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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF IMPROVED BIOLOGICAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Abstract
The increasing generation of wastewater from domestic and industrial activities poses significant environmental and public health challenges, particularly in developing economies where treatment infrastructure is often inadequate. This study evaluates the performance of improved biological wastewater treatment systems with the aim of assessing their efficiency in pollutant removal and overall operational effectiveness. The research focuses on key biological treatment technologies, including enhanced activated sludge processes and modified biofilm-based systems, designed to improve treatment outcomes under varying hydraulic and organic loading conditions. Performance evaluation was conducted using standard physicochemical and biological parameters such as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pH, and microbial activity indicators. Comparative analysis was carried out between conventional biological treatment systems and the improved systems to determine removal efficiencies and stability. Results indicate that the improved biological wastewater treatment systems achieved significantly higher removal efficiencies for organic matter and nutrients, with improved process stability and reduced sludge production. The findings demonstrate that system modifications enhance treatment reliability, energy efficiency, and compliance with environmental discharge standards. The study concludes that improved biological wastewater treatment systems offer a sustainable and cost-effective solution for wastewater management and environmental protection, and their adoption could contribute significantly to improved water quality and public health outcomes.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Wastewater generation has increased significantly worldwide as a result of rapid population growth, urbanization, industrial expansion, and improved living standards. Municipal, industrial, and agricultural activities generate large volumes of wastewater containing organic matter, nutrients, suspended solids, pathogens, and toxic substances which, if discharged untreated, pose serious threats to public health and the environment (Metcalf & Eddy, 2014). Consequently, effective wastewater treatment has become a critical component of sustainable environmental management and public health protection.
Biological wastewater treatment systems are widely used due to their ability to remove biodegradable organic pollutants through the metabolic activities of microorganisms. Conventional biological treatment methods such as activated sludge systems, trickling filters, oxidation ponds, and anaerobic digesters have been applied for decades in both developed and developing countries (Tchobanoglous et al., 2014). These systems rely on naturally occurring microbial populations to stabilize organic matter, reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
However, conventional biological wastewater treatment systems often face operational challenges including low treatment efficiency under variable loading conditions, high energy consumption, excessive sludge production, sensitivity to toxic shocks, and poor nutrient removal efficiency (Rittmann & McCarty, 2012). In many developing countries, including Nigeria, inadequate maintenance, power supply instability, and lack of skilled personnel further reduce the performance of existing treatment facilities (Adeyemo et al., 2019). These limitations have necessitated the development and adoption of improved biological wastewater treatment systems that are more efficient, robust, and environmentally sustainable.
Improved biological wastewater treatment systems incorporate technological and operational advancements such as enhanced aeration mechanisms, biofilm-based reactors, sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), membrane bioreactors (MBRs), constructed wetlands, and integrated anaerobic–aerobic processes. These systems are designed to improve organic matter degradation, nutrient removal, effluent quality, and overall system reliability while minimizing operational costs and environmental impacts (Judd, 2017). Evaluating the performance of these improved systems is essential to determine their effectiveness, suitability for local conditions, and potential for large-scale implementation.
Performance evaluation involves assessing key parameters such as removal efficiencies of BOD, COD, total suspended solids (TSS), nutrients, hydraulic retention time, sludge production, energy consumption, and compliance with regulatory discharge standards (EPA, 2020). A systematic performance evaluation provides empirical evidence on the strengths and limitations of improved biological wastewater treatment systems and supports informed decision-making by engineers, policymakers, and environmental managers.
Against this backdrop, this study focuses on the performance evaluation of improved biological wastewater treatment systems, with the aim of assessing their efficiency, operational stability, and environmental sustainability compared to conventional treatment methods.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the widespread use of biological wastewater treatment systems, many existing treatment plants continue to discharge effluents that do not meet national and international environmental standards. This problem is particularly pronounced in developing countries where aging infrastructure, rapid urban growth, and limited financial resources constrain effective wastewater management (World Bank, 2018). Conventional biological treatment systems often struggle to cope with fluctuating influent characteristics, high organic loads, and nutrient-rich wastewater.
Furthermore, inefficiencies in wastewater treatment contribute to water pollution, eutrophication of surface water bodies, groundwater contamination, and increased incidence of waterborne diseases. Poorly treated wastewater negatively affects aquatic ecosystems by reducing dissolved oxygen levels and introducing toxic substances that disrupt biological balance (Chapman, 2016). These environmental and public health challenges underscore the need for more efficient and resilient wastewater treatment technologies.
Although improved biological wastewater treatment systems have been introduced to address these challenges, there is limited empirical data on their real-world performance, especially under local operational and environmental conditions. Many studies focus on laboratory-scale experiments, leaving a gap in knowledge regarding full-scale or pilot-scale system performance. Without comprehensive performance evaluation, it is difficult to justify the adoption and scaling up of these improved systems.
Therefore, the problem addressed in this study is the inadequate performance assessment of improved biological wastewater treatment systems, which limits their effective application and optimization for sustainable wastewater management.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 Aim of the Study
The main aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of improved biological wastewater treatment systems in terms of treatment efficiency, operational effectiveness, and environmental compliance.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are to:
Assess the efficiency of improved biological wastewater treatment systems in removing organic pollutants such as BOD and COD.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the systems in removing suspended solids and nutrients.
Examine the operational stability and reliability of the treatment systems under varying influent conditions.
Compare the performance of improved biological systems with conventional biological treatment methods.
Determine the compliance of treated effluent with relevant environmental discharge standards.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to provide answers to the following research questions:
How effective are improved biological wastewater treatment systems in removing organic pollutants?
What level of suspended solids and nutrient removal is achieved by the improved systems?
How stable and reliable are the systems under variable operational conditions?
How does the performance of improved biological treatment systems compare with conventional systems?
Do the treated effluents meet established environmental quality standards?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be significant to environmental engineers, wastewater treatment plant operators, policymakers, and researchers. By providing empirical data on the performance of improved biological wastewater treatment systems, the study will support informed technology selection and system design decisions. It will also contribute to improving wastewater management practices and reducing environmental pollution.
For policymakers and regulatory agencies, the study will provide evidence-based insights to support the formulation and enforcement of wastewater discharge regulations. Additionally, the research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on biological wastewater treatment and serve as a reference for future academic and professional studies.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the performance evaluation of selected improved biological wastewater treatment systems. The evaluation is based on key performance indicators such as pollutant removal efficiency, operational stability, and effluent quality. The study does not cover chemical or purely physical treatment systems, and economic analysis is limited to operational considerations related to system performance.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Wastewater: Used water generated from domestic, industrial, and agricultural activities containing dissolved and suspended contaminants.
Biological Wastewater Treatment: A treatment process that uses microorganisms to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater.
Improved Biological Treatment Systems: Advanced biological treatment technologies designed to enhance efficiency, reliability, and environmental sustainability.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to decompose organic matter in water.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): A measure of the total quantity of oxygen required to oxidize organic and inorganic substances in wastewater.
Treatment Efficiency: The ability of a treatment system to remove contaminants from wastewater to acceptable levels.
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ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROGRAMMES IN DELTA STATE, FROM 1999-2023
Abstract:
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of environmental sanitation programmes in Delta State, Nigeria, spanning from 1999 to 2023. The primary objective is to evaluate the effectiveness, challenges, and impacts of various sanitation initiatives implemented over the past two decades. Delta State, characterized by its diverse ecological zones and rapid urbanization, has faced significant sanitation challenges, including waste management, water pollution, and public health concerns.
The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data from governmental and non-governmental reports, as well as qualitative insights from interviews with key stakeholders and residents. It explores the evolution of sanitation policies, the role of local and state authorities, community involvement, and the impact of these programmes on public health and environmental quality.
Key findings reveal that while several sanitation programmes have been introduced, including waste collection and disposal systems, public awareness campaigns, and infrastructural improvements, the effectiveness of these initiatives has been uneven. Challenges such as inadequate funding, poor implementation, and limited community participation have hindered the success of many programmes. However, some initiatives have led to notable improvements in urban cleanliness and public health outcomes.
The study concludes with recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of environmental sanitation programmes in Delta State. These include increasing investment in sanitation infrastructure, strengthening community engagement, and implementing robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. By addressing these challenges and building on successful initiatives, Delta State can improve its environmental sanitation and overall quality of life for its residents.
Keywords: Environmental sanitation, Delta State, Nigeria, waste management, public health, sanitation programmes, policy evaluation
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ASSESSMENT OF A SHIP WASTE TREATMENT PRACTICE IN NIGERIAN PORTS
Abstract:
This study evaluates the current practices for managing ship-generated waste in Nigerian ports, focusing on compliance with international maritime regulations and the effectiveness of local waste treatment facilities. The assessment involves a comprehensive review of waste handling procedures, infrastructure, and the roles of port authorities and ship operators. Data were collected through site visits, interviews with key stakeholders, and analysis of waste management records. Findings reveal significant gaps in infrastructure, enforcement of regulations, and awareness among stakeholders. Recommendations include upgrading waste reception facilities, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and implementing robust monitoring and training programs to improve the overall effectiveness of ship waste treatment in Nigerian ports. The study aims to provide actionable insights for policymakers and port authorities to promote sustainable maritime operations and environmental protection.
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Shipping is a critical component of global trade, and ports are essential hubs in the maritime supply chain. With increasing maritime traffic, the generation of ship waste has become a significant environmental concern. Ship-generated waste includes oil residues, garbage, sewage, and ballast water, which, if not properly managed, can lead to severe environmental pollution and health hazards. Effective waste management practices are crucial to maintaining the ecological balance of port environments and ensuring sustainable maritime operations.
Nigerian ports, being major gateways for maritime trade in West Africa, face substantial challenges in managing ship waste. Despite international regulations, such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), the implementation and enforcement of these standards in Nigerian ports remain inconsistent. This study aims to assess the current ship waste treatment practices in Nigerian ports, identify gaps, and propose measures to enhance waste management systems.
The maritime industry is a cornerstone of global commerce, facilitating the movement of goods and people across vast distances. Ports serve as critical nodes in this network, where ships offload and take on cargo, passengers, and provisions. However, the operations of ships generate a variety of wastes, including oily residues, garbage, sewage, and ballast water. Improper disposal of these wastes can lead to severe environmental degradation, affecting marine ecosystems and human health.
Nigerian ports, including major ones like Lagos, Port Harcourt, and Calabar, are pivotal to the nation’s economy, handling a significant volume of the country’s imports and exports. As these ports experience increasing maritime traffic, the challenge of managing ship-generated waste effectively becomes more pronounced. International conventions, such as the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), set stringent standards for ship waste management to protect the marine environment. However, the adherence to these regulations in Nigerian ports is often inconsistent, raising concerns about the adequacy of current waste treatment practices.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The inadequate management of ship-generated waste in Nigerian ports poses significant environmental risks. Poor waste treatment practices can lead to marine pollution, affecting biodiversity and public health. Despite existing regulations and guidelines, there is a noticeable gap between policy and practice. Factors contributing to this problem include inadequate infrastructure, lack of enforcement, insufficient training, and limited awareness among stakeholders. Addressing these issues is critical to ensuring that Nigerian ports can effectively manage ship waste and comply with international standards.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to assess the ship waste treatment practices in Nigerian ports. Specific objectives include:
Evaluating the current infrastructure and facilities for ship waste management in Nigerian ports.
Assessing the compliance of Nigerian ports with international maritime waste management regulations.
Identifying challenges and barriers to effective ship waste management in Nigerian ports.
Proposing recommendations to improve ship waste treatment practices and regulatory frameworks.
1.4 Research Questions
This study seeks to answer the following research questions:
What is the current state of ship waste management infrastructure in Nigerian ports?
To what extent do Nigerian ports comply with international maritime waste management regulations?
What are the main challenges faced by Nigerian ports in managing ship-generated waste?
What measures can be implemented to enhance ship waste treatment practices in Nigerian ports?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
It provides a comprehensive assessment of ship waste management practices in Nigerian ports, highlighting areas of improvement.
The findings will inform policymakers and port authorities about the current gaps and challenges, enabling them to develop targeted interventions.
The study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable maritime operations and environmental protection, offering insights that can be applied in other regions facing similar challenges.
By proposing actionable recommendations, this study aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of ship waste management in Nigerian ports, promoting a cleaner and healthier maritime environment.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to major ports in Nigeria, including Lagos, Port Harcourt, and Calabar. The assessment focuses on the infrastructure, regulatory compliance, and operational practices related to ship waste management. Data collection methods include site visits, interviews with port authorities and stakeholders, and analysis of existing records and reports.
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THE IMPACT OF WEATHER ON SUPPLY CHAIN NETWORKS
ABSTRACT
Supply chain networks are vulnerable with respect to climate change in a number of ways.
Disruption supply raw materials, water and electricity
Raw material supply may be disrupted. Price fluctuations or a long-term increase in prices for timber may result from more insect outbreaks and fires in forests, for instance. The production of mineral raw materials may be hindered by flooding of mines, by gravel roads or railroads being damaged due to heavy precipitation or forest fires, and by water needed for mining operations becoming increasingly scarce. Deliveries from suppliers may be interrupted due to extreme weather events in locations of supplying companies, like the Thailand event in 2011. Roads and railroads may be closed due to inundations or storms, and operations of seaports and inland shipping may be disrupted.
Electricity supply may fail when there is not enough cooling water for thermal power plants during heat waves, or water for hydropower during droughts. In addition, inundations and storms may damage power lines or transformer stations, and blackouts may result from increased energy demand for cooling systems and air conditioning during heat waves. Water supply infrastructure may fail during heavy precipitation and floods, and less precipitation may increase risks of water conflicts between water intensive industrial processes and other forms of water demand.
Disruption working processes
More intense heat waves can pose health risks particularly for manual labourers due to potential loss of concentration at machines or even heat stroke. Besides, labour productivity may decline. IT networks may fail, when server rooms get flooded or when cables underground or aboveground get damaged during floods or storms. Extreme events like inundations or storms can lead to physical damages at plants as well as at office and storage buildings.
Disruption of delivery to consumers
The climate change discussion may increase environmental consciousness of citizens and thus change customer preferences. Extreme weather events can lead to a decline in sales due to decreasing purchasing power of consumers. Moreover, product delivery to customers may be affected by disruption of infrastructure.
Political and capital market risks
Climate change may motivate changes in regulations, incentives and reporting requirements which affect manufacturing firms, including for example changes in product policy, rising environmental taxation, or increasing reporting requirements from capital market institutions. Furthermore, access to finance may become a risk if banks start to refuse credits to companies that are not managing climate risks properly.
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EFFECT OF PIT LATRINE ON WATER QUALITY OF WELLS IN UNGUWAN RIMI, KADUNA, NIGERIA.
ABSTRACT
The study examined the pollution effect of pit latrine on wells at Unguwan rimi, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study was carried out in September, 2007. Both the bacteriological and physiochemical components of the water were analyzed. These include the total coliform count, fecal coliform, taste, odour, colour, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, total titratable acidity, chloride and nitrate. The samples were analyzed using titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Correlation analysis was applied as part of analytical tool in this study. Findings showed that all the 12 samples tested positive to coliform count while 5 of the samples tested positive to fecal coliform. Half of the samples produced foul odour as 4 samples tasted sour. Most of the physico-chemical parameters fell within World Health Organization and European Union permissible standard for potable water. Significant relationship exists between the bacteriological and some of the physico-chemical parameters. The polluted water in most of the locations is capable of resulting in health problems, therefore not good for human consumption.
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A STUDY OF PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF MAP READING IN SECONDARY SCHOOL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The ability to “read” a map, even a very simple one, is a skill that must be learned and can require considerable time and effort.
For example, one of the findings was that students in grades 2 through 4 are able to make the transition from map symbols that are iconic or representative of objects in the world to abstract symbols. However, research also cautioned that students in this age range are still likely to make errors in interpretation and are likely to need explicit guidance about the meaning of symbols. For that reason, the instructional guidance cautions that students should be provided with maps that display a limited amount of information to help them focus on the information that is provided.
The fundamental lesson of this research is consistent with research on skill acquisition across the curriculum: students should be presented with challenging tasks that demand that they learn new skills but do not overwhelm them with challenges that are too numerous or complex. They should also be provided with enough assistance to identify and correct errors and given enough opportunities to practice skills across a range of challenges sufficient for them to achieve full mastery.
This specific research helps teachers understand in advance what their students will find challenging, select appropriate tasks, and guide students to overcome specific difficulties or misconceptions. Essentially, this research helps teachers understand what most of us have so much trouble understanding—what looking at a map is like for someone who has not yet mastered one or more aspects of map reading. Research on teaching across many subjects has shown that teachers are much more effective when they have this information.
Imagine a second grader who is struggling to master the difficult task of determining relative direction on a map. For most of us, it is hard to imagine confusing something being on the left side of a map with something being on the left side of a location in the world. The Alliance Network materials being developed can help the teacher anticipate this confusion and diagnose the reason that our second grader is consistently making mistakes when giving directions based on a map. The teacher would also know what kinds of explanations, examples, and additional tasks to provide to help a student overcome this common misconception.
While these materials and resources could make a big difference in educational outcomes for students, the Network of Alliances for Geographic Education and their partners at the National Council for Geographic Education, the American Geographical Society, and the Association of American Geographers face an enormous challenge in getting them to teachers.
Training teachers could also improve geographic education. We see great potential in Esri’s GeoMentor program to teach map reading skills. We encourage GIS professionals to spend some time reviewing the opportunities to get involved in with local schools on the Esri GeoMentor program website, the materials for teaching basic map skills on the National Geographic Education website, and then reach out to educators in their communities.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in a study of problems encountered in the teaching and learning of map reading in secondary school.
H0: There is no relationship between teaching and learning facilities and teachers’ technical competence and the teaching and learning of map reading in Nigeria.
H1: there is a relationship between students’ orientation levels and their choice of profession in business education
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MIGRANTS’ADJUSTMENT TO CITY LIFE:
A STUDY OF OPOBO MIGRANTS IN PORTH HARCOURT
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstract
Table of content
List of tables
List of figures
Chapter one – introduction
1.1 statement of problem
1.2 hypothesis
1.3 significance of study
1.4 methodology
1.5 Scope and limitation of study
1.6 Theoretical frame review
Chapter two: literature review
Chapter three
3.1 A brief history of Opobo
3.2 The economy of opbo (1970 – present)
3.3 The structure of economy of Port Harcourt
3.4 Opobo Migrants in Port Harcourt
Chapter four
4.1 data analysis and testing of Hypotheses migrant’s adjustment
Chapter five
5.1 summary and conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix (questionnaire)
ABSTRACT
In recognition of the fact that one of the most serious problems facing Nigerian society is that of rural urban migration and much more serious is the problems encountered by new migrants, we have in this research made an effort to examine the following: the socio-demographic characteristics of the Opobo migrants; factors that are responsible for their migrating; the problems they encounter on arrival in the city; processes and mechanisms through which they adjust to the conditions of urban life; what future plans they have.
From our study, we found out that the level of educational background and the nature of skills that educational background and th3e nature of skills that migrants previously have influenced the type of occupations they engage in when they come to the urban centre. We also found out that voluntary associations; ethnic association in particular; relations; co-ethnics and friends play very important roles in the adjustment of migrants to city life.
We also discovered that while in the city, the migrant sees himself as an absentee villager who would family return home someday.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Statement of problem
The population explosion in most countries of the world has been attributed to both natural increase and migration. But the rate of migration in Africa is greater than that of natural increase. Marigin1 says that the rate of natural increase seems to be declining while that of migration continues to increase. The heavy wave of migration from rural to urban congestion. Urban population concentration and urban areas results in urban areas are areas of opportunity, and people are attracted to them to enjoy their benefits.
In the case of Nigeria, young and able-bodied youths leaves the rural areas for the urban areas where employment opportunities exist. This may lead to the depollution of the rural areas, or at least to a change in demographic structure. Food production is often adversely affected since it is only the aged (and the very young) who may be left behind. They are not even able to produce enough for subsistence.
Government has often formulated strategies to limit the rural-urban migration syndrome by building small scale industries in the rural areas. Examples in Nigerian are the modern River Mill and Garry processing Factory in Mbayion-Gboko and Kotic-Youth in Gboko and Vandeikya local government Areas in Benue state2 respectively. These are done to encourage the Youths to be engaged there.
This study is concerned with the Opobo migrants who leave their home to settle in Port Harcourt, our case study, is an urban area with industries, administrative and commercial opportunities. The industrial, administrative and commercial opportunities. The industries and corporations, government offices and establishments, and the (modern) markers sited at different strategic areas, offer job opportunities to job seekers, and good commercial opportunities to traders, especially those from rural areas.
The problem of rural-urban migration could be viewed from different perspectives. It could be discussed in relation to different urban settings and also in relation to many problem areas. Specifically this research will address itself to the task of investigating the role of education and contacts in the city in stimulating migration of Opobo people to the city. We will also attempt to find out how the occupations they had at home influences the urban occupations in which they are now engaged. Furthermore, we will attempt to find out how the level of education influence the different kinds of occupation in which Opobo migrants are involved. Finally, we will explore how participation in ethnic associations, the presence of relatives and friends in the city help the migrants to adjust to urban life. Adjustment3, here is used to refer to the individual migrant’s satisfaction with or level of gratification attained in the urban society as well as his outlook with regards to spending his future in town.
This study is divided into five chapters. Chapters one introduces the work, statement of problem, states the hypotheses, significance of the study. Also methodology, scope and limitations of the work and the theoretical framework are discussed here. Chapter two reviews the existing literature in relation to the study.
In chapter three, we discusses the brief history of both Opobo and Port Harcourt. It also includes the structure of the economy of both Opobo and Port Harcourt. Opobo migrants in Port Harcourt are also discussed here.
Chapter four is concerned with data analysis and testing of hypotheses. Mechanisms of adjustments were discussed in this chapter. Summary and conclusions are drawn in chapter five.
Our hypothesis are:
1. The lower the educational background of the Opobo migrants and the specific nature of their primary skills in the more they are left with the options of adjusting through unskilled labour.
2. Migrant’s adjustment to city life is a function of ethnic association and extended family system.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study to describe and analyse the adjustments individual’s makes to modern conditions of urban development in a Nigerian community. The study aims to help us understand the importance of ethnic associations in the urban centres of Africa and Nigeria in particular, especially as regards the assistance they give to new migrants to the city. The adjustment of migrants in the urban centre is a very good point of take-off for any research on the nature and extent of capitalist penetration in Nigeria. This study is particularly significance in the sense that no work has been done on the Opobo people in any Nigerian city, so it should help other students in further research on the Opobo people. Again, it would help to increase the existing literature on other aspects of the Opobo people. Policy makers would find the study useful in that they will understand the problems encountered by migrants in the city and formulate appropriate policies.
METHODOLOGY
In this study, data was collected from two main sources-personal interviews and textbooks. The personal interview was chosen as a tool for collecting the date for this research because it can yield deeper and more reliable information than questionnaires which can be easily distorted. In the case of the personal interview, the face to face nature of interview enables the researcher to get a deeper understanding of any information through interviewee’s comments, facial expressions and emotional display, all of which provides visual and auditory clues to the problem. Sometimes useful follow up questions could be added after respondent answers to the initial questions.
Personal interviews were held with the various categories of Opobo migrant’s in Port Harcourt ranging from the age of fifteen years to forty-five years and above. The content of the interview was on the mechanisms through which adjustment was made and the type of job and level of education they had on arrival in Port Harcourt. Reasons education they had on arrival in Port Harcourt. Reasons from migrating and their socio-demographic characteristics.
In asking questions about the ethnic associations, we wanted to know the kind of assistance that members or new migrants received from them. We also wanted to know if loans are given to members in the event of some unhappy circumstances such as business failure, death of a member etc.
The data was collected during a survey that was carried out in the months of August, September, October, December, 1986 and March, 1987. These months were chosen because they were the most convenient periods for us. The respondents were interviewed in their homes and places of work. As regards the number of migrants interviewed, of course, not all Opobo migrants population living in Port Harcourt were interviewed as time would not permit. Thus, the sample size used was 70. This includes both males and females.
The respondents were selected accidental sampling (that is, the method of availability). Sometimes, we used the help of another migrant who introduced us to other people he knows. On other occasions we simply walked up to areas where an Opobo man lives and/or works to conduct the interview. At the beginning of each interview we explained the purpose of the research and how long the interview would last.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
Although there are Opobo migrant’s in other cities such as Lagos, Aba, Calabar, this research is limited to the Opobo migrants in Port Harcourt. On the other hand, Port Harcourt is the meeting point for migrants from other cities who come together to make plans for the people at home.
In the course of carrying out the interview certain problems were encountered. The first was that of convincing the migrants to respond to the questions. Most of the migrants refused to see reason despite our effort in explaining the need for the research. This may be attributed to the problem of succession to the throne of opobo that has been going on for six years among the people. It has resulted in a division of the people into sections, quarrelling among themselves. Thus, in most cases we were treated with suspicion.
The research was carried out with the use of native dialect (igbo) or the popular ‘’special English’’ (pidgin) in the case of illiterate migrants; for the educated respondents ‘’good’’ English was used.
Another problem encountered was that most migrants kept postponing the initial time fixed for the interviews. Sometimes, they would not be at home or they have not come sometimes, they would not be at home or they have not come back from their places of work. Even when the respondent is at home, we were given the excuse that he is sleeping and do not want to be disturbed. With this kind of problem we were forced to forget about the respondents after making several efforts to reach them failed.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A specific framework was not used in our analysis, but there is a broad theoretical orientation within which out study might be located.
Based on the mode of production approach, G.J. Taylor4 pounded a theory about the articulation of modes of production as a better theoretical framework within which the problems of third world countries would be better understood. Taylor assents that the articulation of the capitalist mode of production with non-capitalist modes gave rise to the uneven and restricted development that characterises the third world. He based his analysis on the ways in which the capitalist modes at different historical phases of capitalist development, starting with the period of mercantile to industrial and later to that of monopoly capital. The assumption underlying this approach is that the penetration of the capitally at the monopoly stage, takes the form of co-existence between the two whereby elements of the non-capitalist mode of production are retained in order to continue the satisfaction of the capitalist mode.
According to Taylor, this resulted in a disarticulated economy, political instability, high unemployment, extreme inequalities between social classes, absolute poverty as opposed to relative poverty and a dependent neo-colonial state.
From this point of view, we can see the relationship between colonial processes of disarticulation and differential development, and between the disarticulation of the pre-existing modes and the marge volume of rural-urban migration. The colonial administration paid attention to regions which seems to be the most beneficial to them. These areas or regions include cash crop zones, mining locations and convenient centres for the zones, mining locations and convenient centres for the collection and evacuation of commodities (Port Harcourt is an example). Enclaves were created to the taste for the Europeans and which also served as administrative centres.
The implication of this kind of differential development was that some regions or areas, especially rural areas were neglected. This neglect of rural areas was repeated in the post-colonial era, thus encouraging rural-urban migration.
The introduction of western education in Nigeria dates from the incursion of the Europeans Christian missions into the territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the South. The curriculum was heavily weighted towards the three Rs-reading, writing and arithmetic. This produced clerk, court messengers, interpreters and so on, who then populated the enclaves which served as administrative centre.
Particular modes of migration also shed light on uneven development and its consequences. The Lewis-fei Ranis model on rural-urban migration has it that our economy consists of two sectors:
1. A traditional agricultural subsistence sector characterised by zero or very low productivity and surplus labour;
2. A modern urban industrial sector into which labour from the subsistence sector is gradually transferred5.
The primary focus of the model is on both the process of labour transfer and the growth of employment in the modern sector.
Lewis assumed that was would have to be at least 30 percent higher than the average rural income to induce workers to migrate from their home areas.6
Based on the assumption that migration is primarily on economic phenomenon which for the individual migrant can be quite a rational decision despite the existence of urban unemployment the Todaro’s model postulates that migration proceeds in response to urban rural differences in expected rather than actual carnings.7 the fundamental premises is that migrants consider the various labour market opportunities available to them as between the rural and urban sectors and choose the one which maximises their expected gain from migration. In essence todaro’s theory assumes that members of the labour force. Both actual and potential, compare their expected incomes for a given horizon in the urban sector.
Todaro’s two sector model of the dynamics of employment in the urban sector stresses three factors of migration, namely:
i. that most migrates move in search of better income-earning opportunities;
ii. that migrant’s rationally take into consideration their chance of securing a job at destination; and
iii. that migrants will continue to move as long as incomes and job opportunities appear better in places other than their places of origin.8
in sum, todaro suggests that migration is positively correlated with the potential migrants level of education, achievement orientation, propensity for risk taking, possession of urban occupational skills, availability of funds to finance migration and strength of family and social linkages between rural and urban areas.9
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THE EFFECT OF POPULATION GROWTH ON URBAN HOUSING DEMAND IN KAKURI, KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the effect of population growth on urban housing demand in kakuri, kaduna south local government. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among people from kakuri, kaduna south local government. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that population growth have a strong and significant impact on urban housing demand.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND ITS ASSOCIATED HEALTH RISKS AMONG RESIDENTS OF APAPA LGA OF LAGOS STATE
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a growing global concern, and its impact on public health is a critical issue that requires urgent attention. This study investigates environmental pollution and its associated health risks among residents of Apapa Local Government Area (LGA) in Lagos State, Nigeria. Apapa, being a major industrial and commercial hub, faces unique environmental challenges that may pose risks to the health of its residents.
The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of air and water quality parameters with qualitative data obtained through surveys and interviews. Air quality is assessed by measuring concentrations of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3). Water quality parameters include microbial contamination, heavy metals, and chemical pollutants in selected water sources.
In addition to environmental monitoring, surveys and interviews are conducted among residents to assess their awareness of environmental pollution, perceived health impacts, and adaptive strategies employed. The study also investigates the correlation between pollution levels and reported health issues.
Preliminary findings reveal elevated levels of air and water pollutants in the study area, exceeding recommended standards. Residents express varying levels of awareness and concern regarding environmental pollution, with reported health issues such as respiratory problems, skin diseases, and gastrointestinal disorders. The qualitative analysis provides insights into residents’ coping mechanisms and perceptions of environmental risks.
The study’s significance lies in its potential to inform environmental management policies, public health interventions, and community engagement strategies. By understanding the specific environmental challenges faced by residents of Apapa LGA, this research contributes to the broader discourse on the nexus between environmental pollution and public health in urban settings, especially those characterized by industrial activities. The findings aim to facilitate evidence-based decision-making for mitigating environmental pollution and protecting the health and well-being of the residents in Apapa LGA and similar urban contexts.
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DEVELOPMENT OF BIOGAS FROM ANAEROBIC OR BIODEGRADABLE WASTES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Biogas is a non-fossil gas which is produced from sewage, municipal solid waste, manure, landfills or food industry waste. Biogas is a mixture of methane (45 – 75%) , carbon dioxide (25 -55%) and other gases such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide(CO) in lower concentrations. For biogas to be flammable the methane content must be ≥ 40%. Apart from methane and carbon dioxide, biogas may also contain small amounts (≤ 3%) of impurities, such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, and other gases with calorific value of 20MJ/m3.
Akinbami et.al indicated that the identified feedstock substrate for an economically feasible biogas program in Nigeria includes water lettuce, water hyacinth, dung, cassava leaves, urban refuse, solid (including industrial) waste, agricultural residues, and sewage [6]. Usman et.al. inferred that domestic solid waste either blended or not, served as a very good substrate of generating biogas.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) can be regarded as ‘useless’, unwanted, and discarded materials that resulted from society’s normal or routine daily activities and, in general, may be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form . It is often accompanied by commercial waste, whether solid or semisolid. It also comes in the form of food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, wood, glass, and other household items. In most industrialized nations, from the time wastes are generated, they go through a solid waste chain, consisting of waste handling and separation; storage and processing at source; collection, separation, processing, and transformation of solid wastes; transfer and transport; energy generation; and disposal. This is however not the case in most developing countries. In many parts of the developing world, solid waste disposal is done through dumping and burning without control. These practices pollute land, water, and air.
Although these practices are illegal and their consequences recognized, they persist in both urban and rural areas because of weak law enforcement and limited public sector financial resources. A sustainable solution to this gigantic problem, which affects every populace, is through a more efficient solid waste management [8]. The generation of power and energy from Municipal Solid Waste (though largely dependent on MSW composition) has the propensity to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to utilize a renewable energy resource, to provide energy diversity; while also ensuring safe, hygienic, and reliable waste disposal practices.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There are various methods of producing biogas but, anaerobic digestion, or methanisation, is the most interesting one. According to Suh and Roussaux [9], it has the least aggressive effect on the environment. The anaerobic micro-organisms use organic pollution (biodegradable organic matter) as substrate to produce biogas which can be exploited according to several forms. Anaerobic digestion consists of sludge fermentation, under strict anaerobic conditions. It is made up of four stages: hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and the methanogenesis
Nsukka metropolis is one of the most populated urban centres in Enugu State, Nigeria with a 2009 population estimate of one hundred thousand , seven hundred, and growing annually at an estimated rate of 3.0% and generating 0.39kg of municipal solid waste per person per day. Nsukka is equally experiencing significant waste-related environmental problems. These problems can be said to have begun in the period when this locality, became rapidly urbanized, and thus generated more solid waste than could be efficiently disposed. MSW is produced daily all over the world, and it is a renewable energy resource with the potential to produce energy via WTE plants while also reducing the volume of waste. WTE can address the twin issues of land use and pollution from landfills and the well established environmental perils of fossil fuels known as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).
1.3 Objectives of the study
The objective of this study is to assess the biogas potential of Municipal solid waste generated from Nsukka Metropolis. The outcome of this work is beneficial as it would enable policy makers plan and develop policy framework for the utilization of this renewable resource
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]]>