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INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AS A STRATEGY FOR ENHANCING ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
ABSTRACT
Industrial relations play a pivotal role in fostering a harmonious work environment and improving organizational performance. This study examines how effective industrial relations strategies can enhance organizational productivity, employee morale, and overall business success. By analyzing the relationship between management, employees, and unions, the research explores key industrial relations practices such as collective bargaining, dispute resolution, and employee engagement. The findings demonstrate that organizations with strong industrial relations frameworks experience fewer conflicts, improved communication, and higher employee satisfaction, leading to enhanced performance. The study also identifies challenges in implementing effective industrial relations strategies, including poor communication channels, inadequate conflict management, and resistance to change. Recommendations are provided to strengthen industrial relations practices through improved dialogue, regular training, and fostering trust between stakeholders, ultimately positioning industrial relations as a critical tool for achieving sustainable organizational growth.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Concept of Industrial Relations
2.2 Historical Development of Industrial Relations
2.3 Industrial Relations and Organizational Performance
2.4 The Role of Unions in Industrial Relations
2.5 Collective Bargaining as a Performance Strategy
2.6 Conflict Resolution and Its Impact on Organizational Performance
2.7 Theoretical Framework on Industrial Relations
Chapter 3: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population and Sample Selection
3.3 Data Collection Methods
3.4 Data Analysis Techniques
3.5 Validity and Reliability of Data
3.6 Ethical Considerations
Chapter 4: Data Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Impact of Industrial Relations on Organizational Performance
4.2 Role of Management in Promoting Effective Industrial Relations
4.3 Influence of Employee Engagement on Performance
4.4 Industrial Disputes and Organizational Efficiency
4.5 Case Studies of Effective Industrial Relations Strategies
4.6 Discussion of Key Findings
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Implications for Organizational Leadership
5.3 Recommendations for Enhancing Industrial Relations
5.4 Future Research Directions
5.5 Conclusion
References
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THE IMPACT OF NIGERIA FOREIGN POLICY ON PEACE BUILDING WITHIN AFRICA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
To state that Nigeria is obsessed with the interest and material. Wellbeing of her sister African countries is to state the obvious. This is evident in the country’s foreign policy formulations and execution right from the time of her First Republic up to the present time. Nigeria’s self-image as more or less the most powerful country in Africa (especially in terms of population size and wealth), and hence the “natural” leader of the continent, has been the be most propelling factor for putting herself in the forefront of African affairs since the attainment of her independence in 1960.
Accordingly, Africa has remained the centre-piece of her foreign policy from the inception of her independence to the present day. Nigeria’s afro-centric posture can be adequately explained within the context of the power theory as a framework of analysis. The power theory relates to the elements of state power that are used by scholars of international relations to assess and compare the relative powers of states in the international community. Prominent among the elements are level of technological development, population, diplomacy, natural resources and economic power. Compared to other African countries, Nigeria is most blessed with these elements. This explains why Nigeria is widely regarded as the natural leader of Africa.
The possession of the elements of state power by a country does not necessarily imply a leadership position in a region. In view of this, Joseph Way as has warned against the bloated perception of Nigeria as Africa’s greatest power on the mere assumption that she is blessed with an abundance of the elements of state power. As he put it:
And even less true is the notion that such wealth, the object of our euphoria, can alone make for leadership…leadership abroad can never be sustained or .successful unless it is complemented by good leadership at home (Wayas,1979: 21).
Nonetheless, there is no disputing the tact that Nigeria, despite certain imitations, is recognized even internationally as the dominant power in Africa.
Thus, Shaw (1989:208) was emphatic when he said that Nigeria has always been primus inter pares in post-colonial Africa but international recognition of her power potential increased dramatically along with the price of oil in the mid 1970s. Overnight Nigeria’s image underwent a transformation from one of a sleeping giant to one of OPEC major.
Indeed, Nigeria’s economic power, political will and diplomacy have made it possible for her to play a unique role in African affairs. Nigeria under the umbrellas of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the United Nations Organization (UNO) spearheaded the international crusade that paved the way for the independence of Zimbabwe, Angola, and Namibia. She also played a leading role in dismantling the apartheid regime in South Africa. All these are consistent with her afro-centric posture.
In all, Nigeria has been actively involved in helping to resolve both intra-African and extra-African problems, lending credence to the fact that Nigeria is indeed Africa’s regional power. Becoming a permanent member of the Security Council is both necessary and desirable since that will put her in a better position to champion the cause of Africa both within Africa and in the international community.
But given the fact that the situation that initially necessitated the adoption of the afrocentric doctrine in the country’s foreign policy has been pursued to its logical conclusion with the granting of independence to all colonial territories in Africa, is it not time for Nigeria to substitute afro-centrism with Nigerianism? Or how can the country’s foreign policy makers still justify the continuity of afro-centrism in the country’s foreign policy drive in the 21st century? These posers constitute the main problem addressed in the paper.
Background of Nigeria’s Afro-centric Posture
Africa is the centre-piece of Nigeria’s foreign policy with events making Southern Africa the immediate focus” (Herskovits, 1978: 186)
Herskovits observation about the place of Africa in Nigeria’s foreign policy is apt. There can be no gainsaying the fact that African affairs constitute the focal point of Nigeria’s foreign policy. This became unequivocally certain and palpable at the end of the country’s 30-month civil war in 1970.Prior to that time, the commonwealth of which Nigeria became a full-pledged member on becoming independent in 1960, dominated her foreign policy calculations. It was the commonwealth, the world, and Africa in that order. The re-ordering in the early 1970s was essentially dictated by the lessons of the war. One of the lessons was the OAU’s overwhelming support and sympathy for the Federal Government cause on the one hand, and the shocking vacillation of the country’s so-called western allies on the other hand at the outbreak of the civil war. As Ofoegou (1978:27) notes:
It was however the Nigerian civil war which completely removed the commonwealth from the dominating position it had occupied in Nigeria’s foreign policy between 1954 and 1967 and replaced it with a new emphasis on Africa, a more realistic posture towards Europe and a genuine cultivation of the friendship of Russia and Eastern Europe
It is in the pursuance of the afro- centric policy that Nigeria has since the early 1970s, continued to commit a lot of her resources and time to African affairs. Much of these resources had gone into helping to wipe out the remaining colonial vestiges in Southern Africa and the dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Akinyemi (1979: 63) has given a succinct account of Nigeria’s commitment to African affairs during the Mohammed/Obasanjo regime:
Seventy-ve percent of the time and energy of the foreign ofce staff is consumed by African affairs. Ninety-ve percent of the technical and nancial assistance during this period was directed at the continent. Over 75% of the policy differences between Nigeria and other industrialized countries revolve around African issues, especially Southern Africa issues.
Nigeria’s afro-centric posture undoubtedly gained greater momentum during the Mohammed/Obasanjo regime (Akinyemi, 1979:154). The regime blazed the trail of its foreign policy activism in Angola (Akinyemi 1979:157). Thenceforth, anti apartheid activism became a major plank of Nigeria’s foreign policy. As the then Nigeria’s External Affairs Minister. Major General Garba (rtd) (1987:11) observes, “our action in Angola would epitomise this new orientation and emphasis (afrocentrism). Henceforth, Africa would be the centre-piece of our foreign policy….”
There is no doubt that the vigour with which Nigeria has been pursuing her afro-centric policy, particularly since 1975 had contributed in no small measure to the granting of independence to the oppressed peoples of Southern Africa by their respective white supremacist regimes. For example, Nigeria played a leading role in the events that culminated in the granting of independence to Angola, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Namibia in 1975, 1980 and 1990 respectively. Besides, Nigeria’s afro- centric dynamism contributed immensely to the dismantling of the apartheid system and the introduction of a non-racial democracy in the Republic of South Africa in April, 1994.
Reasons for Nigeria’s Afro-Centric Policy
Even though there have been some negative reactions at home to the country’s apparent over-indulgence in her afro-centric foreign policy, there is a consensus in the academic circles that the policy is justiable and worth embarking upon by Nigeria. Various reasons have been advanced by different scholars as to why Nigeria has been constrained to adopt the afro-centric posture more or less as an article of faith.
One, Gambari (1984), for example, has asserted that Nigeria accounts for 20% of Africa’s total population, providing one out of every six persons in the entire black diaspora. “Therefore, Gambari (1984) argues, making Africa the pivot from which the wheel of our foreign policy radiates is only natural”.
Two, Nweke (1985: 19) argues that afro-entrism could help the continent to achieve the ideals of pan-africanism with “a common ideological basis for the advancement both of national independence and collective security” Like Nkrumah of Ghana, Sir Balewa who later became the First Prime Minister of Nigeria had declared that independence for Nigeria world be incomplete without independence for all other African states. Nigeria’s attitude in this regard has remained unchanged since her independence up to the present day. For example, General Gowon (rtd) in his days as the Nigerian head of state used to stress the urgent need to free at east one African territory in every three years.
Three, the afro-centric character of Nigeria’s foreign policy is partly a response to the call for “the unity of African people in one independent political community, embracing all ethnic and national groups and free from political, economic and racial domination” (Nweke, 1985:19).
Although Balewa had rightly opposed Nkrumah’s idea of a pan- African government on the ground that it was “premature” in the early sixties, he nevertheless acceded to the view that pan-Africans could provide a comfortable solution to Africa’s problems (Gareau, 1962:480). Accordingly, since independence Nigeria has never wavered in her resolve to place Africa rst in her foreign policy drive.
Four, Africa’s security could be viewed to be coterminous with Nigeria’s national security (Nweke 1985:20). This implies that a threat to the national security of Nigeria or that of any other African country would be a threat to the security of the entire continent as the destinies and solidarity of all African states are inextricably bound up. In view of this, Nkrumah (1961: xi) had argued that the essential fact remains that we are all Africans and have a common interest the independence of Africa. The call for an African High Command (AHC) by Nkrumah and other eminent African statesmen was inspired by the need to nd a means for a collective African defence against possible extra-African aggression on the continent. For Nigeria, this point is particularly important since the country lays claims to the leadership of the continent. This then explains why Nigeria has been in the forefront of the African countries that have been brave enough to openly condemn foreign intervention in African affairs. While addressing the Khartoum Summit of the OAU in July 1978, for example, the then Nigeria Military Head of State, General Obasanjo (rtd) (Legum n.d.), warnedinter alia.
In the context of foreign intervention in Africa, there are three parties involved. These are the Soviets and other socialist countries, the western powers and we the Africans…. To the Soviets and their friends. I should like to say that having been invited to Africa in order to assist in the struggle and consolidation of national independence, they should not overstay their welcome. Africa is not about to throw off one colonial yoke for another.
Nigeria’s anti-colonial crusade and opposition to extra-African interventions in Africa manifested itself in her active support for the armed confrontations by the liberation movements against the white supremacist regimes in Southern Africa. Nigeria supplied arms, money, and other forms of material assistance to the liberation ghters in Southern Africa. At the continental level, a joint declaration was issued in 1965 to the effect that any act of external subversion would be collectively and rmly opposed by any means by the African states (Brownlie, 1971:17). Thus, afro-centrism as a doctrine could be seen as an integral part of the pan-African philosophy. This philosophy is expected to permeate the foreign policy of every African state. Nigeria’s afro-centric posture can therefore be rightly said to conform the ideals of pan-Africanism. That Nigeria’s inclination to panAfricanism is outstanding in Africa is understandable in the sense that Nigeria is the natural leader of the continent. It was with this in mind that Sir Balewa said “Nigeria will have a wonderful opportunity to speak for the continent of Africa” (Ogwu 1986 :101).
Five, arising from the last point is another reason for Nigeria’s afro- centric posture. This is that Nigeria’s afro-centric posture is aimed at the total liberation of the African continent (Nweke 1985:21). In this regard, Nigeria hopes to help eliminate all traces of imperialism and neo-colonialism on the continent by holding onto Africa as the corner stone of her foreign policy.
Six, an obvious reason for Nigeria’s afro-centric posture is the county’s perception of her self as the destined leader of the continent. This perception nds practical expression in the county’s leading role in African affairs. This posture has been adopted by successive governments of the country since her independence in 1960, and it is informed by the country’s disproportionately large population size and wealth. As Wright (1981:165) observes, “the common perception in the country (Nigeria) is to see Nigeria as Africa’s natural leader given its predominant size and wealth”. Internationally, Nigeria is indeed acclaimed as the beacon of Africa. For this reason, Herring had said: “from the standpoint of the west, the most acceptable forecast would be: as Nigeria goes so goes Africa” (As quoted in Akinyemi 1987:155.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Afro-centrism is consistent with the country’s leadership role on the continent. This posture has given Nigeria worldwide visibility and recognition as the dominant power in Africa. However, there is a tendency on the part of successive governments of the country to waste a lot of the country’s resources on other African countries without any element of reciprocity. This is a disservice to the country particularly the poor masses who cannot afford three good meals a day
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CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN AFRICA, THE ROLE OF THE CIVIL SOCIETY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
There may have been previous researches in the challenges of conflict management in Africa. This work gives further explanation and analysis on conflict management in Africa, the role of civil society
1.5 Research hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between conflict management on socio-political, and socio-economic development in Africa
H1: There is a relationship between conflict management on socio-political, and socio-economic development in Africa
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EFFECT OF POOR EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS IN NON-STANDARD WORK; MULTIPLE JOB HOLDING
ABSTRACT
This work discusses effect of poor employment relations in non-standard work; multiple job holding
.A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among employees and managers from selected companies. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that poor employment relations have a strong and significant negative effect in non-standard work
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
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INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND ITS EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT(A CASE STUDY OF 7UP BOTTLING COMPANY AT APAPA IGANMU LCDA OF LAGOS STATE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The issue of industrial waste concerns every nation on the planet. As a result, many steps have been taken to seek permanent solutions to the problem. Better technology is being developed for disposal of waste and recycling as much polluted water in the industries as possible. Organic methods are being used to clean the water and soil, such as using microbes that naturally uses heavy metals and waste as feed. Policies are being pushed into place to prevent further misuse of land. However, industrial pollution is still rampant and will take many years to be brought under control.
Nigeria at the moment has established industries like petroleum refinery, soap and detergent, food and beverage, brewery, textiles and apparels, building materials, timber products, wood and leather works, metal works, chemicals and plastics, industries (Vagele and Odukoya, 1974; Ademoroti, 1984). All these industries produce various effluents that are discharged into the environment. Most large cities in Nigeria e.g. Lagos, Port Harcourt, Ibadan, Kano, etc., are feeling the pinch of pollution from industrial effluents (Royal Commission Reports, 1974). It is needless to talk of tons of effluents disposed indiscriminately into the lagoon, rivers, streams and lands. It has been realized that discharges of untreated or partialy treated wastes containing algal nutrients, non-biodegradable organics, heavy metals and other toxicants hasten the deterioration of receiving water bodies. There has been growing awareness of the need
for effective treatment of various effluents before discharging into any public water body (Olaniyi et al., 2012).
Man exerts many effects which directly or indirectly affects his environment. The development of industries and extensive urbanization means increased water consumption and pollution resulting from problems of waste disposal. Unfortunately, in most developing countries like Nigeria, effluent quality standards imposed by legislation (where they exist) are sometimes easily flouted (Okereke, 2007).
Industrial effluents are liquid wastes which are produced in the course of industrial activities. Over the years, the improper disposal of industrial wastewater effluents has been a major problem and a source of concern to both government and industrialists. In most cases, the disposal or discharge of effluents, even when these are technologically and economically achievable for particular standards, do not always comply with pretreatment requirements and with applicable toxic-pollutant-effluent limitations or prohibitions. The consequence of these anomalies is a high degree of environmental pollution, leading to serious health hazards.
The effluents generated from domestic and industrial activities constitute the major sources of the natural water pollution. This is a great burden in terms of wastewater management and can consequently lead to a point-source pollution problem, which not only increases treatment cost considerably, but also introduces a wide range of chemical pollutants and microbial contaminants to water sources (EPA, 1993, 1996; Eikelboom & Draaijer, 1999; Amir et al., 2004). Industrial activities and urbanization in developing countries including Nigeria has gradually led to the deterioration of the environment in recent years. This situation has invariably increased the problem of waste disposal. Untreated wastes from processing factories located in cities are discharged into inland water bodies resulting to stench, discoloration and a greasy oily nature of such water bodies (Akaninwor et al., 2007).
1.2 Statement of the problem
Increase in industrial activities without proper waste management and disposal industrial effleunts have led to an increasing level of environmental pollution. This work, viz a viz 7up bottling company, gives a search-light into industrial waste and its effect on the environment.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the relationship between industrial waste and the management of the environment
2. To understand the impact of industrial waste on the environment
1.4 Research questions
1. What is the relationship between industrial waste and the management of the environment?
2. What is the impact of industrial waste on the environment?
1.5 Research hypothesis
H0: Industrial waste management does not have a significant positive impact on the environment
H1: Industrial waste management have a significant positive impact on the environment
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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND WORKERS’ PRODUCTIVITY
(A SURVEY OF SELECTED FIRMS IN ABIA STATE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In any organization, the human asset is the most valuable asset of the organization. This is because it is the human element that works on other factors of production in order to achieve organizational goal. It therefore follows that, for the employees to perform their task fearlessly and with confidence, their safety at the workplace must be guaranteed. Any company that fails to give adequate attention to industrial safety is indirectly encouraging low productivity.
Industrial safety is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work or employment (Kohn, Mark and Celeste, 2006:P24).
The aim of all safety programme is to foster a safe work environment. As a secondary effect, it may also protect co-workers and family members who are in the organizational environment. It may involve interactions among many subject areas, including occupational medicine, industrial hygiene, public health, safety engineering, chemistry, health physics, and economics toxicology, and epidemiology and environment health. (National Safety Council, 2009).
Workplace safety programmes can take many forms and cover many potential areas of concern which include; provision of personal safety equipment, installation of equipment controls, creation and dissemination of operational manuals, policies of hazardous materials handling, adoption of drug and acohol testing policies, introduction of employee counseling services and implementation of safety training programmes. These are used by companies to minimize their work force exposure to work place injuries.
Some companies believe that workers safety is not necessary. For instance, small firms’ owners erroneously believe that the modest size of their enterprise makes them immune from following government agencies/world bodies’ safety regulation.
In reality, even though there may be different standards for some regulations, all firms do have to pay attention to safety. Indeed, industrial safety is important considering the numerous benefits it provides. Attention to safety issues cannot only help business firms avoid legal penalties, but also improve employee morale, productivity and retention (Pasher, 2004).
Moreover, effective workplace safety programmes often have a tremendous impact on a company’s bottom line financial performance. In addition to the hidden benefits in retention and productivity that go hand in-hand with such programmes, business firm armed with solid industrial safety policies and records realize enormous benefits in the realm of insurance.
Every business firm irrespective of its size is expected to have safety department. It is the duty of the safety department to design programmes that will ensure works safety. When workplace safety is guaranteed, workers’ productivity increases in such organization. This is because the workers’ performs their task fearlessly and with confidence. This also helps to develop team spirit and the sense of belongingness among employee. (Nwachukwu, 2000), observes that worker productivity is much higher in companies that pay adequate attention to workplace safety than others were safety is lacking. This study therefore examines industrial safety and workers’ productivity using selected firms in Abia State as a survey research.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The issue of industrial safety evolved concurrently with industrial development. The process was legalized and highly regulated by the federal and state agencies. The stiff regulatory burden in part, reflects the complex and serous nature of safety issue. The labyrinth of safety laws and regulation has also risen to ensure that all firm strictly practice safety at the work place.
However, ever since the issue of industrial safety was legalized, many firm in Abia State still shy away from practicing it. The attitude displayed towards safety programme is very poor that it now becomes an optional thing. Many firms in Abia State do not have a safety department that would have implemented safety programmes. Employees have time without number, lamented the lukewarm attitude displayed by their company towards workplace safety. As a result, many employees in hazardous industries such as chemicals and fertilizers performed their task fearfully and with no confidence.
Succinctly, many firms in Abia State do not know that safety cannot only help them to avoid legal penalties but also increase their workers’ productivity. Some firm believe that avoiding safety programmes is smart idea of dodging expense not knowing that workers’ productivity is affected. Modern organization is the developed nations like U.S have come to realized that safety measure is a hug investment one that may save money in the long run by reducing disability pay and improving productivity. Firms in Nigeria are still yet to realize the contribution of safety programme to workers’ productivity. It therefore becomes imperative to examine industrial safety and workers’ productivity using selected firms in Abia State as a survey study.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this study is to examine industrial safety and workers’ productivity using selected firms in Abia State as a survey study. The specific objectives of the study are as follows;
1. To find out if there is any relationship between industrial and workers’ productivity.
2. To know if there is any relationship between industrial safety and workers morale.
3. To determine the relationship that exists between industrial and workers retention.
4. To ascertain the extent to which industrial safety programmes enhances workers efficiency.
5. To determine how effective the safety is programmes of firms in Abia state in term of enhancing workers’ productivity
6. To suggest possible ways in which firms can improve their safety programmes in order to increase their workers’ productivity.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very significant it would help firms in Abia State understand the contribution of workplace safety to workers’ productivity. The study would also help management of firms in Abia State and Nigeria as a whole to discover the importance of establishing a safety department to implement the safety polices and programmes of the company. The result of this study would also help top executives and managers to identify the legal implications of non-implementation of safety programmes at the workers. As well, the recommendations of this study would help safety manager to discover measures to improve their safety programmes so as to avoid disability pay, low productivity and avoid lawsuits. Finally the study would add to the existing stock of knowledge which future researchers on this topic or similar ones would find useful for their study.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions are raised to address the objectives of this study;
1. How effective are the safety programmes of firms in Abia State in terms of increasing workers’ productivity?
2. To what extent does industrial safety enhance workers efficiency?
3. To what extent does industrial safety enhances workers morale?
4. To what extent does industrial safety programmes enhance employee job commitment?
5. How effective are the safety programmes of firms in Abia state in term of increasing employee job satisfaction?
6. Is there any relationship between workers safety and workers retention?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses are postulated in this study;
H01: There is no positive and significant relationship between industrial safety and workers’ productivity.
H02: There is no positive and significant relationship between industrial safety and workers retention.
H03: there is no significant relationship between industrial safety and workers morale.
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The theoretical scope of this study centers on industrial safety and workers Abia State. The study scope was limited to selected manufacturing firms in Abia State. The respondents are made up of managers and employees of the selected manufacturing firms in Abia State.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the process of carrying out this stud, certain bottlenecks were encountered. Among the bottleneck which constituted limitations of this study were;
1. Time Constraint: Because this study was carried out simultaneously with class lecturers, there were limited times to do a more extensive research in terms of covering wider areas.
2. Financial Constraint: This study was expected to cover all the firms in Nigeria but the researcher was short of adequate financing which would have enhance such coverage.
3. Scope of Study: This study was conducted among some manufacturing firms in Abia State, hence one might doubt if the findings form this area and category of organization studied can actually serve generalization purpose to all the firms in Nigeria.
4. Non-Challant Attitude of Respondents: In the course of carrying out this study, some of the respondents failed to cooperate with researcher on information dissemination.
However, the researcher was still able to collect reasonable amount of information despite this odds.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
To avoid misconception, the following terms are defined as used in this study (Operational definition);
1. Industrial Safety: A cross disciplinary area concerned with protecting the safety, health and welfare of people engaged in work for employment.
2. Hazardous: This is something that can cause harm if not controlled.
3. Hazard Analysis: The process in which individual hazard of the workplace are identified, assessed and controlled/eliminated as close to source (location of the hazard) as reasonable and possible.
4. Industrial Analysis: This is the detail study of an unexpected occurrence in an industrial establishment, in order to understand more about them.
5. Workplace Safety Programme: These are programme developed by companies to prevent illness and improve the welfare of workers in the workplace. It include measures such as provision of personal safety equipment, installation of equipment control, creation and dissemination of operational manuals, polices of hazardous materials handling adoption of drug and alcohol testing polices, etc.
6. Safety Manager: This is the manager that is responsible for developing, implementing and managing the safety programmes of the company.
7. Safety Department: This is the department that is charged with the obligation of implementation safety policies and programmes.
8. Productivity: Productivity is often seen as total output/total input. It is the measure of how well resources brought together in organizations and utilized for accomplishing a set of results.
9. Workers’ Productivity: The productivity of a worker is seen as the relationship between units of labour input and unit of output.
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THE RIGHT TO SELF DETERMINATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL BILLS OF RIGHT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BIAFRIAN AND CATALONIAN AGITATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The Republic of Biafra was a secessionist State1in the then South Eastern Nigeria that existed from 30
May 1967 to 15 January 1970 taking its name from the Bight of Benin (the Atlantic bay to its south). The inhabitants were mostly the Igbo people who led the secession due to economic, ethnic, cultural
and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. The creation of the new State that was
pushing for recognition was among the causes of the Nigerian civil war also known as the Nigeria- Biafra War2.Precisely, the Movement for the Actualisation of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) advocates a separate country for the Igbo people of south-eastern Nigeria.3 They accuse the Nigerian State of marginalising the Igbo people. MASSOB says it is a peaceful group and advertises a 25-stage plan to achieve its goal peacefully. Another group, Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), has reinvigorated the quest for Biafran realisation since 2012. Nnamdi Kanu4 recently set up a registered radio station, Radio Biafra, which has been broadcasting at various frequencies around the world. The Nigerian Government, through her broadcasting regulator, the Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria and Nigerian Communications Commission, has sought to clamp down on the UK based Radio Station without success. This paper investigates the propriety or otherwise, and the viability or otherwise of the Biafra struggle within the framework of International laws.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The issue of self-determination is a global topic. Many articles, and papers have been written and published. However, the issue lingers. All over the world, people have been in various regions frowned continuously at their strategic exclusion from the larger scheme of things in the countries where they exist. This leads to strive for self- determination.
This work gives further explanation, information, and analysis of the challenges of self-determination, with a comprehensive explanation and review into self-determination efforts in the struggle for Biafra and the Catalonian region in spain.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the issues of self -determination and their challenges thereof
2. To understand the relationship between self-determination of regions in the world and global international relations and development
3. To identify and understand the challenges of self-determination among nations of the world
1.4 Research questions
1. What are the issues of self determination and their challenges thereof?
2. What is the relationship between self-determination of regions in the world and global international relations and development?
3. What are the challenges of self-determination among nations of the world?
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TERRORISM AND NIGERIAN FOREIGN POLICY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background of the study
Terrorism is defined as calculated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) also defines terrorism as “the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.”
The problem of terrorism and global security has become substantial points of contention in putting in place foreign policy of nations across the globe. Recent researches have revealed that such challenges as, social, economic, political and technological factors that spin around the hub ofglobal security matters have been seriously undermined by dangerous acts of terrorism. Thisis because terrorism in which ever from poses an alarming kind of violence and threat in thecontemporary world, which constitutes great hindrance to free flow relationship that existamongst nations. In Nigeria for instance the cause of terrorism ranges from religiousextremism, perceived oppression and nationalist separatist or ethnic considerations that nodoubt have greatly impacted on the Nigerian foreign policy. The secure position of a state with oil Niger Delta, theimpact of terrorism and global security on Nigerian foreign policy measures to combatterrorism and enhance global security.
The rise of terrorism in Nigeria owing to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Northern Nigeria has greatly washed out the country’s foreign policy drive. The activitiesBoko Haram in Nigeria have led to negative reactions from groups and nations that have been affected by its activities in the country thereby leading to deterioration of foreign relations of these countries with Nigeria.
Terrorist acts in Nigeria by Boko Haram and other groups have generated so much interest from the international community raising questions as to the potency of government’s strategy to deal with the menace. This is because the audacity of the group has continued unabated amidst government claims of winning the war, every day casualty’s increase at alarming rates after each attack making the general public to lose confidence in the system.
1.2. Statement of the problem
Nigeria has been caught in the web as terrorist acts are now a regular attribute which has affected its image abroad. This has led to capital flight as many nations have withdrawn their presence in the country making government to lose revenue at an alarming rate. Incidences of abduction and bombings in Nigeria have made the country lose its 6th position as a leading oil exporting country to Angola in 2011. (Ojukwu, 2011).
Enshrined in the foreign policy objective of Nigeria is Economic Diplomacy which is one of the pivots of the Transformation Agenda under the Jonathan Administration (Okoro, 2013). Economic diplomacy is aimed at wooing investors from other countries to invest in Nigeria. The recent security problem in the country has frustrated this goal because instability and violence has led to balance of trade deficits especially in Northern Nigeria
One of the glaring effects of terrorism on foreign policy is that most countries do not look at Nigeria as a serious minded nation to establish an economic agreement with. Hence most acts of terrorism have often times been politicized and facts distorted by government officials for personal gains.
Apart from the economic effects of terrorism, the psyche of Nigerians has also been affected in their everyday life as visiting public places have become dreadful. The productivity ratio of the citizenry has also been reduced which has limited the country’s growth and development, many Nigerians are now suffering from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders as a result of terrorist acts that have affected them psychologically.
Abduction and kidnapping which is one of the tactics of terrorist groups in Nigeria has made foreign country’s to issue travel advice to their citizens against traveling to Nigeria. The tourism industry is the worse hit as it has lost some of its foreign exchange earnings due to a high drop in the patronage of its activities. International organizations such as DFID, USAID, and UNICEF etc have withdrawn support from troubled spots in the country thereby making it difficult for the locals to access essential health and educational programmes which they benefited from in no small measure.
1.3. Objectives of the study
The major aim of this research is to examine the impact of terrorism on Nigerian foreign policy.
To examine the rise of terrorism in Nigeria and also look at the Foreign Relations Policy of government amidst the security challenges posed by the obnoxious trend and also the measures taken by government to pre-empt its expansion and continue threats to live and property with recommendations drawn forthwith.
1.4. Research questions
1. What is the impact of terrorism on Nigerian foreign policy?
1.5 Significance of the study
The paper will assist the government in tackling and reducing, if not stopping terrorism in Nigeria.
1.6 Scope/Limitations of the study
The scope of this study centers on terrorism and Nigerian foreign policy.
Limitations of study
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.7 Definition of terms
Global security:is the efforts taken by the community of nations to protect against threats which are transnational in nature.
Security:this is an investmentvehicle offered by an insurance company, that guarantees a stream of fixed payments over the life of the annuity.
Terrorism:as calculated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience.
Foreign policy:is the manner and objectives that are important for establishing and maintaining relationships with other countries and people of other lands.
Policy:A plan or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters
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NIGERIA AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS IN AFRICA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
One of the most important developments in the field of International Relations since World War II has been the proliferation of regional organizations. A region is broadly defined as a group of countries linked together by historical, geographical, cultural economic and other ties. It could also be thought in terms of eco geographical region defined as “a unit made of living and non-living components that interact to form a life-support system”. Regional organizations, systems or doctrines are indications of the existing reality global interdependence. An indispensable common feature of any regional organization is the exercise of sovereignty in setting up of a co-operative association. In West Africa, regional association has come to be expressed in the formation of ECOWAS in May, 1975. The success of ECOWAS has always hinged on the degree of the determination and commitment of the stronger members. Nigeria is manifestly the strongest member (Adepoju, 2005). However, this study seeks to find out the Nigeria’s role in the formation of a ECOWAS (a regional organization formed in West Africa).
It is a fact of history that Nigeria played a prominent role in the formation of the Economic community of West African States (ECOWAS). Balewa government had talked of formation of an Economic community of West Africa in 1964. Nigeria actively involved itself in the series of conferences sponsored by the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) between 1966 and 1968 for economic cooperation in Africa. Nigeria and Guinea were chosen by the Monrovia summit of 1968 for economic co-operation in Africa. Nigeria and Guinea were chosen by the Monrovia summit of 1968 to study on priority areas for cooperation between the members. There report which was submitted in 1969, was not considered partly because of the weak leadership of Pan West Africa of that time. Soon after the civil war, Nigeria rekindled the enthusiasm for a West African Economic Community. First, Gowon administration rent letters to the other West African governments seeking for their co-operation to form the Economic Community and to start with a consideration of Nigeria-Guinea Report of 1969. With little result even with Gowon’s personal diplomatic follow-up, Nigeria and Togo settled for a modest and realistic approach in a treaty in 1972 establishing what president Eyadema called “Embryo of West African Economic Community”. Second, Nigerian government began chocking out areas of cooperative development while not abandoning an earlier interest in the abolition of tariff barriers between states. Third a ministerial level .meeting was to convene in Lome in November 1973 to discuss these areas of co-operation but it was aborted following president Pompidou of France’s meeting with Francophone West African leaders. Nigeria’s fourth strategy was increased bilateral- trade pacts with many West African States. To these, a fifth may be added. Nigeria employed unofficial tactics in the formation of an Economic Community when Gowon government, encouraged the Nigerian Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The federation’s meeting in Accra in October, 1972 passed a resolution on the creation of Economic Community (Agu, 2003).
Although the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was not officially established until 1975, there were several events which preceded the signing and led to what is now known as ECOWAS. Former Liberian President William Tubman is credited with developing the idea of creating a West African economic community. His idea spurred the signing of an agreement between Cote d’Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone in February 1965; however, the agreement was more of a formality than an actual call to action.
General Gowon of Nigeria and General Eyadema of Togo reintroduced the idea in April 1972. These generals drafted proposals for a new community and then spent July and August of 1973 traveling to 12 countries in West Africa to assess interest and to elicit support. The treaty draft was further examined at a meeting of potential member states in Lomé, Togo, during December 1973; at a meeting of experts and jurists in Accra, Ghana, during January 1974; and at a meeting of ministers in Monrovia, Liberia, during January 1975.
However, on May 28, 1975, 15 West African countries met in Lagos, Nigeria, to sign the ECOWAS Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Lagos. These fifteen countries were Benin, Burkina Faso (then known as Upper Volta), Cote d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. The ECOWAS Treaty, which created the Economic Community of West African States, was intended to promote cooperation and integration within West Africa and to eventually establish an economic and monetary union. Two years later, in 1977, Cape Verde became the sixteenth member of ECOWAS. However, this research on the Nigeria’s role on the formation of ECOWAS will critically examine the part played by Nigerian government in founding the organization, the successes and the challenges of the organization.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
To achieve the goal of improving economic and political cooperation among the west Africa countries, a treaty was signed in 1975 by 16 West African Country for the formation of a regional organization (ECOWAS). However, this study is critically beaming a search light to the role of Nigeria in the establishment of the organization.
For the purpose of this study, it is important to recalled that on July 24, 1993, the 16 members of ECOWAS met and signed a revised treaty. In accordance with the text of the revised treaty, all community conventions, protocols, decisions, and resolutions made in the 1975 treaty were to remain valid and enforced, except for those that were inconsistent with the revised treaty. The revisions that were presented in the 1993 version of the treaty were made with the two basic goals of accelerating the integration of economic policy and improving political cooperation. However, to accelerate economic integration, the revised treaty outlined the necessary steps for the establishment of a common market and a shared currency. Some of the steps of this outline, as stated in the revised treaty, call for the study and research of monetary and financial development, the promotion of activities ensuring convertibility of currencies, and the establishment of a common currency zone. Considering all the above and the role of Nigeria in the formation of ECOWAS, it is important to examine the successes and challenges created as a result of the formation of ECOWAS.
1.3 IMPORTANCE OF STUDY
This study on the Nigeria’s role in the formation of regional organization, a case study of ECOWAS is of great importance as it will educate the general public as to the contributions of Nigeria to the establishment of ECOWAS and there has been many arguments by researchers as to the contribution of Nigeria towards the integration of the west African states that make up ECOWAS. Furthermore, this study will also identify the successes and the challenges of the organization.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
The aims and objectives of this study include:
To examine the need by West Africa countries for a regional organization and the formative years of ECOWAS.
To examine the role of Nigeria in the formation of ECOWAS.
To examine the successes in the realization of the ECOWAS main objectives.
To examine Nigeria’s interest in ECOWAS.
To find out the main challenges of ECOWAS
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Why is there need by West Africa countries to form a regional organization (ECOWAS)?
What is the role of Nigeria in the formation of ECOWAS?
What are the successes in the realization of the ECOWAS main objectives?
What is Nigeria’s interest in ECOWAS?
What are the main challenges of ECOWAS?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
ECOWAS is the brain child of Nigeria and Togo. Nigeria has remained the driving force of the regional organization aimed as regional self-reliance, self-preservation and all round security. This research is significant as it will reveal the level of commitment of Nigeria to the development of the west Africa sub-region, Africa and the world as a whole by identifying the contribution of Nigeria to ECOWAS formation.
The relevance of this study is to ascertain the role of Nigeria in the formation of the regional organization (ECOWAS) which will provide first hand information for further research in the area of the Nigeria’s role in the formation of ECOWAS.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study on the Nigeria’s role in the formation of a regional organization: a case study of ECOWAS will cover the historic background and the formative years of ECOWAS and contribution of Nigeria to formation and sustainability of the organization. The successes and the challenges of the organization will also be enumerated.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Organization- an organized group of people with a particular purpose, such as a business or government department.
Formation- the action of creating or process of being formed
Economy- the state of a country or region in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services and the supply of money
Security- the state of being free from danger or threat.
Integration- the act of combining two or more things together to produce a unique and better one
Treaty- a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states.
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INDUSTRIAL RELATION AS A VERITABLE INSTRUMENT FOR THE SETTLEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL DISPUTE IN AN ORGANISATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.
The industrial relation is a discipline that deals with the relationship between employers and employers as they interact with each other.
Looking backward historically, one can say that the coming of the whitemen to the third world countries like Nigeria ushered in so many changes in the way of life of our people including the replacement if our communal world relations by paid employment system. The able bodied men and woman in the society were employed.
For construction of rail way line, motor highways, se5rvants to the white masters are over laboured and as well needed for other jobs that needs strength these men were then remunerated in money but the introduction of ax, made almost compulsory for the adult, makes engage themselves in one form of paid employment or the other.
With the growth of paid employment, there come the need for some kind of job regulation between employers on the other hand acting as a group or unions.
In industrial relations, the government or its agent takes the position of an empires or moderators during the employers and employees controversial negotiations.
Hence it is usually said that industrial relations involves three parties such as the employers, employees and the government or its agency as the empire. This is called tripartite negotiations or dialogue, all these are geared towards maintaining good industrial harmony between the workers and the management or employers.
At first, the workers union often resort to strike action of making their feelings known to the management to obtain their demand to substitute the collective bargaining for the feeble effort or complete surrender of individual works dealing with employers to compli8cate what has been considered as a matter of “free” individual relations between employers and employees. It is in this regard that the term industrial relations evolved as a study of an economic class conflict between the haves or the bourgeoisies and the have not or the proletarians vice versa.
Moreover, the ultimate nature of the conflict was perhaps seriously misunderstood as indicate in the fieriness with which it was and still indeed frequently waged. This can be seen when it involve the burning of factory machines distraction of manufacturing properties, dismissed imprisonment and even shooting of workers as experienced by the coal miners in Iva valley in 1949 at Enugu which gave rise to the formation of Nigeria labour congress (NLC).
All these features in the custody of industrial used countries. Inspite of the opportunities to have been benefited from lesion of history, these manifestation of industrial conflict have also been apparent in the developing countries especially in the third world countries likeNigeria.
However, the industrial conflict has no final victor or permanent vanquish as each of the parties are mutually supportive. As Ivor Kenny put it, there is fundamental conflict of power between those in authority and those over whom authority is exercised.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
Through industrial in both public and private industries are believe to be inherent and normal, for the employer seeks to obtain labour at the most economic rate (as he does with all other resources) and the employer seeks to sell his labour for the best possible return as all supplies do.
Inspite of the fact that Nigeria has been witnessing a myriad of industrial unrest, ranging from minor unrest within private industries and state government establishment and parastalals to the nation wide strikes in Nigeria
The cause of these4 strikes have been generally suspected to be as a result of poor management of these establishments, poor states of the nations economy, non-payment of workers salaries and bonuses, incessant lay-off and in some situation complete liquidation of some companies or an organization.
Moreover, in every work situation, differences of opinion will arise over working methods, conditions and rates of pay, if relationships are poor, these differences will develop into confrontation which may in turn result to open disputes involving either strike action and stoppages or the failure of workers and management to co-operate fully.
Apart from losses in output which such dispute can cause, the long term effects can be poor industrial relations is likely to face industrial disputer.
Most of these public organizations are concerned with the provision of vital goods and services, sometimes undermonpolistic conditions.
Moreover, looking critically into the associated problems of industrial relation as a discipline, it can be categories into the following:
a. How to organize productions and shares the returns of other joint endeavors as regards to employees and employers.
b. The employers are primarily concern on maximizing the returns from their investment while the employees are only interested on how to maximized his own returns in the form of wages and other benefits.
c. What benefits institute by the organization and who shall partial there of.
d. What to produce and how to produce them by the organization.
e. Decision on how to employ and dismiss by the organization as regards to employer who shall make such decision and how such decision can be made
f. The appropriate time available for the employment contract negotiation as regards to the employees and employers
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.
The intention to which the researcher had in mind before carrying out the research is to examine the following:
a. To examine the role of industrial relation in the running of business organization efficiently and effectively
b. To examine the role of industrial relation between employers in delegation of duty
c. To ascertain how employers and employees joint consultation and collective of organizational policies.
d. To ascertain how industrial relation ensures harmony in an organization.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY.
The research work is being limited to the industrial dispute as applied in Nigeria Breweries 9th mile corner, with a view to improve harmony in the organization and also the organizations performance.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To enable the researcher solve the problem in his research work the following research questions were formulated.
What role has the industrial relation played in the running of business
organization efficiently and effectively?
What role does industrial relation played between employers in
delegation of duty?
iii. Does employers and employees joint consultation and collective
bargaining in organization permits evaluation of organizational policies?
iv. Does industrial relation ensure harmony in an organization?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
It is in consideration of the problems stated above and the objective of the studied environment that the researcher propounded the following hypothesis:
1. Ho industrial relation is not important the running of business organization efficiently and effectively . Hi industrial relation is a vital tool in the running of business organization efficiently and effectively
2. Ho industrial relation between the employers does not maker proper delegation of a duty easy.
Hi industrial relation between employers make proper delegation of a duty easy.
3. Ho employees and employers joint consultation and collective bargaining in an organization does not permit evaluation of organizational policies Hi employees and employers joint consultation and collective bargaining in an organization permit evaluation of organizational policies.
4. Ho effective industrial relation in an organization does not ensures industrial harmony. Hi effective industrial relation in an organization ensures industrial harmony.
1.7 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY.
This study is significant in many aspects. For one thing, it is directed towards the solution of empirical problems namely: industrial relations and organizational efficiency in the Nigeria Breweries Plc . here, the study proffers questions on the possible solution of found industrial disharmony and efficiency at the Nigeria Breweries Plc.
For another, the study is significant since it is raised to satisfy a academic requirement pertaining to the procurement of higher national diploma (HND) in business administration. It is thus a contribution of knowledge.
Furthermore, our research is timely in he face of strikes and labour grievances in the contemporary Nigeria industrial beneficial to employers, employees, government and protagonists of industrial harmony and efficiency as well as to students of this aspect of management sciences.
1.8 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
An obvious limitation of this study is time which has also affected its scope. Again, the limitation of this study has been designed to the standards of the academics as far as writing project is concerned.
I would also like to write more on this but due to some financial problems beyond my control, it has to stop at this limit. At times when you come out with your questions, some might decide not to answer your questions due to some personal reasons. On the whole, the study is limited by the vargances of the Nigerian education, economic and social events.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms in this study should be taken to mean the following:
INDUSTRIAL RELATION.
This is the social relationship that exists between the employee and their unions, employers and their association and the government and their agencies in their effort to regulate the terms and conditions of work.
DISPUTE
This is the interacting factor between the employers and the employees over the terms and conditions of work.
CONFLICT
Conflict here means the incompatibility of interest between the employee and the employer or between the employers and employees connected wit employment or non-employment. It is taken to mean the same thing as dispute.
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