birth rate and death rate, low life expectance, malnutrition and Ignorance, lack of productive, technical and managerial skill to improve production.
In the light of these problems, the researcher is therefore boarded and wants to probe into the activities of co-operative societies to know whether they are contributing towards the development of our rural areas with a particular focus on Idah Local government area of Kogi |State.
The researcher also intends to investigate the impact of co-operative societies on rural development by identifying the above mentioned phenomenon and to know the prospect and problems encounted by co-operative so cities in their attempt to develop the rural dwellers.
1.3 THE AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to examine the contribution of co-operative societies to the development of Idah Local Government Area.
The specific objectives are as follows:
1. To identify or determine whether co-operatives societies have contributed to the development of rural areas in Idah Local government Area.
2. To find out the financial problem areas affecting the contribution of co-operative societies to the development of Idah Local Government Area.
3. To determine the impact of the strategies design and adopted by co-operative societies in rural development/
4. Make recommendation on ways towards ensuring greater success of co-operative societies in future.
1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study intends to achieve the following objectives.
1. Help in educating the farmers and the entire rural dwellers on the importance of co-operative societies.
2. Also at the end of the research work, the general public would have gained a lot of knowledge on the importance of co-operative societies.
3. The study will also be significant to future researchers on the facts of rural areas.
4. Also helps to discover, problems of co-operative societies and provide recommendation to the problem identified.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following questions are to guide the researcher towards finding out the solutions related to the problems, objective and the question of research.
1. Do co-operative societies play vital role in the development of rural areas?
2. Do financial problem hinder the activities of co-operative societies.
3. How helpful are government and financial institutions in enhancing the activities/ roles of co-operative societies?
4. Do you think co-operative societies provide infrastructures towards the development of rural areas?
5. Do you consider the training of c-operative personnel important towards enhancing their performance as an instrument of development?
1.6 THE SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
It is a know fact that development is not confined to any particular area but all over the globe.
However, this study focuses its attention on the development of rural areas through the effort of co-operative societies with reference to Idah Local Government Area in Kogi State. Hence the type of co-operative societies, role, prospect and problems would be looked into with particular emphasis to Idah Local Government Area.
The Limitation of the study among other things include time constraints, lack of enough funding and lack of access to adequate data a regards to the topic under study etc.
1.7 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
It is important to give a brief definition of the following key terms, in order to know the meaning of the key concept and some words in the research project.
1. DEVELOPMENT:
According to Todarro 1977, he defines development as a many sided process involving changes in structure, institutions and attitude as well as the acceleration of economic growth, the reduction in inequality and eradication of hunger and poverty in a given society.
2. RURAL AREAS:
An area, which is so backward in terms of social amenities and other materials found in urban areas.
3. RURAL DEVELOPMENT
Rural Development in a multi dimensional process by which productivity, income and welfare in terms of health, nutrition, education and other features of satisfactory life of rural people can be improved or transformed.
4. CO-OPERATIVES
As association of persons usually of limited means who have come together to achieve a common economic goal through equitable contribution.
5. DIRECTIVE APPROVACH
This top-bottom approach in any rural setting is where agencies either local government, state government and federal government tries to identify the felt-need of people in the community. This approach comes in when there is lack of human and material resources, provision of technical know-how for the community development. Introduction of new method in education, weaving modern system of farming for rural people.
6. NON-DIRECTIVE APPROACH
The people of the community identify their own felt – need i.e. their duty to plan for action and also implement it. Government/ Philanthropists do not come in but they can seek advice in terms of technicality. It is usually applied to developed society or rural areas that have adequate human, material resources.
7. MID-WAY APPROACH
This is a situation where by the people of the community and the agencies identify their own felt –needs by providing human and material resources. More emphasis is given to the people. This approach is applied to both primitive and developed societies or communities.
8. FELT-NEEDS
Isaac 2005 citing Onyishi define felt-needs as those tangible and intangible things the community or group require as essential to its survival as an organic whole. Without those this, the community or group may disintegrate or remain stagnant. Such things vary from society to society and as such they are better identified by the society itself.
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PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Cooperation in a simple sense is working together of people. It also mean any form of two or more people working together to achieve some aim or aims. This kind of working together may be on a formalized or informal basis, economic or non-economic nature, or permanent.
Cooperative societies are institutions through which the activities of cooperation are practiced or demonstrated. International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) stated that it is an autonomous association of persons united voluntriliy to meet their common aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.
Cooperative can be seen as an association of persons usually of limited means who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a common economic aims, making equitable contribution to the capital requirement and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking.
A fair analysis of the definitions will show that the cooperative societies is basically;
At a various level cooperative society can be seen a primary, secondary and tertiary, depending on the aims, resources and capacity of the owners.
Two or more primary societies may amalgamated vertically according to s.52 of the Nigeria cooperative decree 1993.
However, the rise and expansion of the modern cooperative movement has it’s roots in the far reading, economic, social and political changes which took place in Europe in the 19th century and the effect of capitalism as an economic policy.
In England it dates back to 1858, in France, it was developed as far back as 1865, in Germany it dated back to 1888, in India, it came as a result of British colonial rule in 1945, it came to East Africa from where it spread to other parts of Africa, including Nigeria and Udi local government area Enugu state, due to the influence of British colonial rule.
The operations of the cooperatives societies and their economic development effect are what this work is set to look into with particular reference to Udi local government area of Enugu state.
It has been noted earlier that cooperative society erupted as a result of the harsh swords of capitalism which is a system divided into exploiters and exploited in which the exploiters (the capitalists) owned the means of production.
On the cultural note, capitalism is fed by itself, nurses the bourgeois, creates egotism, greed or philistinism ie (concentration on material acquisitions and ownership of money), self-centered rivalry, theft, fraud, dishonesty, and mendacity.
On a general note, capitalism turns the heart against man, destroys man humanity and promotes man’s inhumanity, hardship, social irresponsibility, poverty and constant unhappiness to the citizens. It also bring inflation, depressions, unemployment and various forms of economic and social insecurity for the greater majority of the populace. Capitalism also makes the less economically powerful citizen to exist as on-lookers, and passive spectators in the political game.
In capitalist society labour discipline is the discipline of hunger and poverty while in slave owning and feudal society labour discipline-discipline of the whip and cane. The above problems typical of the Nigeria society today.
Hence the cooperative society came to address these short-coming of the individualistic capitalism. Our local government workers and residents do not feel part of the democracy dividends. Workers are owed arrears of salaries, pensions and gratuity on retirement. Both pensioners and workers from various cooperative societies save themselves from the ills of capitalism.
The government in defense says resources are not adequate to meet their demand. The citizen spine that it is due to mal-administration. The media carry-news of poverty alleviation programme of the government, while non-governmental organization (NGO) cooperative societies inclusive put its programme of operation as a challenge to the government of the day.
Therefore, it is a bid to examine the economic development effect of the cooperative societies in line with the prevalent problems that this work is being carried out with Udi local area as a study area.
In 1.2 above, an x-ray of the problems have been made. Bearing in mind some of the issues raised as problem the objective of this study is to examine among other issues the following;
Following the objectives of this study, the following research questions have been developed for this study:
From the above questions, the following research hypotheses have been formed for this research work.
The significance of this study is that it will portray the available and alternative sources of resources open to cooperative society’s sin Udi local government area particular and other places in general.
Also, it will bring to light the economic impact of project embarked upon by co operative societies as compared to those sponsored by government.
Besides, it will bring to knowledge how government activities encourage or threaten the existence of cooperative movement in many areas.
Furthermore, it will show the effect of remedial actions already taken by cooperative societies to encourage growth as well as recommend other possible courses of action.
Finally, both the political class, the governed, stude4nt and the entire citizens are bound to benefit from the finding of this study especially now that unemployment is the other of the day and they can contribute resources to gainfully employ themselves.
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IMPACT OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETY IN PROMOTING THE GROWTH OF SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE DS STUDY
Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) play a crucial role in economic development, serving as engines of growth, innovation, and employment generation. In both developed and developing economies, SMEs contribute significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and provide livelihoods for a substantial portion of the population. Despite their importance, SMEs often face numerous challenges, including limited access to finance, market constraints, and resource scarcity. One viable solution to address these challenges and foster SME development is the formation and operation of cooperative societies.
Cooperative societies, a form of collective action and self-help, have a long history of supporting individuals, groups, and enterprises in various sectors of the economy. The cooperative model offers opportunities for shared resources, risk mitigation, and collective decision-making, all of which can substantially benefit SMEs. Understanding the impact of cooperative societies on the growth of SMEs is not only relevant for economic policy and development strategies but also for the sustainability and success of SMEs in a highly competitive business environment.
1.2 Research Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impact of cooperative societies in promoting the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. Specific objectives include:
To analyze the role of cooperative societies in supporting SMEs through financial assistance, resource sharing, and capacity-building.
To assess the socio-economic impact of cooperative societies on SMEs and their contributions to local and national economies.
To identify the challenges and opportunities associated with SME participation in cooperative societies.
To explore best practices and case studies of successful cooperative-SME collaborations.
1.3 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study lies in its potential to shed light on the dynamics of the relationship between cooperative societies and SMEs, which can inform policymakers, entrepreneurs, and development agencies. Understanding how cooperative societies impact SME growth can lead to the development of targeted support mechanisms and strategies for enhancing the performance of SMEs. This research also contributes to the broader discourse on cooperative movements and their relevance in contemporary economic and business landscapes.
Moreover, the study aims to provide empirical evidence on the socio-economic benefits that cooperative-SME collaborations can bring to local and national economies. By identifying challenges and opportunities, it offers practical insights for addressing barriers to SME engagement in cooperative societies and encourages the adoption of best practices from successful cases.
1.4 Scope of the Study
This research will focus on the impact of cooperative societies in promoting the growth of SMEs, examining the dynamics, strategies, and outcomes of such collaborations. The study will encompass a review of cooperative-SME partnerships in various sectors and geographic locations. It will not delve into broader cooperative movements unrelated to SME development.
1.5 Organization of the Thesis
This thesis is structured as follows:
Chapter One (Introduction): Provides an overview of the research background, objectives, significance, scope, and organization of the study.
Chapter Two (Literature Review): Presents a comprehensive review of existing literature on SMEs, cooperative societies, and the impact of their collaborations.
Chapter Three (Methodology): Describes the research methods, data collection techniques, and analytical approaches employed in this study.
Chapter Four (Results and Analysis): Presents the findings and analyzes the impact of cooperative societies on SME growth based on empirical data.
Chapter Five (Challenges and Opportunities): Identifies the challenges and opportunities associated with SME engagement in cooperative societies.
Chapter Six (Best Practices and Case Studies): Examines successful cooperative-SME collaborations and highlights best practices.
Chapter Seven (Conclusion and Recommendations): Summarizes the key findings and provides conclusions and recommendations for policymakers, SMEs, and cooperative societies.
1.6 Summary
This chapter has introduced the research topic, outlined the objectives, emphasized the significance of the study, and defined its scope. The subsequent chapters will delve deeper into the literature, methodologies, results, discussions, and recommendations related to the impact of cooperative societies on the growth of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises. This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the cooperative-SME relationship and its potential to enhance SME performance and economic development.
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]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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FORMATION AND REGISTRATION OF COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Cooperative is a voluntary organization that is established within the people with common interest in cooperative there are some principles that guided the operation of cooperative business as stated by (ICA 1995). The first among the seven (7) principle is voluntary and open membership which is the area of consideration in this study.
The principle require that membership of any cooperative society should be left open to new intending members without any artificial restriction it means that cooperative societies are non exclusive clubs of a few person or as private companies.
The spirit behind this principle means that in cooperative societies, members have to view properly and business enterprises of the society not in the selfish, egocentric spirit of capitalism but in the cooperative spirit of solidarity and universal brotherhood. The society must be prepared to admit new members, it is like a work of social service to mankind, new members may come in and enjoy the fruits of the society built up by the old and past members.
Chukwu (1990) says advantage of cooperative openness is that open door policy of the cooperative not only makes good philosophy. It also makes cooperative movement to spread throughout the whole nation/world, thud making the benefits of membership good because of the process of integration.
Again, Amahalu (2006) says voluntary and open membership makes the business to increase volume by volume. The more people join the cooperative business, the greater the chance of the group achieving its objectives in terms of skills, capital volume of production and sales.
In cooperative practice voluntary and open membership is not absolute because there is need for selection, what we have in cooperative is “qualified openness” not everybody that apply has the automatic right to be admitted. Dishonest men, non Conformist, those whose purpose would detrimental to the aims of the society, or who will not obey the rules of the society, such people obviously would not be admitted.
Obodoechi (2002), explain that cooperative societies are not complete welfare organization with business entity there is need for selection because not everybody can meet the financial requirements like minimum share holding. Entrance fees monthly savings etc. Although cooperative law made the financial requirement to be small (minimum) but yet some may not afford it.
Further more, there is the need for selection in membership of cooperative organization because of the need for a limited degree of homogeneity e.g Farmers Marketing Cooperative Society cannot accept somebody who is not a farmer, a cooperative society that is for a particular church, mosque, school cannot accept one who is a member of the above mentioned groups.
Again cooperative voluntary and open membership is not absolute because cooperative law specified the minimum age for membership except infant cooperative organization. But the age specification differs from country to country and region to region.
Finally, the membership openness is not absolute in cooperative organization because the guidelines for membership are always clearly stated in the cooperative law and bye-law of individual societies. Any intending member must abide with the guideline before he/she is admitted and the society has the right to admit or not to admit but the right not to admit must be exercised rationally and not bitrarily.
The nature of cooperative is to be free for any qualified individual to joint without any gender, social racial, political or religious discrimination. This was clearly expressed in the principle of voluntary and open membership, for instance Chuckwu 1990; Amahala, 2006 agrees that voluntary and open membership make cooperative business to increase volume by volume, the more people joint the cooperative business the greater the chance of the group achieving its objectives in terms of skills, capital volume of production and sales.
Equally, Obodoechi, 2002 explain that cooperative societies are made freely for only qualified members who are morally and agely okay as explained in the act.
This study therefore aim at investigating the role of voluntary and open membership in increasing the efficiency of cooperative society, furthermore the study determine how only qualified members will be admitted into cooperative societies, the study equally examine the importance of openness ins society development. Finally, the study found out how societies can abode the principle of voluntary and open membership.
The study examines the role of voluntary and open membership principle in increasing the efficiency of cooperative society.
The significance of a study of this magnitude cannot be over emphasized. The government cooperative department, cooperate organization involve in cooperative activities, cooperative societies of any kind in-coming student as well as other researchers alike will find this study really significant especially as they utilize the finding.
The government cooperative Department and of course cooperative organization engaged in cooperative venture, the findings of this study will be used as a basic from enacting policies that will effectively regulate the activities of any cooperative society so that the essence of the principles cannot be defeated. Furthermore, members of the public who are interested in cooperative will use the result of this study as an insight in to the formation of new societies. It will contribute in creating more awareness in the in habitants of the immediate community as regard the role of voluntary and open membership principle towards increasing the society efficiency.
It should also be noted that this study is of scholarly importance. Student undergoing research works similar to the present study and other scholars alike will find this work as a reference material or a sprint board for their own research works.
This study examines the role of voluntary and open membership in increasing the efficiency of cooperative society. An examination of how qualified members can be admitted in a society as well as importance of openness in society development. The study equally cover an indepth examination of possible problems that could be militating against role of voluntary and open membership principle.
The research work is restricted to NNPC-KRPC staff Multipurpose Cooperative Society Limited located in Kaduna South local government area.
The following terms have to be defined in order to make the study clear for more comparism.
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(2) Email Address
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We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF COOPERATIVE ENTERPRISE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Cooperation in a simple sense is working together of people. It also mean any form of two or more people working together to achieve some aim or aims. This kind of working together may be on a formalized or informal basis, economic or non-economic nature, or permanent.
Cooperative societies are institutions through which the activities of cooperation are practiced or demonstrated. International Cooperative Alliance (ICA) stated that it is an autonomous association of persons united voluntriliy to meet their common aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.
Cooperative can be seen as an association of persons usually of limited means who have voluntarily joined together to achieve a common economic aims, making equitable contribution to the capital requirement and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking.
A fair analysis of the definitions will show that the cooperative societies is basically;
At a various level cooperative society can be seen a primary, secondary and tertiary, depending on the aims, resources and capacity of the owners.
Two or more primary societies may amalgamated vertically according to s.52 of the Nigeria cooperative decree 1993.
However, the rise and expansion of the modern cooperative movement has it’s roots in the far reading, economic, social and political changes which took place in Europe in the 19th century and the effect of capitalism as an economic policy.
In England it dates back to 1858, in France, it was developed as far back as 1865, in Germany it dated back to 1888, in India, it came as a result of British colonial rule in 1945, it came to East Africa from where it spread to other parts of Africa, including Nigeria and Udi local government area Enugu state, due to the influence of British colonial rule.
The operations of the cooperatives societies and their economic development effect are what this work is set to look into with particular reference to Udi local government area of Enugu state.
It has been noted earlier that cooperative society erupted as a result of the harsh swords of capitalism which is a system divided into exploiters and exploited in which the exploiters (the capitalists) owned the means of production.
On the cultural note, capitalism is fed by itself, nurses the bourgeois, creates egotism, greed or philistinism ie (concentration on material acquisitions and ownership of money), self-centered rivalry, theft, fraud, dishonesty, and mendacity.
On a general note, capitalism turns the heart against man, destroys man humanity and promotes man’s inhumanity, hardship, social irresponsibility, poverty and constant unhappiness to the citizens. It also bring inflation, depressions, unemployment and various forms of economic and social insecurity for the greater majority of the populace. Capitalism also makes the less economically powerful citizen to exist as on-lookers, and passive spectators in the political game.
In capitalist society labour discipline is the discipline of hunger and poverty while in slave owning and feudal society labour discipline-discipline of the whip and cane. The above problems typical of the Nigeria society today.
Hence the cooperative society came to address these short-coming of the individualistic capitalism. Our local government workers and residents do not feel part of the democracy dividends. Workers are owed arrears of salaries, pensions and gratuity on retirement. Both pensioners and workers from various cooperative societies save themselves from the ills of capitalism.
The government in defense says resources are not adequate to meet their demand. The citizen spine that it is due to mal-administration. The media carry-news of poverty alleviation programme of the government, while non-governmental organization (NGO) cooperative societies inclusive put its programme of operation as a challenge to the government of the day.
Therefore, it is a bid to examine the economic development effect of the cooperative societies in line with the prevalent problems that this work is being carried out with Udi local area as a study area.
In 1.2 above, an x-ray of the problems have been made. Bearing in mind some of the issues raised as problem the objective of this study is to examine among other issues the following;
Following the objectives of this study, the following research questions have been developed for this study:
From the above questions, the following research hypotheses have been formed for this research work.
The significance of this study is that it will portray the available and alternative sources of resources open to cooperative society’s sin Udi local government area particular and other places in general.
Also, it will bring to light the economic impact of project embarked upon by co operative societies as compared to those sponsored by government.
Besides, it will bring to knowledge how government activities encourage or threaten the existence of cooperative movement in many areas.
Furthermore, it will show the effect of remedial actions already taken by cooperative societies to encourage growth as well as recommend other possible courses of action.
Finally, both the political class, the governed, stude4nt and the entire citizens are bound to benefit from the finding of this study especially now that unemployment is the other of the day and they can contribute resources to gainfully employ themselves.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720
THE ROLE OF FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT IN A COOPERATIVE SOCIETY ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Financial management involves all the activity of the financial managers concern with the rising of capital lining cash and credit requirement including the effective control of financial resources
The activity could be suggested as follows;
Converting forecast into planned and budget
Planning the appropriate capital structure
Raising cash flow outside the business
Forecasting the future
Investing surplus fund
Controlling the cash balance and flow in accordance with plans and with changing circumstance.
With the emergency of finance as a separate field emphasis was more or less on legal matters such as mergers
FORMATION OF NEW COMPANY DISPOSAL AND CONSOLIDATION
With the most vital problem of the firm was identification of the means for raising capital for possible expansion due to the increasing wave in industrialization. The mobility of fund from the
Areas of surplus to the areas of scarcity posed a lot of problem. Because of the radical changes which ochre during the depression of 1930 which culminated into the failure of many business finance which re-directed to bankruptcy, reorganization and liquidity for profitability under the imperfect perfect competition continues to be the motivation to maximize the profit and wealth of the owner. To ague to maximize profit has led to he study of financial management of which attribute factor can be socialized as follows;
(a) Saving
(b) Business growth
(c) Inflation
(d) Competitive
Base on the above background, some through was giving a financial management to provide skillful planning control and execution of financial management activity.
The practicing managers are interested in this study because among the most crucial decision of the firm are of those which relates to the financial matters and so are giving better treatments for better understanding of financial management which provide them with conceptual and annalistically insight on the capital fund and using the capital fund are called financial function of any firm
GOALS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE FINANCIAL MANAGERS
Financial which is the life wire of any business and as developed in 1900 since it concerns the actual flow of money as well as any claim against money. The financial mangers subsequent decision is made in such more co-ordinate manner responsible for the control system. The financial managers are concern with;
(a) Financial planning with the bank
(b) Raising of fund
(c) Allocation of fund
(d) Financial controlling of fund
(e) Interpretation
FINANCIAL PLANNING
The involve he estimating and planning of the future flow of cash receipt and disbursement raising of fund involve organizing the raising of fund which involve the funding necessary for planning. The second is the acquisition of the fund. There are a wide variety if the fund. It has certain characteristic as cost maturity, availability. The encumbrance of asset and other terms exposed by the capital.
On the bases of this function, the financial managers of a bank must determine the best mix of finance for the banking industry. Therefore the financial managers have to take the issue of formulation of policies. In the interest of such policy is to plane, co-ordinate, motivate and control activities of the firm, which are responsible of the efficient financial management of the resources. An efficient financial management thus is the same as a valuable aid to the process of decision-making and a major contributing to the pale and a major contribution to the pale of economic. The principal responsibility of financial managers involves a theory evaluation of investment financial and dividend decision with the sole aim of maximizing wealth. The financial managers studies the annalistically techniques and the environment where financial decision are made.
The financial manager keeps accurate account and records of, preparing the cost, providing the means for payment of bills, procuring additional in case of cash needed. Investing fund in asset and procuring the bets means of financing in relation to the overall development of the organization. The task of the financial manager is invisibly faced with problem with those of profitability, liquidity and risk factor, which influence both internal and external environment.
Only sound financial decision based on the analysis, planning and control of activity therefore can help optimized the values of operational optimization of the profit and shareholders wealth in one of those guiding.
Objective of business enterprise, which its allocation of resource and the financial decision for the financial manager. The financial manager must be aware of sources of finding the business and be guided by time, selection and combination of those available. That is the financial manager dilemma and the principle of sustainability. The financial managers dilemma is that of profitability and liquidity while sustainability is the principle of time balancing with asset and liability that is using short time term liability to financial short term asset and long term liability to finance the long term asset.
ALLOCATION OF FUND
Wise use of fund is allocating such fund in such project or such venture that will yield optimal return ensuring efficient use of fund. The financial managers ensure the efficient allocation of fund among the various uses. The allocation must be in accordance with the underlying objective of the firm to maximize the profit in the customer’s wealth. The role of financial manager has expanded of the management of the working capital to long-term asset and liabilities. He is concern with ways of efficient managing this current asset in order to maximize efficient profitability relative to the amount of fund tied up in the asset
FINANCIAL CONTROLLING
Financial monitor financial operation to ensure the cash flow are proceeding according to the plane
INTERPRETATION
The bank is part of financial community. It financial management can be fully interpreted only with the contest by he working of the financial institution and the markets
ORGANIZATIONAL GOALS
Since this project is concern with the role of financial managers in a cooperate organization, therefore, it is important to note the goal of any financial.
Maximization of profit. This is the frequency encountered goals of any business impact all business believed that as long as they are earning as much as possible while holding down cost, they are archiving the goal of profit maximization appears performance.
b. Maximization of wealth the main objective of financial management is the maximization is accomplished by maximizing the sum of the present value of the stream of dividends received and the present value of the increased in the market values of the shares of stocks held by the shareholders. Thus, the apparent wealth maximization is the best economic objective shareholders as the owns and for the bank whose primary interest is to customers own. The environmental scope of financial manager in executing their job, Financial managers do not have absolute authority in carrying out their responsibilities their actions are constrained by certain factors beyond their control.
THESE FACTORS ARE DIVIDED INTO TWO
Internal environment factor the principal factor in this case is the unavailability or the lack of human resources and the organizational self imposed standard.
B. The external environment factor such as the political legal framework cultural and social values, the economic climate, technological trends and custom attitude .It is therefore imperative that financial manager should take cognizance of environmental factors that affect their decision.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
There has been unprecedented increase in the quest for the answer of the following questions posed in order to clarify the duties of financial manager, which is the prospective rank of a student studying finance. Financial managers do not have authority in carrying out their responsibilities their responsibilities their actions are constrained by certain factors beyond their control. These factors can be divided into two Internal environment factor .The principal factor in this case. The [rinc9ipal factor in the case is the unavailability of human resource and the organization self imposed standard. The external environment factor such as the political legal firm work. Culture and social value. The economic climate technological trends and the customers’ attitude. It is therefore imperative that financial managers take cognizance of the environmental factors that effect their decisions.
There has been unprecedented increase in the quest for the increase for answer for the following questions posed in order to clarify the duties of a financial manager, which is the prospective rant of studying finance.
What is managerial finance? How importance is the financial functions for the company. Are the financial mangers responsible for the performance of certain task? Dose this means that his action are design to accomplices specific goals. How and when did the financial archive the firm objective, which is the finical managers definition of the fare price, and how is it related to his firm return and investment capital. One may logically ask, why are we interested in this cash flow if they do not affect the profit. Why cannot the profit effect not be taking directly not the account in the analysis? What tools and techniques are available to him and how dose he goes about managing his own performance. On a general scale, do they have any operational meaning? That is how can managers operation use to further national goals. Having identified these questions, the provision of possible answers to the listed question constitutes areas of possible consideration of the project. As stated that the financial management must find a rational base for answering the following three questions;
(a) How large should an enterprise be and how fast should it grow. What should be the composition of its liability
(b) What should be the composition of its liability
(c) In what form should it hold it asset board decision.
The asset question stated above relate to three board decision areas of financial management. Investment financial managers become important that the primary research conducted on a named company serves a dual purpose this not only serve as part of the tools in answering the questions, but is mainly used to unfold the extent to which the financial managers of a company is executing his duties according to the project
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this project: the role of finical management in cooperate organization, is to equip the practicing, finical managers, financial controllers, and director of finance, treasurers, student of financial studies and readers with a basic understanding of financial decision. The financial manager carries out financial decision maximize through the following;
(a) Current asses management
(b) Capital budget decision
(c) Dividend decision
(d) Financial decision
CURRENT ASSET MANAGEMENT
The financial manager has every right to manage the long-term asset and also the duties to manage the current assets, efficiently to safeguard the fund against liquidity or insolvency
Investment in current affects the firm profitable liquidity and risk. If the firm doses not invest sufficient funds in current asset, it may become illiquid. But it would less profitability, as idle current assets would earn anything, in order to ensure that it would not earn anything. In order to ensure that neither insufficient nor unnecessary funds are invested in current asset, in fact it should develop sound techniques of managing the current asset.
CAPITAL BUDGETING
It is investment decision of the firm to have its refund investment in long-term project in anticipation of expected flow of future benefit over a period of years. This decision could be either to mechanize a process, replace a machine with another modern type, selecting between machines, and induction of new product or business expansion.
These features are;
Investing current funds for future benefit
The period of inc=vestment which involves long term activities
The potential benefit, which will accrue to the firm over a period of time.
DIVIDEND DECISION
The finical manager must determine the optimum dividend – payment ratio. He should consider the questions of dividend stability, stock dividend and cast dividends. Financial manager must divide whether the firm should distribute all profit or retain the balance.
FINANCIAL DECISION
The financial manager must decide when, how, and whom to acquire fund from to meet the firm investment needs. The significant t issue before him is to determine the proportion of equity capital and dept capital. The proper balance will have to be struck between return and risk once the financial manager is able to determine the bets combination of dept and equity. He must raise the appropriate amount through the bets available resource.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Base on the certain theoretical assumptions, hypothesis will be formulated below. There theoretical assumption, which include the established fact that the level of investment firms undertake and as such, the level of dept end by firms. Investment involve additional rest or financial assets and is usually measured in terms of fund used in the process, this funds include both equity and debt.
Ho: the level of debt financing has a negative effect on the economy
Hi: the level of financial has a positive effect on the economy
Ho: the level of debt financing has a positive effect on the performance of the employee
Hi: the level of debt financing has negative effect on the performance of the employee
Ho: the level of debt financing has not positive effect on the productivity of a firm
Hi: the level of debt financing has a positive effect on the productivity of the firm.
1.5 LIMITATION AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research, may not fail to expose some of the constraint or restriction we have encountered in collecting the material for the project. There is no gainsaying the unavailability of textbook in this field of study especially in developing country like is a different.
Hence, in spite of the fact that the published financial statement by this banks are really seen, they are equally not comprehensive as regards the needs of a researcher. Some important information is not usually available for further information cannot be overemphasizing. Some claim the compliance with their management policies not to disclose some vital information to the public. It is a known fact that most banking industries had their headquarters in Lagos and it is where most decision are taking. Reading on this fact, the questionnaire sent to some of the industries could not come back due to the irregularities in our communication system.
However, therefore the firm (union bank Plc Enugu) was referred to after the researcher might have compared the information available to him in the respective banking industry that cooperate with him within the locality.
Union bank Nigeria Plc started operation in the year 1917. Union bank if Nigeria Plc Enugu has five (5) branches in Enugu
1.5 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The general ideal of this work “ The role of financial manager in a corporate organization looks into the following perspectives;
Chapters one give the general explanation of the subject from the historical perspective, organizational goals, and statement of problem, goal and objectives.Significance of the study and limitation and limitation and research hypothesis
Chapter tow – literature review from the general. Overview, financial ratio and profit planning management of current asset, budgeting and investment and management of current asset, budgeting and managing the financial and management of short and medium term.
The financial management involves all activities of the financial manager concerned with raising of capital, planning cash an credit requirement including the effective of the control system as the financial recourses. The activities could be selected as follows (a) converting forecast into planes and budget
(b) Planning the appropriate capital structure
Chapter two, literature reviews from the general overview, financial ratio and profit planning management of current assets, budgeting and financial analysis. Budgeting and investing. Managing of small financial strut and mangling f short and long term financing.
Chapter three deals with the research methodology conducted and consulted from the flow. Personal interview, secondary source of data, questionnaire hypothesis test and empirical analysis of the named company.
However, the chapter four deals with the discussion of result through financial ratio analysis, hypothesis testing and implication of the result
On the other hand chapter five look into the summary, conclusion and recommendation respectively finally followed by bibliography, glossary and appendix
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720
CREDIT MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES BY AGRICULTURAL COOPERATIVE BENEFICIARIES OF BANK OF AGRICULTURE
ABSTRACT
This project is written to be useful to all who are interested in co-operative organizations, banks and the general public. This is to reveal the process of effective management of credit in Co-operative Agricultural Bank in Enugu. In this project, one finds out the means of which this Bank of Agriculture grants loans to public. For example, critical examining showed that BOA grants two broad categories of loans namely: micro and macro. At the macro level, only agricultural projects like agro processing, marketing, production, etc are considered. While non-agricultural projects financed under micro include artisans such as vulcanisers, road side mechanics, barbing, hair dressing saloons etc. Factors militating against effective credit management in Agricultural Co-operative Banks in Enugu were revealed both economical and political. The method use in collecting data for this project is presented in tables and analysed using simple percentage rating. Much recommendations on the way/ways of improving co-operative credit management is critically highlighted.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE:
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the study
1.6 Delimitation of the Study
1.7 Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO:
2.1 Literature Review
2.2 The Nature of Credit Co-operative
2.3 Origin of Credit Co-operative
2.4 Types of Credit Co-operative
2.5 Co-operative Thrift & Credit Society (CTCS)
2.6 Overview of Credit Management Techniques
2.7 Importance of Credit Management
2.8 Contribution of Credit to Economic Development
The BOA as a source of finance for co-operative business
2.9 Bank of agriculture Limited as a source of Finance for Co-operative Business
2.10 Mandate, Corporate Objectives and Business Philosophy of BOA
2.11 Credit Scheme
2.12 Customer Profile
2.13 How to Access BOA Loans
2.14 Contribution of other Banks in Agricultural Financing
Reference
CHAPTTER THREE:
3.0 Research Design and Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Sample Size
3.5 Method of Data Collection
3.6 Sources of Data
3.7 Reliability of Instrument
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0 Data presentation, analysis and Interpretation
4.1 Data Presentation
4.1 Data Analysis
4.3 Interpretation of Data
CHAPTER FIVE:
5.0 Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY:
Bank of agriculture is the nation’s apex agricultural and rural development financial institution. As a development finance institution it is government owned (CBN 40% and federal ministry of finance 60%) and supervised by federal ministry of agriculture. The bank was incorporated as Nigerian Agricultural Bank (NAB) in the year 1973 and in the year 1978 was renamed Nigeria Agricultural and Co-operative bank (NACB).
Subsequently in the year 2000, it was merged with the people’s bank of Nigeria (PBN) and took over the risk assets of Family Economic Advancement Programme (FEAP) to become Nigeria agricultural Co-operative and Rural Development Bank. A plan to reposition the bank into an effective and sustainable national agricultural and rural development finance institution in 2010 led to a further name change to Bank of Agriculture (BOA). Bank of agriculture limited is dedicated primarily to agricultural financing at both the micro and macro levels as well as micro financing of small and medium scale enterprises.
The bank has a 3-tier administrative structure. The Head Office is in Kaduna and there are six zonal offices located at Abuja, Kano, Bauchi, Enugu, Port Harcourt and Ibadan. Under the Zonal Offices, there is a network of over 200 branches. Enugu zonal office is responsible for monitoring and supervision of the activities of the 26 branches in the South-East zone which are distributed as follows:
The awareness of the serious decline in agricultural production necessitated the establishment of the bank. The BOA is not the only financial institution which provides agricultural credit. Prior to the establishment of BOA, agricultural credit schemes was operated by some agencies such as the Ministry of Agriculture, supervising credit scheme, agricultural credit co-operative thrift and loan scheme, farmers multi-purpose co-operative societies. Most of these institutions were not effective sources for strictly agricultural credit. There were a lot of evidence that creditors borrowed money for agriculture but diverted it to other ventures. Again, credit was often extended to only favourites and scarcely to genuine small scale farmers. Besides, they could not meet the collateral and equity contribution requirements, a situation that compelled a significant proportion of the farmers to seek for other sources of credit.
According to Idachaba quoted from Cardoso, (1987:18) or research carried out showed that 58% of farming related borrowing was from family and friends, 224% from private money tenders, 15% from merchants and only 3% from institutional sources.
It is against this background that the researcher is to investigate how credit will effectively administered in co-operative enterprises. They will enable us to identify the major problems associated with credit administration in co-operative agricultural banks and seek solution to these problem to ensure continued existence of developing co-operatives.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
In this sector, co-operative banks mobilizes credit for their members through the savings of members. It has been observed that they are inefficient in mobilizing and utilization of credits. Many problems led to this ineffective mobilization of credit. They are:
– Illiteracy and lack of awareness.
– High cost of credit delivery due to the fact that farmers are many and are scattered.
– Default in loan repayment.
– Inadequate funds to lend to the numerous customers.
– Diversion of loans
– Inefficient management of loan
– Faulty loan policy which may sometimes emphasize credit worthiness of borrowers and not viability of projects.
– Credit operations of meek money activities without proper organization procedure and planned systematic arrangement.
– Absence of regular monitoring and supervision of loans.
The above problems need to be solved for effective performance of co-operatives.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The situation of co-operatives is nothing to write home about, if co-operatives should continue at this rate, they will wind up. In view of the above, solution have to be designed for these problems.
Therefore, the objective of the study is to find out the various societies existing in the area under review. To find out various problems being encountered by these co-operatives which tend to hinder their effective and efficient performance as agent of credit. Finally, to make recommendations and suggest probably solutions that will enable these societies overcome the problems so as to function effectively.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION:
For the fact that credit is very important in every business activities, therefore, the study is focused on finding relevant solutions to the following research questions:
1. How do you manage your agricultural credit techniques?
2. What is the purpose of credit management in agricultural co-operative bank in Enugu South?
3. What problems are encountered in the administration of credit in agricultural co-operative bank and what are the solutions to these problems?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:
The study will assist the loan committed managers in their decision making, as it concerns credit policy and management of credit in form of proper assessment of loan applications, proper supervision of credit and evaluation of project proposals. It will help the management to see the need to employ professional staff.
Lastly, the study or findings will be of educational importance to the various universities, polytechnics and students of co-operative departments in the various schools.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS:
For clarity of purpose, limitation of confusion and any kind and the proper understanding of this study, the following definition of terms is necessary:
Credit: David W. Pearly defined credit as financing directly
or indirectly, the expenditure of other against future repayment. Such lending or financing is direct when say, a bank extend an overdraft facility to a customer who then uses it. It is indirect when a trader or producer supplies goods on credit. Traditional savings and credit groups are one of the most common variants of informal financial intermediaries in rural areas (Ijere 1991:23).
Management: administration or management is the art of
attempting to achieve stated objectives by directing human activities in the production of goods and services. Management utilizes the land, factory, officers, machinery and other facilities at the disposal of the enterprises in the most effective, efficient and profitable manner. Bob Igwe (1993:39).
TECHNIQUE: Method of performing something.
ENTERPRISE: Enterprise is an economic system in which
individuals are free, singly, collectively. To own capital and undertake economic activity within a frame work of social legislation designed to protect the interest of the members (Hamson 1974:218).
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COOPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS AND AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objective of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope of the Study
1.6 limitation of the Study
1.7 Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
Methodology
Design of the study
Population Sampling
Sampling Techniques
Method of Data Collection
Method of Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and Analysis of Data
Data Presentation
Data analysis
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
REFERENCE
QUESTIONNAIRES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In developing countries as in the case of Nigeria, Agriculture dominates the nation’s economy. It has been established that about to percent of Nigeria population is engaged in agriculture (Obasi and Aug, 2000) while 90 percent of Nigeria total food production comes from small farms and to percent of the country population earn their living from these small farms (Oluwatayo et al, 2008). The recent importation of food items into the country to make up for the short falls in food supply Is a dangerous indication of warning farm productivity and warning sign that if the nation continue with the business as usual, the prospect of food security will be black for millions of people (Nwede 2003)
It terms employment agriculture is by far the most importance sector of Nigeria’s economy engaging about 70% of the labour force. Agricultural holding are generally small and scattered, family is often of the subsistence variety characterized by simple tools and shifting cultivation. These small farms produce about 80% of the total foods. About 30.7 million hectares (76 million acres) or 33% of Nigeria land area are under cultivation. Nigeria’s diverse climate from the tropical area of the coast the arid zone of the North, make it possible to produce virtually all agricultural products that can grown in the tropical and semitropical area of the world the economic benefit of large scale agriculture are recognized, and the government favors the formation of cooperative societies and settlements to encourage industrial agricultural. Large scale agriculture, however, is not common.
Despite an abundant water supply a favorable climate and wide area or arable land, productivity is restricted owing to low soil fertility in many areas and inefficient method of cultivation agriculture. Contributed 32% to GPD in 2001
It’s widely recognized that co-operative form an indispensable component. Through community organization co-operative serves the basis and plant form for bring together the economically weak member of the society with a view of enhancing their individual capacities (Akali, 1991). The contributions of cooperative to the economy especially in the developing countries are enormous, ranging from provision of credit to its members and sourcing of inputs at reasonable price to scale of member produce (Okonkwuo, 1991). Cooperative are defined as “an autonomous association of persons who unite voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. (ICA, 1995) cooperative are established by like-minded persons to pursue mutually beneficial economic interest. Researcher are of the opinion that under normal circumstance, cooperative play significant role in the provision of service that enhance agricultural development.
Patrick, (1995) described cooperative as a medium, through which services like provision of farm input, farm implements, farm mechanization agricultural. Loans agricultural extension member education, marketing of member farm produce and other economic activities and services rendered to members regular and optimal performance of these roles will accelerate the transformation of agriculture and rural economic development. Ijere (1981) further explained that. It is the cooperative that embraces all types of farmers and a well organized and supportive cooperative is a pillar of strength for agriculture in Nigeria.
Ogunbameru (1986) also estimated that 52% of Nigerians population is women and that 70% of such women live in rural area. It is also on record (Adebayo and Amao, 2003) that 53% of the poor in Nigeria are women. In the rural areas a large number of women are illiterate, very poor, have high rate of infection and are economically oppressed (Essien, 2000) observed that only small fraction of woman in Nigeria had the benefit of higher education and that the majority is engaged in petty trading and peasantry farming. Despite the low educational and poor economic background of Nigeria women they are still responsible for more than half of the nations food basket and contribute more than two third of the working hours on the farm (Barret et al, 2001). They also reported that AFRICAN Women are responsible for 66% of micro processing activities, especially the processing of agricultural produce.
In Nigeria, agricultural production is dominated by small-scale farmers most whom live in rural areas. Crops and animals are produced on scattered farm holding. Most of the farmers operate without modern production input. Their marketing system is unorganized with each farmer acting individually to produce farm inputs and to sell farm produce. Cooperative societies enable people to achieve through joint efforts what they are unable to achieve while working as individuals. They are legally established organization on the basis of specific set of principles cooperatives activities is one of the best method by which peasant farmer can take part in their own economic advancement and gain valuable experience of democratic produce and business management. Akinwumi (1978). They are association of persons who have voluntarily come together to achieve common objective through the formation of a democratically controlled organization, making equitable contributions to the capital required and accepting fair share of the risk and benefit of the undertaking (World Bank, 1999, Ebonyi and Jimo, 2002).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
Cooperative has been regarded as one of the main institutional machineries for empowering the economically weak member of the society. With this official recognition and the determination of government (at all levels) to transform agricultural production and raise the standard of living in the rural areas many agricultural cooperative societies have been formed all over the country. Despite the efforts or contribution made by the cooperative societies towards agricultural development in Nigeria, this effort has not been evenly known and it was in an attempt to address such problem that this study was designed.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. Determine farmer’s extent of participation in cooperative societies.
2. Determine the benefits derived by respondents by being member of various cooperative societies.
3. Determine major problems militating against the participation of farmer in cooperative activities.
4. Make policy recommendation based on the funding
1.4 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
Based on the nature of the problems aforementioned, hypothesis testing as a measure will assist immensely in carrying out the research to a logical conclusion because of the statistical testability of the problems formulated.
Hypothesis is an assumption or statement which may or may not be true concerning the population. Walpole (1974). Hence, the hypothesis of this research is considered as tentative statement, which would be considered positive or negative at the end of the research presentation.
i. f0: Agricultural organization operate in ignorant of the existence of cooperative socie5ties.
ii. f0: The objectives, Programme, and agricultural strategies of cooperative societies are not recognized and accepted by agricultural organizations.
F1: the objectives, programme and agricultural strategies of cooperative societies are recognized and accepted by agricultural organizations.
iii. f0: Cooperative societies have not contributed positively to agricultural activities.
f1: Cooperative societies have contributed positively to agricultural activities.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is embarking upon to determine the impact of cooperative societies on agricultural production in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State knowing the contribution of the impact of cooperative societies will encourage farmers and enlightened on the important of this society. This study will also revealed the solutions to the problem militating against the participation of farm in cooperative activities in the study area.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The studies will emphasis the importance of cooperative societies in financing farmers in rural setting of Edo State.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Agriculture: This is the process of producing food, feed, and fiber by cultivation of certain plant and the raising of domesticated animal. It is a general term per productive activities like growing as crops raising of animal (including poultry) fishing and forestry
Cooperative: This can be defined as an autonomous association of person who write voluntarily to meet their common economic and social needs and aspiration through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.
Society: People in general living together in communities or a particular community of people who shared the same customs, laws etc.
Community: This is the people who live in a particular country etc when talked about a group or a group of people who share the same religion.
Development: This is complete term that in many different ideas. But most simply development, when taking about countries means reaching an acceptable standard of living for all the people developed countries are not necessarily rich countries and all rich countries are not necessarily developed.
Economic: This is the realized social system of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or the areas.
Organization: This is a group of people who is form a business, club etc or together in order to achieve a particular aim or the act of making arrangement or preparations for something.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): This is a measure of all of the services and goods produced in a country over a specific period, classically a year.
GDP: Consumption gross investment + government + export – import or GDP = C+I+G+(X=-M).
Peasant: This is an agricultural workers with roots in the country side in which they dwell, either working for other or more specifically owing or renting and working by his or her own labour a small plot of ground.
Arable: This is a land suitable for growing crops.
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Account Number: 0046579864
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Account Number: 3139283609
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FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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THE CONTRIBUTION OF AUDITING TO THE PERFORMANCE OF COOPERATIVES IN DELTA STATE
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the contribution of auditing to the performance of cooperatives in delta state. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among managers of selected cooperatives in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that auditing have a strong and significant positive impact to the performance of cooperatives.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
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08068231953 or 08168759420