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A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND FEMALE UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA
Abstract
Environmental pollution and female unemployment are critical socio-economic challenges in Nigeria. This study explores the relationship between environmental degradation and the rising unemployment rate among women, particularly in sectors heavily reliant on natural resources such as agriculture, fisheries, and informal trading. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study examines how pollution-induced factors such as land degradation, water contamination, and air pollution contribute to the loss of livelihoods, displacement, and economic hardship among women. Findings reveal that environmental pollution disproportionately affects women due to their reliance on natural resources for subsistence and income generation. Additionally, inadequate policy interventions and lack of sustainable employment opportunities exacerbate female unemployment in affected regions. The study recommends strategic environmental policies, sustainable employment programs, and gender-inclusive economic reforms to mitigate the impact of pollution and enhance female workforce participation. These measures will contribute to poverty reduction and promote economic stability in Nigeria.
Keywords: Environmental pollution, female unemployment, economic impact, sustainable employment, Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Research Questions
1.4 Objectives of the Study
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitations of the Study
1.9 Definition of Key Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Environmental Pollution: Types and Causes
2.1.2 Female Unemployment: Causes and Trends
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Theory
2.2.2 Feminist Economics Theory
2.2.3 Human Capital Theory
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Impact of Environmental Pollution on Employment
2.3.2 Gender-Specific Effects of Pollution on Employment
2.3.3 Policy Interventions and Employment Opportunities for Women
2.4 Research Gap
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Data Collection Methods
3.6 Research Instruments
3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments
3.8 Data Analysis Techniques
3.9 Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.3 Analysis of Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Employment
4.4 Female Unemployment Trends in Pollution-Affected Areas
4.5 Hypothesis Testing
4.6 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Policy Implications
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
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ASSESSING HOUSEHOLD WATER DEMAND AND CONSUMPTION IN MANGU LGA PLATEAU STATE
Abstract
This study assesses household water demand and consumption in Mangu Local Government Area (LGA), Plateau State, Nigeria. Access to clean and adequate water is critical for daily living, yet many communities in Mangu LGA face challenges in meeting household water needs. The study aims to identify factors influencing water demand, analyze consumption patterns, and evaluate the sufficiency of water supply in the region. Data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 300 households across different communities in Mangu LGA. Key variables examined include household size, water sources, consumption levels, and seasonal variations in water demand.
The findings reveal significant disparities in water access, with many households relying on multiple sources such as boreholes, streams, and wells to meet their daily water requirements. Average household water consumption was found to be below the recommended per capita water consumption standard by the World Health Organization (WHO), particularly during the dry season when water scarcity intensifies. Factors such as household income, education level, and proximity to water sources were identified as major determinants of water demand.
The study concludes that there is a pressing need for improved water infrastructure and management policies to address water shortages and enhance water access for households in Mangu LGA. Recommendations include the expansion of borehole networks, promotion of water conservation practices, and the implementation of community-driven water management initiatives to ensure sustainable water supply and consumption.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 Main Objective
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Household Water Demand
2.1.2 Water Consumption Patterns
2.1.3 Water Sources and Availability
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Theory of Water Demand
2.2.2 Water Scarcity and Economic Theory
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Studies on Household Water Demand
2.3.2 Factors Affecting Water Consumption
2.3.3 Seasonal Variations in Water Supply
2.3.4 Challenges of Water Infrastructure in Rural Areas
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Data Collection Methods
3.5.1 Primary Data Collection
3.5.2 Secondary Data Collection
3.6 Research Instrumentation
3.7 Validity and Reliability of Instruments
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
3.9 Ethical Considerations
3.10 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.3 Water Demand and Consumption Patterns
4.3.1 Water Demand by Household Size
4.3.2 Water Sources and Accessibility
4.3.3 Seasonal Variations in Water Demand
4.4 Factors Influencing Household Water Demand
4.4.1 Income Level
4.4.2 Household Size and Education Level
4.4.3 Distance to Water Sources
4.5 Relationship Between Water Consumption and Supply
4.6 Discussion of Key Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
5.4.1 Policy Recommendations
5.4.2 Community-Driven Initiatives
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
REFERENCES
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A REVIEW ON INNOVATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES IN REDUCING, RECYCLING AND MANAGING WASTE
Abstract
Waste management has become a critical global issue, necessitating innovative approaches to reduce, recycle, and manage waste sustainably. This study explores contemporary innovations and best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and overall waste management, with a focus on both developed and developing regions. Utilizing a comprehensive review of technological advancements, policy frameworks, and case studies, the research highlights effective waste management strategies such as circular economy models, zero-waste initiatives, and advanced recycling technologies like waste-to-energy systems and bioconversion. The findings reveal that integrating community engagement, public-private partnerships, and digital innovations, such as smart waste management systems, has significantly improved efficiency in waste handling. The study also identifies the challenges faced in implementing these solutions, especially in low-income regions, and proposes practical recommendations to enhance waste management practices. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of adopting holistic and sustainable waste management practices to mitigate environmental degradation, promote resource conservation, and contribute to the achievement of global sustainability goals.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Waste management is a pressing global challenge, with the escalating volume of waste necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions (Amaral et al., 2020, Cheng et al., 2022, Chien et al., 2023,
Codinhoto et al., 2023, Horton, 2022, Mahyari et al., 2022, Zhang et al., 2022, Zhou et al., 2020). Current challenges in waste management persist despite advancements in technology and awareness. One significant challenge is the inadequate infrastructure for waste collection and disposal, particularly in developing regions (Chiem et al., 2023). Insufficient funding and resources hinder the establishment of proper waste management systems, leading to illegal dumping and environmental pollution (
Bundhoo, 2018). Additionally, there is a lack of standardized waste management practices globally, resulting in varying levels of efficiency and effectiveness across different regions (Olawade et al., 2023a). Another challenge lies in the complexity of waste composition, with the increasing prevalence of non-biodegradable and hazardous materials complicating disposal and recycling processes (Wang et al., 2022). Moreover, issues related to waste segregation and contamination persist, impeding recycling efforts and diminishing the quality of recovered materials (Olawade et al., 2023). Furthermore, inadequate public awareness and education about proper waste disposal practices contribute to improper waste handling and disposal behaviors, exacerbating environmental and health risks (
Ziraba et al., 2016).
Waste generation has become one of the most pressing environmental challenges globally, with increasing urbanization, industrialization, and consumption patterns contributing to the rising levels of waste. The improper disposal of waste poses significant threats to public health, ecosystems, and the planet’s overall sustainability. To mitigate these challenges, innovations and best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and management have emerged as critical strategies for addressing the environmental impact of waste.
Historically, waste management practices have centered on collection, transportation, and disposal, often without regard for long-term environmental consequences. However, modern approaches to waste management emphasize not only reducing waste at the source but also finding ways to reuse and recycle materials. The concept of a circular economy, which seeks to minimize waste and maximize resource efficiency, has gained traction as a sustainable model for managing waste.
Globally, the integration of technology, policy reforms, and community-based initiatives has led to innovative solutions for waste management. These include advanced recycling techniques, waste-to-energy technologies, and the development of biodegradable materials. Many cities and organizations have adopted best practices such as zero-waste strategies, composting programs, and plastic reduction campaigns to promote environmental sustainability.
In Nigeria and other developing countries, waste management remains a significant challenge due to inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness, and ineffective regulatory frameworks. However, recent efforts to improve waste management practices, particularly in urban areas, have shown promise. Innovations such as community-based recycling programs, waste-to-energy projects, and public-private partnerships have demonstrated the potential to reduce waste, conserve resources, and improve public health outcomes.
This study examines the innovations and best practices in reducing, recycling, and managing waste, with a particular focus on how these strategies can be applied in Nigeria and other developing regions. The research aims to identify key success factors, challenges, and opportunities for enhancing waste management practices to promote sustainability.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Waste management continues to be a significant challenge in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries where infrastructure and regulatory frameworks are often inadequate. In Nigeria, for instance, improper waste disposal and the lack of efficient recycling systems have contributed to environmental degradation, pollution, and public health issues. While there have been efforts to address these problems, the implementation of sustainable waste management practices remains inconsistent.
The problem is further compounded by rapid urbanization, population growth, and changing consumption patterns, leading to an increase in waste generation. Traditional waste management practices, such as open dumping and uncontrolled landfilling, are no longer viable due to their harmful environmental and health impacts. As a result, there is an urgent need for innovative approaches and best practices that prioritize waste reduction, recycling, and sustainable management.
This study seeks to address the gap in knowledge regarding the effectiveness of these innovations and best practices in reducing, recycling, and managing waste. By examining successful case studies and identifying the challenges that hinder progress, the research aims to provide actionable recommendations for improving waste management in Nigeria and similar contexts.
1.3 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to explore the innovations and best practices in reducing, recycling, and managing waste, with a focus on their application in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to:
Analyze the key innovations and technologies that have emerged in the field of waste management.
Evaluate the effectiveness of best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and management in various regions.
Investigate the challenges and opportunities for implementing sustainable waste management practices in Nigeria.
Propose recommendations for improving waste management systems through the adoption of innovative approaches and best practices.
1.4 Scope of the study
The scope of this study encompasses innovations and best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and management, with a particular emphasis on their application in Nigeria. The study will examine successful waste management practices in both developed and developing countries to identify strategies that can be adapted to the Nigerian context. The research will focus on key areas such as waste-to-energy technologies, recycling systems, and community-based waste management initiatives.
Additionally, the study will analyze the challenges and opportunities for implementing sustainable waste management practices in urban and rural settings in Nigeria. The research will be based on a combination of case studies, literature reviews, and data from waste management experts and practitioners.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable waste management practices by highlighting innovations and best practices that have been successfully implemented in various parts of the world. The findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers, waste management professionals, and environmental organizations seeking to improve waste management systems in Nigeria and other developing regions.
Second, the study offers practical recommendations for addressing the challenges of waste management in Nigeria, focusing on the adoption of innovative technologies and best practices. By identifying key success factors and exploring potential solutions, the research aims to guide decision-makers in implementing more effective and sustainable waste management strategies.
Finally, the study addresses the broader environmental and public health implications of waste management, contributing to the global conversation on how to reduce waste, conserve resources, and protect the environment. The findings will be relevant not only for Nigeria but also for other countries facing similar waste management challenges.
1.6 Research Methodology
This study employs a descriptive research design, which is suitable for exploring existing innovations and best practices in waste management. Descriptive research helps identify and describe the various technologies, strategies, and approaches that organizations and municipalities use to manage waste. Both qualitative and quantitative methods will be used to achieve a deeper understanding of the subject.
The target population for this study includes:
Municipal waste management authorities in urban areas.
Private waste management companies involved in reducing, recycling, and managing waste.
Environmental experts and sustainability professionals working in waste management.
Communities and households adopting innovative waste reduction and recycling practices.
The research will focus on organizations and individuals within a selected geographical region, such as major cities where waste management issues are prominent.
A purposive sampling technique will be employed to select a representative sample from the population. This sampling method is chosen to ensure that participants who have substantial knowledge, experience, and involvement in waste management innovations are included in the study.
Sample size: The study will involve 100 respondents, with participants distributed as follows:
40 representatives from municipal waste management authorities.
30 representatives from private waste management firms.
20 environmental experts and sustainability professionals.
10 community leaders or representatives of households with innovative waste practices.
The study will rely on primary data collected through:
Structured Questionnaires: A set of pre-defined questions will be distributed to municipal authorities, private companies, and community members. The questionnaire will gather information on waste management innovations, recycling rates, and best practices.
Quantitative questions will focus on metrics such as waste reduction rates, recycling percentages, and types of materials being recycled.
Qualitative questions will explore the challenges and successes of implementing innovative waste management strategies.
Interviews: Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with key informants, including municipal leaders, private sector managers, and environmental experts. These interviews will delve deeper into:
The processes behind innovative waste management practices.
Policies and regulations supporting or hindering waste reduction.
The role of technology and community engagement.
Observations: Field visits to waste recycling plants, landfill sites, and waste processing facilities will be made to observe best practices in action. This method will provide first-hand insight into how waste is managed and reduced at various stages.
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INNOVATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES IN REDUCING, RECYCLING AND MANAGING WASTE
Abstract
Waste management has become a critical global issue, necessitating innovative approaches to reduce, recycle, and manage waste sustainably. This study explores contemporary innovations and best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and overall waste management, with a focus on both developed and developing regions. Utilizing a comprehensive review of technological advancements, policy frameworks, and case studies, the research highlights effective waste management strategies such as circular economy models, zero-waste initiatives, and advanced recycling technologies like waste-to-energy systems and bioconversion. The findings reveal that integrating community engagement, public-private partnerships, and digital innovations, such as smart waste management systems, has significantly improved efficiency in waste handling. The study also identifies the challenges faced in implementing these solutions, especially in low-income regions, and proposes practical recommendations to enhance waste management practices. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of adopting holistic and sustainable waste management practices to mitigate environmental degradation, promote resource conservation, and contribute to the achievement of global sustainability goals.
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INNOVATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES IN REDUCING, RECYCLING AND MANAGING WASTE
Abstract
Waste management has become a critical global issue, necessitating innovative approaches to reduce, recycle, and manage waste sustainably. This study explores contemporary innovations and best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and overall waste management, with a focus on both developed and developing regions. Utilizing a comprehensive review of technological advancements, policy frameworks, and case studies, the research highlights effective waste management strategies such as circular economy models, zero-waste initiatives, and advanced recycling technologies like waste-to-energy systems and bioconversion. The findings reveal that integrating community engagement, public-private partnerships, and digital innovations, such as smart waste management systems, has significantly improved efficiency in waste handling. The study also identifies the challenges faced in implementing these solutions, especially in low-income regions, and proposes practical recommendations to enhance waste management practices. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of adopting holistic and sustainable waste management practices to mitigate environmental degradation, promote resource conservation, and contribute to the achievement of global sustainability goals.
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INNOVATIONS AND BEST PRACTICES IN REDUCING, RECYCLING AND MANAGING WASTE
Abstract
Waste management has become a critical global issue, necessitating innovative approaches to reduce, recycle, and manage waste sustainably. This study explores contemporary innovations and best practices in waste reduction, recycling, and overall waste management, with a focus on both developed and developing regions. Utilizing a comprehensive review of technological advancements, policy frameworks, and case studies, the research highlights effective waste management strategies such as circular economy models, zero-waste initiatives, and advanced recycling technologies like waste-to-energy systems and bioconversion. The findings reveal that integrating community engagement, public-private partnerships, and digital innovations, such as smart waste management systems, has significantly improved efficiency in waste handling. The study also identifies the challenges faced in implementing these solutions, especially in low-income regions, and proposes practical recommendations to enhance waste management practices. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of adopting holistic and sustainable waste management practices to mitigate environmental degradation, promote resource conservation, and contribute to the achievement of global sustainability goals.
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A STUDY OF WASTE DISPOSAL MANAGEMENT IN A HOSPITAL AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE DISPOSAL
Abstract
Effective waste disposal management is crucial in hospitals to ensure the safety of patients, healthcare workers, and the environment. This study examines the current practices and challenges of waste disposal management in a hospital setting and provides recommendations for safe and sustainable disposal methods. The research aims to identify gaps in the existing waste management system, evaluate compliance with regulatory standards, and propose practical solutions to enhance waste disposal practices.
The study employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. Surveys and interviews with hospital staff, along with observations of waste handling and disposal processes, are conducted to gather comprehensive insights. Additionally, data on the volume, type, and classification of hospital waste are analyzed to understand the patterns and critical areas of concern.
Key findings indicate that while the hospital has established waste management protocols, there are significant areas for improvement, particularly in the segregation, storage, and disposal of hazardous and infectious waste. The study highlights the need for regular training programs for healthcare workers, better infrastructure for waste segregation, and enhanced monitoring and compliance mechanisms.
Based on the findings, the study proposes several recommendations, including the adoption of advanced waste treatment technologies, implementation of a robust waste tracking system, and collaboration with certified waste disposal companies. The recommendations aim to minimize the environmental impact, reduce health risks associated with improper waste handling, and ensure adherence to local and international waste management standards.
This research underscores the importance of a comprehensive and systematic approach to hospital waste management, emphasizing the need for continuous improvement and adaptation of best practices to safeguard public health and environmental sustainability.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Common medical materials treated as sharps waste are injection devices, syringes, blades, lacent and slides (Memish et al., 2002). Numbers of studies have indicated that; inappropriate and poor handling disposal of healthcare waste poses health risks such as hepatitis to health workers who may be directly exposed to waste and to people who live nearby health facilities particularly children and scavengers (Abah and Ohimain, 2011).
Sharp waste is a common problem in developing countries including Lagos, in study done in Nigeria mainland at the municipal health facilities level found that sharps waste was transported by hands leading to high risks of exposure to needle stick injuries (Manyele et al., 2003). Moreover it was found that boots, aprons and masks were among the personal protective equipment missing in health facility, while latex gloves that cannot protect workers from injuries caused by sharps waste were readily available at the hospital (Manyele et al., 2003). According to Manyele and Lyasenga (2010) African countries practicing poor medical waste management which also including sharp waste as they quoted to (Leonard, 2003; Manyele et al., 2003, Manyele, 2004a; Manyele 2004b; Manyele and Anicetus, 2006).
Management of sharps wastes needs greater attention because of the risks to both human health and the environment caused by inadequate waste management practices. Urgent actions are needed to save the current situation on clinical waste management at Mental hospital, if the situation is neglected it can cause health risk to the surrounding people. A study done in Nigeria mainland in municipal health facilities found that patients are at higher risk of infection with needle sticks or sharps during medical care. Frequency of these injuries is related to the daily tasks of each health care group such as doctors, nurses, and waste handlers as well as the patients in the hospital and nearby community (Manyele et al, 2003).
Sharps waste is a product of provision of health care. Its poor management exposes health care workers, waste handlers and the community to infections, toxic effects and injuries including contamination of the environment, resulting in an increased burden of disease worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that each year there are 8 to 16 million new cases of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 2.3 to 4.7 million cases of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 80,000 to 160,000 cases of human immune deficiency virus due to unsafe injections and mostly arising from very poor waste management systems in various health care facilities (WHO, 1999).
Mismanagement of healthcare waste poses health risks to people and the environment by contaminating the air, soil and water resources. Hospitals and healthcare units are supposed to safeguard the health of the community. However health care wastes, if not properly managed can pose greater threat than the original diseases themselves found in health care waste (Abah and Ohimain, 2011).
The current disposal method adopted by the various health care facilities, which is dumping and burning medical wastes in open premises poses health risks to patients and people living closer to health care facilities (Kuroiwa et al., 2008). For instance, when medical waste burnt, dioxin is a major air pollutant of concern from chlorinated polymer as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2004).
Hazardous health care wastes poses potential risk of injury or infection to all exposed person such as medical staffs, doctors, nurses, sanitary staff and hospital maintenance personnel, patients receiving treatment in health care facilities as well as their visitors and relatives. In addition workers who support services linked to health care facilities such as laundries, waste handling, transportation services and workers in waste disposal facilities have great risk of infection compared to other health professions. Furthermore scavengers and general public especially children who play with items scavenged from open waste dumps, are all at risk (HPCSA, 2008).
The WHO (2002) estimates that over 20 million infections of Hepatitis B, C and HIV occur yearly occurred in the world due to unsafe injection practices, reuse of syringes and needles in the absence of sterilization. Improperly disposed hazardous health care waste also poses indirect risks to humans through direct environmental effects by contaminating soils and ground water of respectively place (Abah and Ohimain, 2011).
During open burning or incineration of hospital waste, air pollutants are released into the atmosphere causing respiratory illnesses to nearby populations. Immediate improvements in the waste disposal system can be achieved through a combination of waste segregation and a simple high temperature system as means of disposing medical waste (Abah and Ohimain, 2011).
The study aimed to assess the current clinical waste management and its impacts to the environment of Yaba Mental hospital. This hospital care insane people who has poor insight and bizarre behaviour and they do not care about their health. Insane people are in great risk of acquiring communicable disease due to playing with rubbish and disposal matters.
1.2 Problem Statement
Medical sharp waste is a growing problem in Lagos where the disposal sites are few. There is a poor method of handling it which is unsafe to the handler and the environment. Sharp wastes are dumped in open pits so it is very easy for children to play with it as well as patient. Client cared in Mental hospital are insane and sometimes experiencing hallucination and illusion which influence their insight and behavior (Patel, 2008).
There are no studies on clinical waste management and its environment impact conducted in Lagos especially mental hospitals. The magnitude and impact of poor management of sharp waste in Mental hospital still is inadequately known so it is necessary to conduct study in order to explore the real situation for better reservation of environment and prevention of communicable diseases in surrounding society.
1.3 Research Objectives
1.3.1 General Objective
The main objective of the study was to assess the management of sharp wastes and their impact on health and the environment at Yaba Mental Hospital, Lagos.
1.4 Specific Objectives
(i) To evaluate the risks posed by clinical waste management at Yaba Left
(ii) To determine the extent of environment contamination due to clinical waste management at Yaba Left
(iii) To establish the barriers that hinder safe handling and disposal of sharps waste.
(iv) To assess the awareness of the community, medical personnel and waster handlers on health and environmental effect of clinical waste management
1.5 Hypotheses
(i) Risk factors associated with sharp waste around Yaba Mental Hospital is high.
(ii) The extent of environment contaminated with sharp waste is high in Yaba Mental Hospital.
(iii) Inadequate resources hinder safe handling of sharp waste at Yaba Mental Hospital.
(iv) Lack of knowledge of community members, medical personnel and waste handler on health and environmental effect of clinical waste management affects proper management of sharp waste at Yaba Mental Hospital.
1.6 Significance of the Study
Clinical waste management is of increasing importance in the issue of public health and environmental conservation. This study provides detail information about clinical waste management and how it affects the environment and community surrounding the hospital. The information gained will be a guide for proper handling and disposal of sharp waste in the hospital.
Findings of this study is useful to health workers, hospital management, Municipal Council and community surrounding the environment of hospital that are at great risk to the impact of poor management of sharp waste in the hospital. Also the study is a
starting point for further studies on clinical waste management and generates new knowledge to the community.
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]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
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EFFECT OF PIT LATRINE ON WATER QUALITY OF WELLS IN UNGUWAN RIMI, KADUNA, NIGERIA.
ABSTRACT
The study examined the pollution effect of pit latrine on wells at Unguwan rimi, Kaduna, Nigeria. The study was carried out in September, 2007. Both the bacteriological and physiochemical components of the water were analyzed. These include the total coliform count, fecal coliform, taste, odour, colour, temperature, pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, total alkalinity, total titratable acidity, chloride and nitrate. The samples were analyzed using titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods. Correlation analysis was applied as part of analytical tool in this study. Findings showed that all the 12 samples tested positive to coliform count while 5 of the samples tested positive to fecal coliform. Half of the samples produced foul odour as 4 samples tasted sour. Most of the physico-chemical parameters fell within World Health Organization and European Union permissible standard for potable water. Significant relationship exists between the bacteriological and some of the physico-chemical parameters. The polluted water in most of the locations is capable of resulting in health problems, therefore not good for human consumption.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Groundwater pollution has been the focus of attention by many researchers in the recent times (Weissman et al., 1976: Graun, 1984; Whelan et al., 1984; Hyelni, 1994;
Dillion, 1997; Pedley and Howard, 1997; Howard et al., 2002; Khazael et al., 2004; Priiss-Ustun et al., 2004; Ayanlaja et al., 2005; Pritchard et al., 2007). Leachate from pit latrine is one of the major sources of this pollution. It is partly responsible for low access to potable water and sanitation problem especially in many developing countries (WHO, 2002). Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide an improved water supply and a safe means of excreta disposal.
Pit latrine is a common method of excreta disposal in the developing world. It is popular and widely used in urban slums as well as rural areas probably because it is the simplest, cheapest and the most efficient excreta disposal that is within the reach of the poor people. Rybezynski et al. (1977) affirmed that pit latrine remains to date, the most widely used technique for excreta disposal in the developing countries, both in the urban as
*Corresponding author. E-mail: adejoseph2003@yahoo.com.
well as the rural areas. Ground water is often polluted because pit latrines are mostly located near water source such as shallow wells. In fact, pit latrine has been identified as a major source of contamination of wells with fecal matter (Molard et al., 1994; Howard et al., 2002; Ayanlaja et al., 2005; Pritchard et al., 2007). Bacteria, viruses and other contaminants such as nitrate infiltrate the surrounding soil through leachate from pit latrine to ground water and are transported by it. Dillon (1997) asserted that in the latrine pits, the liquid soaks away through the base and side of the pit.
The mass and chemical composition of feces, urine and the microbial composition of feces from adult is compose of calcium, carbon, nitrogen, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chloride and sulphate (Feachem et al., 1983; Cancer, 1988). Human waste also contain large numbers of enteric micro-organisms that have high concentration of nutrients and a high oxygen demand, all of which may have adverse impact on groundwater quality (Dillon, 1997). At least, an average adult excrete about 2,000,000,000 coliform bacteria in each day (Geidrich, 1966).
The pathogenic organisms are the most important sources of serious illness and death especially among young children in poor countries. Water- related diseases such as cholera, bacillary dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, diarrhea and others are all feco-oral in their transmission (Trivedi et al.,1971; Feachen, 1983; Kukkula, 1997; Nassinyama et al., 2002; Priis-Uston., 2004). Unsafe water and poor sanitation account for 3. 7% of the global diseases, and 80% of all the diseases in the developing world. Diarrhea alone accounted for the yearly death of 1.6 million people around the world (WHO, 2007). Children under 5 years are the most vulnerable.
Wells are important source of water supply in the study area. The closeness of most of these pit latrines to wells is capable of causing ground water pollution, consequently leading to water-borne diseases and possible outbreak of epidemics. Therefore, it becomes imperative to embark on the study of the pollution effect of pit latrine on wells with the aim of analyzing the physico-chemical and bacteriological components of the water.
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FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
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Assessment of materials waste in the construction industry: A view of Construction Operatives, Tradesmen and Artisans in Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Material waste generated by the activities of the construction industry poses serious danger to both the construction projects concerned and the environment at large. Previous researches both at local and international level have neglected construction operatives and craft men who are the majority stakeholder. The study was aim to assess the perception of construction operatives, Tradesmen and Artisans on materials waste generation in the construction industry, with a view to encouraging better performance of construction projects in Nigeria. The study employed questionnaire survey. Tables and figures where used to present the collected data and Mean item score (MIS) and percentage were used to analyze the data collected. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-Test were used to test the hypotheses. It was discovered that formwork from wood/timber, Mortar from Rendering/plastering and Blockwork/ Brickwork are the most wasteful material generated on sites; Design (Frequent design changes and poor design), Poor materials storage system and Theft and vandalism are the most important factors that influence material waste generation during construction; Proper site supervision and management techniques, Adequate storage of material, and Staff training and awareness on waste management are the measures of minimizing construction material waste; and saving cost of disposal and transport, increased profit and save construction time loss are the most important benefits of material waste minimization. It was recommended that site operatives and craft men should be carried along in every management decision regarding waste management plan development as they constitute the major stakeholders on sites.
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OR
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Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
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ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL WASTES AS A ROAD CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL: A REVIEW
Abstract
The scarcity of conventional natural materials and the jeopardized environment have been compelling the tendency towards evolution of new or alternate materials and resources to be incorporated in sustainable infrastructure development. The inclusion of such materials entails several secondary and tertiary materials. Indeed, there is a strong thrust to investigate the feasibility of locally available industrial waste materials to replace the conventional construction materials. In India, vast network of existing industries spread across length and breadth of the country and many more to come in the near future, are certainly going to generate millions of tonnes of variety of waste and by-product materials. The pollution and disposal problems can be minimised to greater extent by properly utilising these materials in civil engineering applications. Several types of waste/by-product materials have already been investigated, assessed, and evaluated for utilization and practice in the field. In this paper, assessment of different waste materials produced by various industries was reviewed for ascertaining their suitability in the construction of rural roads, embankments, and subgrade layers. Physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of these waste materials have been critically evaluated for this purpose. From the results, it has been observed that most of the materials have potential to be selected as source materials for embankment and as a construction material in roads. Materials like steel furnace slag and zinc slag found to have their useful in partial replacement of aggregate for the construction of sub-base and base layers.
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OR
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Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
]]>