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PHD THESIS TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE
1. Assessment of Microbial Contamination in Drinking Water Sources
2. Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Urban Environments
3. Environmental Determinants of Vector-Borne Diseases: A Global Perspective
4. Health Effects of Exposure to Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in the Environment
5. Role of Green Spaces in Urban Environmental Health
6. Evaluation of Climate Change Impacts on Water Quality
7. The Relationship Between Environmental Exposures and Neurological Disorders
8. Health Risks Associated with Pesticide Use in Agriculture
9. Impact of Noise Pollution on Cardiovascular Health in Urban Areas
10. Assessing the Effects of E-Waste on Human Health and the Environment
11. Evaluation of Environmental Justice in Hazardous Waste Site Placement
12. The Relationship Between Environmental Factors and Childhood Obesity
13. Health Implications of Exposure to Heavy Metals in Soil and Water
14. Assessing the Impact of Microplastics on Aquatic Ecosystems and Human Health
15. Climate Change and its Influence on Infectious Diseases Transmission
16. Analyzing the Health Effects of Wildfire Smoke Exposure
17. Health Risks Associated with Indoor Air Pollution in Developing Countries
18. Waterborne Diseases in Vulnerable Populations: A Global Analysis
19. Impact of Urban Heat Islands on Vulnerable Communities
20. Evaluation of Environmental Health Literacy and Public Awareness
21. Assessing the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
22. The Role of Environmental Exposures in Autoimmune Diseases
23. Health Impacts of Climate Change on Indigenous Populations
24. Investigating the Influence of Environmental Factors on Aging and Longevity
25. The Relationship Between Environmental Exposures and Cancer Incidence
26. Health Consequences of Uncontrolled Waste Dumping in Developing Countries
27. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Policies in Improving Public Health
28. The Impact of Environmental Factors on Mental Health in Urban Settings
29. Analyzing the Health Implications of Nanoparticles in Air and Water
30. Health Risks Associated with Chemical Contaminants in Food
31. Evaluating the Impact of Green Building Practices on Indoor Environmental Quality
32. Assessment of Health and Environmental Risks in Oil and Gas Extraction
33. Analyzing the Influence of Environmental Factors on Cardiovascular Diseases
34. Health Impacts of Plastics Pollution in Marine Ecosystems
35. Evaluating the Role of Environmental Exposures in Diabetes Incidence
36. The Relationship Between Environmental Changes and Allergic Diseases
37. Health Risks Associated with Uncontrolled Mining Activities
38. Assessing the Impact of Climate Change on Food Safety and Nutrition
39. Analyzing the Health Effects of Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping
40. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Health Education Programs
41. Health Implications of Exposure to Radioactive Materials in the Environment
42. Impact of Agricultural Practices on Soil Health and Human Well-being
43. Assessing the Health Effects of Thermal Stress in Urban Environments
44. Investigating the Relationship Between Biodiversity Loss and Zoonotic Diseases
45. The Role of Environmental Factors in Maternal and Child Health Outcomes
46. Health Risks Associated with Pharmaceutical Residues in Water
47. Evaluating the Impact of Noise Pollution on Sleep Quality and Health
48. Analyzing the Health Effects of Occupational Exposures to Hazardous Substances
49. The Relationship Between Environmental Exposures and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
50. Impact of Climate Change on Respiratory Allergies and Asthma
51. Assessing the Health Effects of Water Scarcity in Arid Regions
52. The Role of Environmental Exposures in the Development of Cardiovascular Risk Factors
53. Health Implications of Microbial Pollution in Recreational Water
54. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Health Interventions in Disaster Response
55. Analyzing the Relationship Between Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Health
56. Health Risks Associated with Food Additives and Preservatives
57. The Impact of Air Quality on Cognitive Function and Neurodevelopment
58. Assessing the Health Effects of Light Pollution on Circadian Rhythms
59. Investigating the Relationship Between Environmental Exposures and Autism Spectrum Disorders
60. Health Implications of Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
61. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Monitoring Systems in Public Health
62. Impact of Environmental Factors on the Microbiome and Human Health
63. Analyzing the Health Effects of Soil Contamination in Urban Agriculture
]]>ATTENTION:
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ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE PROJECT AND RESEARCH TOPICS
1. Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Health in Urban Areas
2. Assessing the Presence of Heavy Metals in Soil and Water: A Case Study
3. The Effect of Noise Pollution on Human Health in Industrial Areas
4. Microbial Contamination of Drinking Water Sources in Rural Communities
5. Evaluating the Health Impacts of Pesticide Use in Agriculture
6. Waste Management Practices and Their Impact on Public Health
7. Investigating the Relationship Between Climate Change and Vector-Borne Diseases
8. Water Quality Assessment of Rivers and Lakes in [Specific Region]
9. The Role of Urban Green Spaces in Enhancing Mental Health
10. Radiation Exposure and Health Risks in Areas with Nuclear Power Plants
11. Indoor Air Quality and its Impact on Respiratory Health in Homes and Workplaces
12. Assessing the Health Impacts of Electronic Waste Disposal
13. The Influence of Urban Design on Physical Activity and Obesity
14. Analyzing the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
15. Food Safety and the Presence of Contaminants in Agricultural Products
16. The Impact of Climate Change on Food Security and Nutrition
17. Noise Pollution in Healthcare Settings: Effects on Patients and Staff
18. The Relationship Between Ambient Temperature and Cardiovascular Diseases
19. Environmental Justice: Examining Disparities in Exposure and Health Risks
20. Assessing the Health Implications of Microplastics in Water and Food
21. The Impact of Deforestation on Indigenous Communities’ Health
22. Evaluating the Health Effects of Oil Spills on Coastal Communities
23. Climate Change Adaptation and Resilience in Vulnerable Populations
24. Drinking Water Fluoridation and Dental Health Outcomes
25. Air Quality and Cardiovascular Health: A Longitudinal Study
26. The Relationship Between Green Buildings and Indoor Environmental Quality
27. Emerging Infectious Diseases and Climate Change: A Global Perspective
28. The Health Impacts of Unconventional Oil and Gas Extraction (Fracking)
29. Access to Clean Water and Sanitation in Informal Settlements
30. Noise Pollution in Urban Areas: Implications for Children’s Health
31. The Effect of Light Pollution on Circadian Rhythms and Sleep
32. The Role of Environmental Factors in Allergies and Asthma
33. Exploring the Health Benefits of Urban Agriculture Initiatives
34. Microbial Pollution of Recreational Water: Risks and Prevention
35. Investigating the Link Between Air Pollution and Neurological Disorders
36. The Impact of Endocrine Disruptors on Reproductive Health
37. Environmental Health Literacy: Assessing Knowledge and Awareness
38. The Health Consequences of Industrial Chemical Releases
39. Urban Heat Islands and their Influence on Public Health
40. Assessing the Effectiveness of Air Quality Regulations in [Country/Region]
41. The Relationship Between Biodiversity Loss and Zoonotic Diseases
42. Evaluating the Health Impacts of E-Waste Recycling Practices
43. The Role of Green Infrastructure in Urban Heat Island Mitigation
44. Household Air Pollution and its Association with Respiratory Diseases
45. Assessing the Health Risks of Mold and Indoor Dampness
46. The Effect of Climate Change on Foodborne Diseases
47. Noise Pollution in Transportation Hubs: A Case Study
48. The Impact of Air Quality on Cognitive Function in Children
49. Environmental Factors Influencing Physical Activity in Urban Areas
50. Evaluating the Health Impacts of Pharmaceuticals in Water Sources
51. Sustainable Agriculture Practices and Human Health Outcomes
52. The Effect of Environmental Exposures on Child Development
53. The Relationship Between Green Spaces and Social Well-being
54. Environmental Health Education: Assessing School Curriculum
55. Analyzing the Health Effects of Thermal Comfort in Buildings
56. The Impact of Environmental Exposures on Maternal and Child Health
57. Assessing the Effect of Climate Change on Vector Distribution
58. The Health Impacts of Noise Pollution from Transportation
59. Urbanization and Cardiovascular Health: A Comparative Analysis
60. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Air Quality Warning Systems
61. The Role of Environmental Factors in Chronic Kidney Diseases
62. Analyzing the Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure
63. Environmental Determinants of Non-Communicable Diseases
64. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Environmental Health Interventions
65. Investigating Water Scarcity and its Impact on Health in Arid Regions
66. The Impact of Mining Activities on Community Health
67. The Relationship Between Green Buildings and Employee Productivity
68. Assessing the Health Impacts of Unregulated Waste Dumping
69. Environmental Health Perspectives in Disaster Management
70. The Influence of Environmental Exposures on Aging and Longevity
71. Analyzing the Health Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter
72. The Role of Environmental Factors in Food Allergies
73. Evaluating the Health Implications of Microbial Contamination in Food
74. Climate Change and Mental Health: A Systematic Review
75. The Impact of Urban Air Pollution on Cardiovascular Mortality
76. Environmental Justice in Hazardous Waste Site Placement
77. Assessing the Health Consequences of Soil Contamination
78. The Relationship Between Environmental Exposures and Cancer
79. Evaluating the Health Impacts of Household Chemicals
80. Noise Pollution in Healthcare: Effects on Patient Outcomes
81. The Influence of Environmental Factors on Sleep Quality
82. Analyzing the Health Effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
83. Waterborne Diseases in Developing Countries: A Comprehensive Review
84. The Effect of Climate Change on the Spread of Infectious Diseases
85. Evaluating the Health Impacts of Plastic Pollution in Oceans
86. The Role of Urban Green Spaces in Mitigating Heat-Related Illnesses
87. Investigating Environmental Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders
88. Assessing the Health Consequences of Emissions from Industrial Facilities
89. The Impact of Extreme Weather Events on Community Health
90. Environmental Health Governance: A Comparative Analysis
91. Analyzing the Health Effects of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
92. The Relationship Between Agricultural Practices and Antibiotic Resistance
93. Assessing the Health Implications of Nanoparticles in the Environment
94. The Effect of Environmental Exposures on Autoimmune Diseases
95. Evaluating the Health Impacts of Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling
96. The Influence of Environmental Exposures on Cardiovascular Health
97. Noise Pollution and its Impact on Occupational Health
98. The Health Consequences of Air Pollution from Biomass Burning
99. Analyzing the Impact of Environmental Factors on Mental Health Disorders
100. Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices: Assessing Health Outcomes
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
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THE IMPACT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL ON SELLERS AROUND WASTE DUMPS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the study
The importance of living in a clean environment cannot be over-emphasized. Once an environment is free of indecent waste, its impact is usually seen in all aspects of life of individuals having contact with that environment. The focus of this study was to assess the effect of waste disposal practices in Yenagoa metropolis of Bayelsa State. The need for effective management of solid waste is an issue that has required public health attention in various parts of the globe. It is of utmost importance to ensure that solid waste products are properly managed in order to prevent the occurrence of attendant problems associated with poor waste management including water contamination, air contamination, increased prevalence of vector-borne diseases, infection spread etc. Improper waste management methods have been shown to contribute to the decrease in the quality of health of a population as a result of environmental health nuisances that have arisen as a result of these poor waste management methods (Oyebode, 2013; Igbinomwanhia et al., 2014; Awajiogak, 2013). These waste products broadly called Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), includes effluents arising from agricultural, industrial, construction, mining and exploration or commercial activities which could be gaseous, solid, semi-solid or liquid in nature; garbage disposed at refuse dumps, abandoned non-functional cars/equipments and all other materials which are regarded as no longer useful. These waste products are however at certain times are not properly disposed or managed which in turn leads to the occurrence of environmental of environmental and public health challenges (Onwughara et al., 2010; Schübeler et al., 1996; Karija et al., 2013). Municipal solid waste management however remains a major environmental health challenge in Nigeria which has been attributed to indiscriminate roadside refuse disposal, open dumping of waste products, a massive unplanned urbanization trend and growth of the population, absence of actionable guidelines as regards refuse dumping and refuse dumpsites, inadequacy in funding, laxity in the practice of effective waste management as well as absence of organized waste management systems etc (Igbinomwanhia et al., 2014; Abah and Ohimain, 2010; Agwu, 2012). An assessment of the urban waste problem in Nigeria has revealed that Nigerian cities were among the dirtiest cities in the world and that over 80% of Nigerians use waste disposal methods that are not in line with World Health Organization standards (Federal Ministry of Environment, 2002). It is noteworthy to state that the government of Nigeria on its own part has played significant roles in ensuring that this menace is curbed through the enactment of regulations and legislations that ensure the practice of adequate waste management. This is however not enough on its own as the populace must also be educated on how best they can adhere to these laws as non-adherence not just only leads to facing penalties from environmental health agencies but can also lead to deterioration in health as well as deaths. This is an issue that must be addressed round the clock despite the many challenges being faced by the relevant waste management authorities. Environmental health education should be put into play, strict adherence and enforcement of environmental health laws and regulations, provision of adequate waste disposal methods for the populace, timely and proper waste management by relevant authorities, recycling of waste materials etc are some ways by which the prevailing occurrence of poor waste management can be tackled and thus providing a more healthy environment for labour and productivity (Onwughara et al., 2010; Karija et al., 2013; Owoeye and Okojie, 2013; Kafando et al., 2013). Seeing that effective and proper waste management practice is a problem that impacts on the health of individuals in Nigeria, it was necessary to carry this study to assess the waste disposal practices in Yenagoa metropolis of Bayelsa State as it provided a framework for evaluation of waste management efforts and provided areas that needed further attention in order to ensure achievement of effective waste disposal and management in Bayelsa State.The management of solid waste, perhaps, stands as the most visible environmental problem facing the capital and communities of Bayelsa State. The problem is growing daily as a result of increasing urbanization. The solid waste problem is visible in most parts of the communities within the Yenagoa metropolis, on the roads, within the neighbourhoods and around residential buildings. The environment of man lies at the mercy of both natural disaster and negligence on the part of man in the course of controlling the gifts of nature. The later takes the form of dumping solid waste in an uncompromising pattern, that can cause; desert encroachment, erosion, depletion of ozone layer, depletion of natural resources, pollution of land, rivers, the air and generally the environment (Aguwanba,1998). According to Egunlobi (2004), in the early times (pre- colonial days) up till 1970s, the disposal of refuse and other waste did not pose any significant problem. The population was small and enough land was available for assimilation of waste. Solid waste problem started with urban growth, resulted partly from nationalincrease in population and more importantly from immigration. Ndakara (2011) also states that the quantity of such waste depends mainly on location, activity and number of people in the household. However, it was not until the mid- 19th century, spurred by increasingly devastating cholera outbreaks and the emergence of a public health debate that the first legislation on the issue emerged. Thus the social reformer, Sir, Edwin Chadwick’s 1842 report on “The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population, became influential in securing the passage of the first legislation of waste clearance and disposal, in which he argues for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city’s population. (Barbalace, 2003). Early garbage removal trucks were simply open bodied dump trucks pulled by a team of horses. They became motorized in the early part of the 20th century and the first closed body trucks to eliminate odours with a dumping lever mechanism were introduced in the 1920s in Britain. These were soon equipped with “hopper mechanisms” where the scooper was loaded at floor level and then hoisted mechanically to deposit the waste in the truck. The Garwood Load Packer was the first truck in 1938, to incorporate a hydraulic compactor (Herbert, 2007). Mba (2003), noted that no town in Nigeria especially the urban and semi- urban centres of high population density can boast of having found a lasting solution to the problem of filth and huge piles of solid waste, rather the problem continues to assume monstrous dimensions. To urban and city dwellers, public hygiene starts and ends within their immediate surrounding and indeed the city would, take care of itself. The situation has so deteriorated that today the problem of solid waste management has become one of the nation’s most serious environmental problem (Okpala, 2002). Ineffective waste management could rubbish all the resources and efforts put in beautifying the environment. Every year, the government of Nigeria, Bayelsa state inclusive spends billions of naira to roll back malaria, without focusing on some environmental factors such as poor waste management that makes malaria to thrive. Blocked drains provide stagnant water which facilitates the breeding of mosquitoes and other sickness causing germs (Ogadimma, 2011).
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The problem of ineffective and inadequate Waste management is a major problem to our society and the world at large, this is because improper waste management has led to the outspread of various diseases and health and environmental hazard.
Generation of toxic air and water pollutants, along with mountains of solid andhazardous wastes, which is becoming an overwhelming problem in YenagoaMetropolis.
Strong possibility of a situation where failure to decide where to put waste or how todispose them safely will lead to the close down of some industries and result in wastebeing spread everywhere
The health effects of pollution, toxic waste and other environmental ills of modernsociety becomes a greater threat to man than diseases.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Examine the effectiveness of waste management in Bayelsa state.
Examine how proper waste management can prevent disease and sustain healthy environment around waste dumps.
To ascertain how effectively managed waste disposal in Bayelsa state
To evaluate the consequences of improper waste management on health of sellers around waste dumps.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
The following questions shall be answered in the course of this essay.
1.What are the implications of an improper waste disposal system on health of sellers around waste dumps?
2. What is the present state of waste disposal in Bayelsa state?
3. What are the modern technologies involved in waste management and their long term benefits?
4. What method can be used to effectively managed waste in Bayelsa state?
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
When Bayelsa State was created in 1996 from the still existing Rivers State, itbecame obvious from inception that the fledgling state will face great challengeson its path to attaining the growth and development that autonomy had bestowedon her.The challenges of waste disposal being experienced in the State Capital City(Yenagoa) is on the increase and at a very fast rate, upon this ills this researchfinds its significance.As Nigeria aims to be amongst the top 20 economies in the world by 2020, it isimperative that issues of waste management be tackled from the state level, andaddressed from city to city.
1.6 SCOPE
The study covers the effect of refused disposal on human health of sellers around dump sites in Bayelsa state.
1.7 DEFINATION OF TERMS
Waste and wastes are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is discarded after primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of no use.Examples include municipal solid waste (household trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others. human health
WASTE MANAGEMENT: The collection, transportation, and disposal of garbage, sewage, and other waste products. Waste management encompasses management of all processes and resources for proper handling of waste materials, from maintenance of waste transport trucks and dumping facilities to compliance with health codes and environmental regulations.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT: This is the combination of all actions taken to reduce the impact of human activities on theenvironment; such actions are specifically geared towards sustainable development.Sustainable development can be describes as a form of development that is able to meet theneeds of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs. human health
ENVIRONMENT: The word “environment” is of French origin “environner”, meaning to encircle or surround.(Webster, 2015) defined the environment as the conditions that surround someone or something: the conditions and influences that affect the growth, health, progress, etc., of someone or something.These are the very things we depend upon on a daily basis e.g. water, food, market, industries,air, plants, and animals etc, the environment is a complexly interwoven system of ecology where a simple or drastic change in one aspect can emphatically or continually affect other aspects. human health
BAYELSA YENAGOA METROPOLIS: Yenagoa is the capital city of Bayelsa state, located in the southern part of Nigeria. Thegrowing metropolis is one off the eight (8) local government areas within the state.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
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BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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THE EFFECT OF LAND USE ACTIVITIES ON THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF THE ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of Study
Nigeria, like most countries is undergoing a period of rapid urbanization. The level of urbanization in the country rose from 4.8% in 1921 to an estimated 31.7% in 1985(Ogu, 2002). UNICEF (2010) puts Nigeria’s level of urbanization at 50%. The annual growth rate of urban population in Nigeria was 4.1% between 1990 and 2020. Between, 2010- 2030, however, it is expected to be 3.7% (Ogu,2002). The problem of rapid and uncontrolled expansion and its encroachment on city fringe is highly linked with urbanization. According to UN HABITAT (2008), Lagos and Cairo are the first African mega cities. Lagos with an estimated population of over 10million is expected to reach 25million by 2015. This will make it the third largest mega city in the world (Francisco, 2006). This explosion has caused unusual land and demographic pressure directing migration and development towards the immediate peripheral areas. In the last 30years, the explosive urban growth in Lagos has been increasingly spreading northwardly into peripheries that administratively fall within the political boundary of Ogun state (Oloto, et al, 2007). One of such settlements in Ogun state that is at the receiving end of this expansion is Agbado in Ifo Local Government Area. Like in most settlements in different parts of Lagos periphery, invasion leads to uncontrolled and unorganized development.
The interrelationship between health, safety and land use been known for quite a long time, especially with references to the fundamental concept that health and safety is the joint product of land use activity levels. This was why Rimmer (2011), complained that the relationship between health, safety and land use was little explored because transportation geographers got themselves bogged down with network analysis. In recent years, there has been growing concerned in studying the relationship between growth of land use,health and safety in town, metropolis, cities and in urban areas (Onakala, 2010; Sule2012; Vivian, 2013; Duru, Olayemi2011 and Filani, et al., 2011). urban communities and the existence of land use in them is a reflection of socio economic and ecological forces (Main, 2009b). In Urban Zaria area, the growth of Urban Communities is facilitated by increase in populations and accompanied by the growth of different land use. These have led to the arrangement of people’s activities, building and commercial points indifferent locations along the transport routes, which produces different trips on a daily.The concept of land use and it effect on the health and safety of Nigeria environment can be seen from different perspective which ranges from waste management, urban renewal, population control, infrastructural development, urban beautification, construction of high rising building, etc.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
With the continuous use of land over time periods without environmental assessment, it has generated several complicated issues based on uncontrollable measures on the environment due to incompetencies of environment planners and authority. The excessive use of the environment has lead to health and safety issues such as flooding, illness due to uncontrollable waste management, air emissions and ambient air quality, energy conservation, wastewater and ambient water quality, water conservation, hazardous materials management, waste management, noise and contaminated land.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
1.To determine the effect of land use on health and safety of the environment
2.To find out effective management control of the environment
To find out problems associated with the cause of environmental degradation on health and safety of the environment.
4.Solutions to problems of ineffective management of the environment.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.What is the effect of land use on health and safety of the environment
2.What is the effective management control of the environment
What are the problems associated with the cause of environmental degradation on health and safety of the environment.
4.What are the solutions to problems of ineffective management of the environment.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The study will be of great importance to environmental and regional planners, dwellers of the Nigeria environment. The study will give prominent environmental policy on how to solve the issue of environmental degradation and ineffective land use planning e.g. waste management, traffic management etc.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
The study will be aim at analyzing the effect of land use on health and safety of the Nigeria environment.
The scope of this research cover component of land use effect such as air emissions and ambient air quality, energy conservation, wastewater and ambient water quality, water conservation, hazardous materials management, waste management, noise and contaminated land.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
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(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
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BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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LAND USE EFFECT ON URBAN STREAM
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Profound and far-reaching impacts of humans on the environment are mediated through land use changes which destroy, degrade, and fragment habitat, and constitute the primary cause of losses in biodiversity worldwide (Sala et al., 2000; Chapin et al., 2001). Human impacts on landscapes often diminish the capabilities for ecosystems to provide essential services for people, including clean air and water and natural products (Foley et al., 2005). Land use changes have had a large effect on terrestrial and aquatic environments in mediterranean climate regions (medregions), that is the Mediterranean Basin, CaliforniaBaja California, southwestern Australia, southwestern South Africa, and central Chile, because of their long history with human activity, rapid urban and agricultural development, and large climatic and topographic variation (Underwood et al., 2009; Sirami et al., 2010). Because med-regions contain many endemic species, human impacts on these regions have a disproportionate effect on global biodiversity and make mediterranean ecosystems (med-ecosystems) among the ‘‘most imperiled’’ in the world (Myers et al., 2000; Horwitz et al., 2008; Underwood et al., 2009). Although considerable research has been conducted on the effects of land use change on terrestrial environments in med-regions, studies of land use impacts on aquatic habitats are more limited. Because water is seasonally scarce in med-regions, many rivers and streams have been dammed or diverted to provide water supplies for human activities (Gasith & Resh, 1999). Given the critical importance of water quality and quantity in med-regions and concerns about the impacts of human environmental alterations on aquatic systems and species, there is a need for more data and knowledge to guide management and policy decisions balancing human and environmental needs for sustainable water resources. Research in other temperate regions of the world has shown that land use changes denude native vegetation, increase runoff and erosion, alter stream geomorphology and substrata characteristics, modify flow regimes, and enhance the transport of nutrients, sediment, and contaminants from catchments to receiving waters, all with numerous implications for the stream and river biota (Paul & Meyer, 2001; Allan, 2004; Walsh et al., 2005; Johnson & Horst, 2010). Human land use impacts on med-ecosystems are predicted to be heightened by climate change which will result in warmer, drier, and more variable weather (Klausmeyer & Shaw, 2009).
The growth of the wildland–urban interface in many med-regions has increased the intensity and frequency of wildfires and promoted the introduction of exotic species (Verkaik et al., 2012). Land use changes and fires have similar short-term effects on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of streams, but with fires constituting a pulsed perturbation, with rapid ecosystem recovery (Verkaik et al., 2012), and land use changes constituting a press perturbation with sustained, long-term impacts on ecosystems. Frequent clearance, burning, or intense grazing of med-vegetation, however, can produce a vegetation type conversion from forest or shrubland to degraded scrub or grassland (Keeley, 2002; Van de Wouw et al., 2011), with persistent effects on both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Other human effects on med-rivers include straightening and building levees along river channels, decoupling rivers from their floodplains and destroying riparian vegetation as floodplains are converted to grazing, farming, industrial, or urban uses. For example, riparian vegetation cover in the middle section of the River Ebro declined from 40% in the 1950s to 4.5% today (Ollero, 2007). Although land use changes have diminished riparian vegetation in many med-ecosystems, canopy cover by riparian vegetation can be as high or higher in human-altered basins as in undeveloped basins because of the protection or restoration of riparian bufferstrips, planting of ornamental trees, and increased return flows of irrigation or sewage water in some catchments. In addition, the construction of dams on rivers reduces floods in downstream areas, which may allow the encroachment of riparian vegetation; however, the net effects of dams on downstream riparian vegetation depend on the effects of dams on seasonal river flows (i.e., increased vs. decreased dry season flows).
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in land use effect on urban stream
1.To understand the impact of land use on urban stream
H0: There is no relationship between land use and urban stream.
H1: There is a relationship between land use and urban stream.
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DISCUSSION OF MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH CARE WASTE. A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE,UMUAHIA, ABIA STATE
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses discussion of management of health care waste. a case study of federal medical centre,umuahia, abia state
. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst medical and non-medical staff of FMC. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that management of health care waste has a significant effect on the overall health status of the people in FMC. Also, there is a strong relationship between management of health care waste and health status.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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ASSESSMENT OF SOLID AND LIQUID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UGHELLI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL
ABSTRACT:
This work gives an assessment of solid and liquid waste management in Ughelli municipal council. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst residents of Ughelli municipal council. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that solid and liquid waste management has a significant effect on the environmental health status of every municipal council. It is recommended that government should invest more in solid and liquid waste management in municipal councils.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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DISCUSSES ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE SANITARY INSPECTION BY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICER IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses assessment of routine sanitary inspection by environmental health officer in local governments. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst environmental health officers of selected local government areas. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that routine sanitary inspection by environmental health officers has been on the decline and this has a significant negative impact on the sanitary state of local government environments in Nigeria.. Also, there is a strong relationship between sanitary inspection and the sanitary state of local government environments.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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ASSESSMENT OF ROUTIN SANITARY INSPECTION BY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICER IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ABSTRACT
The growing awareness of the impact of human activities on the environment and the resulting threat to both nature and man have convinced most governments of the need to include prevention of air, water and soil pollution as well as the sanitation of polluted sites in their priority action programmes. Since relatively few people have so far been trained to properly address pollution issues, it is imperative that, in addition to research into environmental matters, the education and training of specialists in pollution prevention and remediation are given urgent attention in every country. The ICP ‘Environmental Sanitation’ aims the formation of environmental specialists with sufficient knowledge of (1) the concept of pollution and what it actually means, (2) the detection and quantification of environmental pollution, (3) the possible impact of environmental pollutants on ecosystems and biota , coupled with the current techniques for risk assessment, and (4) the available technologies for prevention and remediation of environmental pollution and how they are applied in practice. The program mainly focuses on graduates from developing countries with a responsible position in the field of environment within local administrations, universities or NGOs.
An assessment of the status of housing was carried our in Ile-Ife, a typical Nigerian town in south-western part of Nigeria with a population of more than 180,000 inhabitants made up of people from different parts of the country . Two hundred and thirty-four residential buildings were observed for the purpose of assessing their compliance with minimum standard of fitness as stipulated in existing regulations. Results showed that most of the dwellings were found deficient in meeting the basic requirements expected of living premises and therefore remain unfit for habitation according to Public Health Standard. Economic viability as well as level of education of owners/occupiers have been found to be major determinants of housing condition and government`s effort at addressing problems of housing may not be able to achieve the desirable success without making conscious effort to improve the socio-economic status of the people. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGRPOUND OF THE STUD
Environmental health is as old as man s though changes name from time to time, so it has been with us time immemorial. Environmental health is the control of all factors that may have direct or indirect effect on physical, social and mental well being of man in his society. As such, its public health importance cannot be overemphasized. This is because it dealt with many things that affect man’s life in one way or the other from environmental and food hygiene to building/water sanitation technology and waste treatment disposal to healthful housing and control of disease[s] vectors and others. In view of this, this paper looks at the historical background of Environmental Health Officer[s] [EHOs] in Nigeria , their duties, and the present circumstances the officers found themselves and what might be done to address the situation. About the historical background and their duties, I come across a book titled “Preventing disease through proper environmental management in the 21st century in Nigeria” [2001], published by the then Professional Association of Environmental Health Officers of Nigeria [PAEHON] and now Environmental Health officers Association of Nigeria [EHOAN] which I unashamedly so copiously quote for the reader to see and read clearly from the association of the profession, for no other information that will be better than theirs. My intention of quoting the book is to clear the darkness that circumscribed many people who see the profession [environmental health] that produces environmental health officers [or technologist] as unprofessional, unimportant, and even underrate it; and to re-inform other Nigerian about the role played by them since the time of colonial administration and the present Nigeria in shaping Nigeria’s health sector which as at now has been downplayed in favour of other health services [especially curative aspect of health] that to some extent is far away within the community reach and costly to afford. More so to encourage leaders to focus their policy toward prevention, which is better and cheaper than cure in spending much on environment than fighting disease[s] elsewhere [hospital precisely]. Environmental Health Officers (also known as Public Health Inspectors) are responsible for carrying out measures for protecting public health, including administering and enforcing legislation related to environmental health and providing support to minimize health and safety hazards. They are involved in a variety of activities, for example inspecting food facilities, investigating public health nuisances, and implementing disease control. Environmental health officers are focused on prevention, consultation, investigation, and education of the community regarding health risks and maintaining a safe environment.
EHOs bring to the position an understanding of microbiology, risk assessment, environmental science and technology, food science, as well as the skills and knowledge related to the tracking and control of communicable disease. They must also have strong investigative skills and a thorough understanding of the application of legislation related to public health and the environment. Working in partnership with Government Ministries (such as Health, Agriculture and Environment), local municipalities, businesses, community groups, other agencies and individual members of the community, the EHO plays a major role in protecting public health.
Some past/historic titles include inspector of nuisances, sanitarian, and sanitary inspector. Other titles that currently exist include environmental health specialist/practitioner/professional, public health officer, health officer, health inspector, and health official. The legal title used will depend on the definitions found in local legislation/jurisdiction. Environmental health professionals are usually employed by local government or state health authorities to advise on and enforce public health standards. However, many are employed in the private sector and in the military. A Public Health Inspector (also known as an Environmental Health Officer) is a public employee who investigates health hazards in a wide variety of locations, and will take action to mitigate or eliminate the hazards. Usually the public perception of a health inspector is someone who examines restaurants and ensures they maintain sanitary standards for food safety set by the regulating authority. However, public health inspectors have much broader job duties, including inspecting swimming pools, substandard housing conditions, public schools, day cares, nursing homes, and personal service establishments such as tattoo parlours. Depending on their jurisdiction, Registered Environmental Health Officers often permit and inspect wells, private water systems, and individual subsurface sewage disposal (septic) systems. Other tasks include: campground inspections, tanning salon inspections, beauty salon inspections, correctional facility inspections and mobile home park inspection. The public health inspector (environmental health officer) also plays a vital role in community projects such as those concerning health promotion, tobacco reduction, healthy built environments/healthy communities, food security, and emergency preparedness.
They may also respond to complaints such as animal bites, garbage complaints, odor complaints, or sewage overflows. Due to their educational background they can provide information and referrals with regards to; lead, radon, mold, and emerging diseases such as West Nile Virus and Avian Flu. The field also overlaps with hazardous materials (Hazmat) and many Hazmat responders are also Licensed Environmental Health Practitioners or Registered Environmental Health Specialists.
Working conditions
Environmental health officers work with many different people in a variety of environments. Their jobs often involve considerable fieldwork, and some travel frequently. Many environmental health officers work long and often irregular hours. They inspect pools, childcare centers, restaurants, septic systems, and many other types of establishments that relate to health and safety. Environmental health officers may be exposed to many of the same physically strenuous conditions and hazards as industrial employees, and the work may be performed in unpleasant, stressful, and dangerous working conditions. They may find themselves in an adversarial role if the management of an organization disagrees with the recommendations for ensuring a safe working environment. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
Environmental Sanitation has remained consistently poor in Nigeria for a long time. Consequently, there is high morbidity and mortality from sanitation related diseases. This scenario, which is associated with impoverishment and poor standard of living among the populace, has been of great concern to successive Governments and efforts albeit piecemeal and uncoordinated, have been made at various times/levels to complement the socio-cultural norms of sanitation practices in the communities. The Environmental Sanitation related diseases exacerbate poverty by diminishing productivity and household income. In addition, the national cost of lost productivity, reduced educational potential and huge curative health costs constitute a major drain on the local and national economy. Besides, a dirty environment with its attendant health consequences, prevailing in most of our cities, can discourage tourists/investors and undermine the economic benefit of tourism to the country.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
i) To coordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles;
ii) To strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes;
iii) To develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases;
iv) To achieve positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation;
v) To encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation;
vi) To identify local funding mechanisms for Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria.
4.3.2 Management Objectives
i) Identify key Stakeholders, assess existing operations and define expected roles in policy implementation;
ii) To define manpower requirements and training needs, implement training programmes and strengthen existing institutions;
v) Develop and implement a Master Plan for Solid Waste Management in Nigeria;
vi) Define the required attitudinal changes and create an enabling environment for their realisation;
vii) Promote public education and enlightenment on Environmental Sanitation;
viii) Establish appropriate sanctions and enforcement mechanisms;
ix) Establish indicators and assess performance and service standards in sanitation related public and private institutions/organisations;
x) Determine funding requirements and identify sources of fund for sustainable Environmental Sanitation programmes.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
i) How can local government environmental inspection officer coordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles?
ii) Can it be possible to strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes?
iii) Can the study help to develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases?
iv) Can it bring about achievement of positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation?
v) Can the study also, encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation?
vi) Can one identify local funding mechanisms for Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: Local government environmental inspection officer cannot coordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles.
H1: Local government environmental inspection officer cancoordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles.
H0: It is impossible to strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes.
H1: It is possible to strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes.
H0: The study cannot help to develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases.
H1: The study can help to develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases.
H0: The study cannot bring about achievement of positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation.
H1: The study can bring about achievement of positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation.
H0: The study does not also, encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation.
H1: The study also, encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This blog is dedicated to environmental health in Nigeria, the effort of stakeholders in reviving environmental health management and practice in Nigeria. This blog will also serve as an avenue where development of environmental health issues in Nigeria would be shared;=
This study is centered on assessment of routin sanitary inspection by environmental health officer in local government using Ivo local government Ebonyi state as a case study.
.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:
i. TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.
ii. FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. Ivo local government environmental inspection officers find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy.
Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the purpose of this Policy document, Environmental Sanitation is defined as the principles and practice of effecting healthful and hygienic conditions in the environment to promote public health and welfare, improve quality of life and ensure a sustainable environment.
The essential components of Environmental Sanitation include:
i) Solid waste management;
ii) Medical waste management;
iii) Excreta and sewage management;
iv) Food sanitation;
v) Sanitary inspection of premises;
vi) Market and abattoir sanitation;
vii) Adequate potable water supply;
viii) School sanitation;
ix) Pest and vector control;
x) Management of urban drainage;
xi) Control of reared and stray animals;
xii) Disposal of the dead (man and animals);
xiii) Weed and Vegetation Control;
xiv) Hygiene education and promotion.
Environmental Health Officers :Environmental Health Officers (also known as Public Health Inspectors) are responsible for carrying out measures for protecting public health, including administering and enforcing legislation related to environmental health and providing support to minimize health and safety hazards. They are involved in a variety of activities, for example inspecting food facilities, investigating public health nuisances, and implementing disease control.
A Public Health Inspector: A Public Health Inspector (also known as an Environmental Health Officer) is a public employee who investigates health hazards in a wide variety of locations, and will take action to mitigate or eliminate the hazards.
Sanitation: “Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities.
SANITATION SERVICE DEPARTMENT: The Sanitation Services Department is responsible for ensuring a clean environment for healthy and sustainable living in line with the policy of an integrated approach to environmental sanitation and enhancement. The department also organizes seminars on environmental Advocacy/Awareness campaign for the informal sector (artisans, market men and women, taxi drivers etc).
Improved sanitation – refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
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BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720
MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH CARE WASTE. A CASE STUDY OF FMC
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses management of health care waste. A case study of FMC.. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst medical and non-medical staff of FMC. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that management of health care waste has a significant effect on the overall health status of the people in FMC. Also, there is a strong relationship between management of health care waste and health status.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420