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CONTRIBUTION OF THE UNITED NATIONS TO CONFLICT RESOLUTION EFFORTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Abstract
The United Nations (UN) has played a significant role in promoting conflict resolution and peacebuilding in the Middle East, a region characterized by prolonged political instability, armed conflicts, and humanitarian crises. This study examines the contributions of the United Nations to conflict resolution efforts in the Middle East, with emphasis on its mediation, peacekeeping, preventive diplomacy, and humanitarian intervention strategies. Drawing on qualitative analysis of selected conflicts, including the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Syrian crisis, and the Yemeni conflict, the study explores the effectiveness of UN mechanisms such as special envoys, Security Council resolutions, peacekeeping missions, and collaborative frameworks with regional organizations. The paper also assesses the challenges confronting the UN, including geopolitical rivalries among major powers, limited enforcement capacity, sovereignty concerns, and the complexity of non-state armed actors. Findings suggest that while the UN has achieved notable successes in facilitating dialogue, ceasefire agreements, and humanitarian access, its overall impact is often constrained by political divisions and operational limitations. The study concludes that strengthening multilateral cooperation, enhancing the neutrality and capacity of UN mediators, and improving coordination with regional stakeholders are essential for improving the UN’s effectiveness in conflict resolution in the Middle East.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Conflict resolution has remained a central concern of the international community, particularly in regions experiencing prolonged political instability and violence. The Middle East is one of the most conflict-prone regions in the world, characterized by persistent disputes arising from historical grievances, territorial claims, ideological differences, religious divisions, and external interventions (Galtung, 2016). These conflicts have resulted in widespread humanitarian crises, displacement of populations, economic decline, and threats to global peace and security.
The United Nations (UN) was established in 1945 with the primary mandate of maintaining international peace and security through peaceful means, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and peacekeeping (United Nations Charter, 1945). Over the decades, the UN has played a significant role in conflict resolution efforts across various regions of the world, particularly in the Middle East. The organization operates through several mechanisms, including the Security Council, General Assembly, Secretary-General’s good offices, peacekeeping missions, and specialized agencies (Bellamy & Williams, 2010).
In the Middle East, the United Nations has been actively involved in addressing conflicts such as the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Israeli–Palestinian dispute, the Syrian civil war, the Yemen conflict, and political crises in Lebanon and Iraq. Through diplomatic negotiations, peace agreements, ceasefire monitoring, and humanitarian interventions, the UN has contributed to managing conflicts and promoting dialogue among warring parties (Bercovitch, 2011). Agencies such as the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and various UN special envoys have played key roles in supporting peace processes and alleviating human suffering (UNDP, 2021).
Despite these efforts, conflicts in the Middle East have persisted, raising questions about the effectiveness and limitations of United Nations conflict resolution initiatives. Geopolitical rivalries, veto powers within the Security Council, involvement of non-state actors, and lack of cooperation among conflicting parties have complicated UN interventions (Zartman, 2015). Nonetheless, the United Nations remains a central actor in conflict resolution due to its global legitimacy, neutrality, and institutional capacity. This study therefore examines the contribution of the United Nations to conflict resolution efforts in the Middle East, with a view to assessing its strategies, achievements, and challenges.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite decades of United Nations involvement in conflict resolution, the Middle East continues to experience recurring violence and political instability. Prolonged conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Israel-Palestine, and other parts of the region suggest that international efforts, including those led by the UN, have not produced sustainable peace (Galtung, 2016).
One of the major problems facing UN conflict resolution efforts is the lack of consensus among permanent members of the Security Council, whose competing strategic interests often lead to vetoes and policy paralysis (Bellamy & Williams, 2010). Additionally, the increasing role of non-state armed groups, sectarian tensions, and external military interventions has reduced the effectiveness of traditional conflict resolution mechanisms (Bercovitch & Jackson, 2009).
While several studies have examined conflicts in the Middle East, limited attention has been given to a systematic assessment of the specific contributions of the United Nations to conflict resolution in the region. This creates a gap in knowledge regarding the extent to which UN initiatives have contributed to conflict containment, peacebuilding, and post-conflict recovery. Addressing this gap forms the basis of this study.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
General Objective:
To examine the contribution of the United Nations to conflict resolution efforts in the Middle East.
Specific Objectives:
To identify the major causes and nature of conflicts in the Middle East.
To examine the conflict resolution strategies adopted by the United Nations in the region.
To assess the contributions of United Nations interventions to peace and stability in the Middle East.
To identify challenges confronting the United Nations in resolving conflicts in the region.
To suggest measures for improving the effectiveness of UN conflict resolution efforts in the Middle East.
1.4 Research Questions
What are the major causes of conflicts in the Middle East?
What conflict resolution strategies has the United Nations employed in the region?
In what ways has the United Nations contributed to conflict resolution in the Middle East?
What challenges limit the effectiveness of UN conflict resolution efforts in the region?
How can the United Nations enhance its contribution to conflict resolution in the Middle East?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study is significant in both academic and practical terms. Academically, it contributes to the body of knowledge on international conflict resolution and the role of international organizations in maintaining global peace. It provides a deeper understanding of the strategies and limitations of the United Nations in addressing complex regional conflicts.
Practically, the findings of the study may be useful to policymakers, diplomats, international organizations, and peace practitioners by offering insights into improving UN conflict resolution mechanisms. The study may also serve as a reference for students and researchers in international relations, peace and conflict studies, and political science.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on the contribution of the United Nations to conflict resolution efforts in the Middle East, with emphasis on selected conflicts such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Syrian civil war, and the Yemen conflict. The study examines UN strategies, interventions, and challenges from the post-Cold War period to recent times.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Conflict Resolution: The process of addressing the underlying causes of conflict through peaceful means such as negotiation, mediation, and peacebuilding.
United Nations: An international organization established in 1945 to promote international peace, security, and cooperation among states.
Middle East: A geopolitical region comprising countries in Western Asia and parts of North Africa with shared historical, political, and cultural ties.
Peacebuilding: Activities aimed at preventing the recurrence of conflict by addressing root causes and promoting sustainable development.
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PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN WEST AFRICA
Abstract
Regional integration has long been recognized as a critical pathway toward economic growth, political stability, and social development in West Africa. This study examines the prospects and challenges of regional integration within the framework of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and other subregional initiatives between member states. The research explores the extent to which integration efforts have facilitated trade liberalization, political cooperation, infrastructural development, and collective security across the subregion. It also highlights the persistent challenges—such as weak institutional capacity, political instability, inadequate infrastructure, overlapping memberships, and non-tariff barriers—that have hindered the realization of a fully integrated West African market.
Employing both qualitative and quantitative research methods, the study draws upon secondary data from ECOWAS reports, World Bank publications, and academic literature to assess the successes and limitations of regional integration efforts. The findings reveal that while progress has been made in areas such as peacekeeping operations, regional transportation, and monetary cooperation, significant barriers remain in achieving economic convergence and policy harmonization.
The study concludes that regional integration in West Africa holds immense potential for enhancing trade competitiveness, promoting regional peace, and fostering sustainable development—provided that member states strengthen political commitment, improve governance, and invest in regional infrastructure. Recommendations include enhancing the role of ECOWAS institutions, deepening intra-regional trade, and addressing security challenges that undermine integration objectives.
Keywords: Regional Integration, ECOWAS, Economic Development, West Africa, Trade Liberalization, Policy Harmonization, Challenges.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses (if applicable)
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
1.8 Limitations of the Study
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature
2.1 Conceptual Clarifications
2.1.1 Concept of Regional Integration
2.1.2 Theoretical Framework of Regional Integration
2.1.3 Historical Background of Regional Integration in West Africa
2.2 Regional Integration Institutions in West Africa
2.2.1 The Role of ECOWAS
2.2.2 The West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ)
2.2.3 The Mano River Union and Other Subregional Bodies
2.3 Prospects of Regional Integration in West Africa
2.3.1 Economic Prospects
2.3.2 Political and Security Prospects
2.3.3 Socio-Cultural Prospects
2.4 Challenges of Regional Integration in West Africa
2.4.1 Political Instability and Governance Issues
2.4.2 Trade Barriers and Infrastructural Deficits
2.4.3 Overlapping Membership and Institutional Weaknesses
2.5 Empirical Review
2.6 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of the Study
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Method of Data Collection
3.6 Research Instruments
3.7 Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
3.9 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion
4.1 Data Presentation
4.2 Analysis of Research Questions
4.3 Testing of Hypotheses (if applicable)
4.4 Discussion of Findings
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestions for Further Research
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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL AND THE CHALLENGES OF CORRUPT PRACTICES IN NIGERIA, 2015-2025
Abstract
Corruption remains one of the most persistent challenges undermining Nigeria’s political stability, economic growth, and social development. Despite numerous anti-corruption reforms and institutions, the prevalence of bribery, embezzlement, and abuse of public office continues to threaten governance and public trust. This study examines the role of Transparency International (TI) in combating corrupt practices in Nigeria between 2015 and 2025, focusing on the organization’s influence on policy reforms, public awareness, and global accountability indices. Using a qualitative-descriptive research approach and data drawn from Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reports, government publications, and secondary sources, the study analyzes trends in Nigeria’s corruption rating, policy responses, and institutional challenges during the decade under review (Transparency International, 2024).
Findings reveal that while Transparency International has significantly contributed to global awareness of corruption and has influenced Nigeria’s anti-corruption discourse, the country’s performance remains poor, with CPI scores ranging between 24 and 27 points out of 100, placing it among the most corrupt nations globally (TI, 2023). Factors such as weak enforcement of anti-corruption laws, political interference, lack of transparency in public procurement, and limited judicial independence continue to impede progress. The study also highlights that despite the efforts of agencies like the EFCC and ICPC, corruption remains deeply institutionalized within Nigeria’s political and bureaucratic structures.
The research concludes that the effectiveness of Transparency International’s advocacy in Nigeria depends largely on domestic political will, institutional reforms, and civic engagement. It recommends strengthening anti-corruption frameworks, improving access to information, protecting whistleblowers, and fostering international cooperation to promote transparency and accountability.
Keywords: Transparency International, Corruption, Nigeria, Governance, Accountability, Anti-Corruption Policy
Table of Content
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses (if applicable)
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
1.9 Organization of the Study
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Concept of Corruption
2.1.2 Transparency and Accountability
2.1.3 Role of Transparency International in Global Governance
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Principal–Agent Theory
2.2.2 Institutional Theory
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Overview of Corruption in Nigeria (2015–2025)
2.3.2 Impact of Transparency International on Anti-Corruption Policies
2.3.3 Comparative Analysis of Nigeria’s CPI Rankings
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of Study
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Sources of Data
3.5.1 Primary Data
3.5.2 Secondary Data
3.6 Instrument for Data Collection
3.7 Method of Data Analysis
3.8 Reliability and Validity of Instrument
3.9 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Findings
4.1 Presentation of Data
4.2 Analysis of Corruption Perception Index (CPI) Scores in Nigeria (2015–2025)
4.3 Evaluation of Transparency International’s Role and Impact
4.4 Discussion of Findings
4.4.1 Trends and Patterns in Corruption Indices
4.4.2 Relationship Between Policy Implementation and Corruption Levels
4.5 Testing of Hypotheses (if applicable)
4.6 Summary of Findings
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies
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POSSIBILITIES OF ADAPTING CHANGING LANDSCAPE TO DYNAMIC PROSPECTS OF A GLOBAL ECONOMY
Abstract
The global economy is constantly evolving, driven by technological advancements, shifting political landscapes, and economic transformations. This study explores the possibilities of adapting to the changing economic landscape and the dynamic prospects it presents for businesses, governments, and individuals. By analyzing current trends in globalization, technological innovation, and geopolitical shifts, the research identifies key factors influencing economic adaptation, including digital transformation, sustainable development, and trade policies.
Through a qualitative and quantitative approach, the study examines the challenges and opportunities faced by various sectors in navigating this complex environment. It evaluates how businesses can leverage emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, big data, and automation, to enhance competitiveness and foster economic resilience. Additionally, the research delves into the role of government policies in supporting economic growth, innovation, and social equity in an increasingly interconnected world.
The findings of this study highlight that successful adaptation to the global economy’s changing landscape requires proactive strategies, collaboration, and flexibility. It emphasizes the importance of a forward-looking mindset to harness dynamic prospects and sustain long-term growth. The study concludes with recommendations for policymakers and business leaders on how to capitalize on global economic shifts to create inclusive and sustainable economies.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The global economy is experiencing rapid and unprecedented transformations driven by a combination of technological advancements, geopolitical changes, environmental concerns, and shifting consumer behaviors. In this context, businesses, governments, and individuals are increasingly challenged to adapt to the ever-evolving landscape to remain competitive and resilient. The intersection of these forces is creating both opportunities and threats, necessitating a rethinking of traditional economic models and strategies.
The rise of digital technologies, such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, automation, and big data analytics, has revolutionized industries, creating new business models while disrupting established ones. Similarly, global supply chains, once linear and predictable, are becoming more complex, interconnected, and subject to external shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, trade wars, and environmental disruptions. These developments are reshaping the way economies function, pushing companies to innovate and governments to implement policies that can harness the potential of these changes.
Furthermore, the growing importance of sustainability and environmental protection is driving shifts toward greener economies and industries. The global focus on climate change, renewable energy, and sustainable development goals (SDGs) is compelling countries and companies to adapt their practices to meet evolving consumer expectations and regulatory requirements. In this rapidly changing environment, the ability to adapt is crucial for future success.
This study seeks to explore the possibilities of adapting to the changing global economic landscape and the dynamic prospects it offers. By examining key factors such as technological innovation, geopolitical shifts, trade policies, and sustainable development, the study aims to identify strategies that can help various economic actors—businesses, governments, and individuals—capitalize on emerging opportunities and overcome challenges.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The continuous evolution of the global economy has created uncertainty for many sectors. Businesses and industries that fail to keep pace with technological advancements or adapt to new regulatory environments are at risk of falling behind or becoming obsolete. At the same time, rapid globalization and interconnectedness have heightened the impact of global crises, such as pandemics, trade disruptions, and environmental challenges, all of which pose significant risks to long-term economic stability.
Governments face the challenge of creating policies that support economic growth, innovation, and social inclusion in a rapidly shifting landscape. They must strike a balance between promoting technological innovation, encouraging sustainable development, and addressing the social and environmental impacts of economic activities.
Individuals, too, are facing challenges. As technological advancements reshape industries, the nature of work is changing, leading to concerns about job displacement, skill mismatches, and income inequality. These dynamics make it essential to explore how societies can prepare for future economic shifts, ensuring that everyone benefits from the opportunities the global economy presents.
This study addresses the need for a comprehensive understanding of how businesses, governments, and individuals can successfully adapt to the changing global economic landscape. It aims to identify key strategies that will enable stakeholders to navigate this complexity and leverage dynamic prospects for growth and sustainability.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to explore the possibilities of adapting to the changing landscape of the global economy and how these adaptations can lead to dynamic opportunities for growth, competitiveness, and sustainability. The specific objectives are to:
Investigate the impact of technological advancements on global economic structures and how industries can leverage emerging technologies for competitive advantage.
Examine the role of government policies in fostering innovation, promoting sustainability, and addressing socio-economic inequalities in a globalized economy.
Analyze the challenges and opportunities arising from global geopolitical shifts and trade policies in shaping economic prospects.
Assess the impact of climate change and environmental sustainability initiatives on economic adaptation and growth.
Explore strategies for equipping individuals and the workforce with skills and knowledge to adapt to evolving economic trends.
1.4 Research Questions
To achieve the objectives of the study, the following research questions will be addressed:
How do technological advancements reshape global economic structures, and what strategies can industries adopt to remain competitive?
What role do government policies play in promoting innovation and ensuring sustainable economic development in a globalized economy?
How do geopolitical shifts and trade policies affect economic prospects, and what strategies can stakeholders adopt to adapt to these changes?
In what ways does climate change impact economic activities, and how can businesses and governments adapt to environmental sustainability challenges?
What strategies can be employed to equip the workforce with the necessary skills to thrive in an evolving global economy?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant as it provides insights into how various sectors of the global economy can adapt to rapid changes, driven by technological innovations, geopolitical realignments, and environmental imperatives. The findings will offer valuable recommendations for policymakers, business leaders, and educators on how to navigate the shifting landscape while harnessing new opportunities.
By identifying strategies for leveraging technology, fostering innovation, and promoting sustainable practices, this study contributes to the discourse on future-proofing economies against the challenges of globalization and technological disruption. Moreover, it will highlight how governments can create policies that foster inclusive economic growth while addressing the challenges posed by climate change, geopolitical tensions, and social inequality.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study includes an analysis of the factors shaping the global economy, such as technological advancements, global trade dynamics, sustainability imperatives, and workforce development. The focus will be on how these factors impact businesses, governments, and individuals, with particular emphasis on the need for adaptation and proactive strategies to seize dynamic prospects.
The study will concentrate on sectors that are particularly vulnerable to global economic changes, such as manufacturing, technology, finance, and energy. It will also examine the role of government in shaping policy responses to these changes. While the study will provide a global perspective, particular attention will be paid to the effects on emerging economies and industries transitioning towards sustainability.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Although this study seeks to provide comprehensive insights into the adaptation to global economic changes, certain limitations exist. First, the study relies primarily on secondary data sources, which may not capture all emerging trends or regional differences in economic adaptation. Second, the rapid pace of technological and geopolitical changes may render some aspects of the analysis outdated in the near future.
Moreover, the focus on selected industries and regions may limit the generalizability of the findings to other contexts. Despite these limitations, the study will provide a valuable framework for understanding the key drivers of global economic change and the strategies needed to adapt effectively.
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
Global Economy: The interconnected economic activities and markets across the world that involve trade, investment, and financial transactions among countries and regions.
Technological Innovation: The development and application of new technologies that improve products, processes, or services, leading to increased efficiency and competitiveness.
Geopolitical Shifts: Changes in the global political landscape, including the rise or decline of major powers, shifts in alliances, and the reconfiguration of international trade relationships.
Sustainability: Economic activities and policies that aim to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, particularly in relation to environmental protection.
Adaptation: The process of adjusting to new conditions in order to thrive in a changing environment, particularly in response to technological, economic, or environmental challenges.
1.9 Organization of the Study
This study is organized into five chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction, including the background to the study, problem statement, objectives, research questions, significance, scope, limitations, and definitions of key terms. Chapter Two reviews the relevant literature, focusing on theoretical frameworks and empirical studies related to global economic adaptation. Chapter Three outlines the research methodology used in the study, including data collection and analysis techniques. Chapter Four presents the findings and analysis of the study, while Chapter Five discusses the conclusions, implications, and recommendations based on the findings.
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EFFECT OF GLOBALIZATION ON NATURAL SECURITY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
While the international order among states is quite strong, the world is not peaceful. In the wake of globalization and the explosion in communication technologies, new security related threats have Emerged that are to a great extent independent of national boundaries. As a result, a new kind of war is being waged in every country all over the world; this is because the primary threats to national security have changed fundamentally. They no longer spring from territorial and ideological disputes among nation states but from how far globalization, technological threats and criminal networks have grown to challenge nation states (Zalur & Zeckhauser 2002).
In Nigeria today, conflict seem persistent and intractable, moreover after a decade of complacency, we seem to be finally grasping the fact that we are fighting for survival under the shadow of catastrophic dangers. Hence, discussions on Nigerian National Security concept has evolved rapidly because the security environment in which we live is dynamic and uncertain, replete with a host of threats and challenges which are trans-national in nature that have potential to grow more deadly (Pandya & Laipon, 2008:39).
Emerging scenario of these trans-national threats which are irrespective of national border and which comprises of a list of different risk factors that seem unending spanning from different trans-national crimes like terrorism, human and drug trafficking, money laundering etc, to widespread environmental degradation, diseases, climate change and even political policies which might threaten our nation’s sovereignty (Brainard & Halon, 2004), has further challenged the concept of national security which now pertains to people rather than territories on one hand and development rather than military on the other hand. Now, the notion of national security captures the traditional security and human security. National security is now perceived as total security – security of life and property, security of the economy and the economic resource areas of the country, security of food and raw materials resources, of general health of the people, of environment and national integrity, and preservation of all that society considers to be important and valuable (Imobighe, 2000).
Globalization and increased technology has led to the decline of our borders which has led to the increased vulnerability of Nigeria to there threats and endanger our national security. The Nigeria – Benin border, which is located in the west of our country, is particularly notorious for all sorts of illegal trans-border activities. For this reason, this research work will attempt to discuss Human and drug trafficking, smuggling of goods and arms proliferation and the dangers they pose to Nigerian national security because these activities are the most common across the Nigeria – Benin border.
The dilemmas that Nigeria faces with insecurities call for critical investigation of border entry points whether they are performing their strategic functions (Willie, 2008).
1.2 statement of the problem
Globalization, have important security implications. Most dangerously, a variety of threats have become global in scope and more serious in their effects as a result of the spread of knowledge, the dispersion of advanced technologies, and the movements of people. These same developments, combined with expanding global economic interactions, contribute to some of the problems and resentments that lie at the root of these security threats. But paradoxically, many of those same aspects of globalization offer new opportunities to achieve economic growth and democracy, thereby ameliorating the threats as well as some of their underlying causes.
The dangers were clearly manifested in the September 11th terrorist attacks, which showed how the Al Qaeda organization was able effectively to exploit new communications technologies, global financial networks, and the ease of movements of people. The response by the international community has also benefited from some of globalization’s effects, primarily in technological advances in communications and in military weaponry. While it is too soon to say definitively, the result of these attacks may be to dampen some of the globalizing trends, as financial interactions receive greater scrutiny and security steps limit the mobility of people. Exploring the many issues raised by the September 11th terrorist attacks is not this paper’s task, nor is assessing the relationship between terrorism and globalization.
1.3. Objectives of the Study
The specific or the main objectives of carrying out this research work
includes:
1. To examine the nature and dynamics of transnational threats.
2. To examine the peculiar transnational threats pronging the Nigeria – Benin
border.
3. To explore the impacts of transnational threat to Nigeria’s national security
4. To inform policy that will isolate Nigeria from transnational threats.
1.4. Research Hypothesis
Hypothesis is a tentative generation, the validity of which remains to be tested. In its most elementary stage the hypothesis may be any hunch, guess, imaginative idea, which becomes basis for action or investigation.
To achieve the desired objective, the research has the following declarative hypothesis to validate or invalidate at the end of the research.
1. Globalization trends increases incidence of transnational threats
2. The weakness of the state tends to engender transnational threats
3. Nigeria border security tends to be hampered by transnational threats
4. The higher the level of globalization and transnational threat the poorer the state of national security.
1.5. Scope and Limitations of the Study
This research will be limited to the major transnational crimes along the Nigeria – Benin border. They include smuggling and trafficking in arms and weapons, drugs, humans and goods such as cars and petroleum products. The study will analyze and examine these transnational threats and how they affect our national security. However in the course of this research, the researcher may exceed the boundary of his study as an instrument of explanation. A study like this will have limitation such as time constraints, finances, mobility to acquire adequate materials and literature on the subject matter under study.
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GLOBALIZATION AND NEO IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA, FROM 1999-2019-A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF CHINA COMMUNICATIONS CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between globalization and neo-imperialism in Africa from 1999 to 2019, focusing on the role of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) as a case study. As globalization has expanded, China’s influence in Africa has grown significantly, with CCCC playing a central role in the continent’s infrastructure development. While these investments have contributed to economic growth, they have also raised concerns about neo-imperialism, where economic power is leveraged to exert control over African nations.
The research delves into the historical context of Sino-African relations, exploring how CCCC’s projects have influenced local economies, politics, and social structures. By analyzing key projects, such as road and port constructions, this study assesses the benefits and drawbacks of CCCC’s involvement in Africa, including the implications for sovereignty, economic dependency, and environmental impact.
Through a combination of historical analysis, case studies, and interviews with key stakeholders, the research seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of how globalization has facilitated a new form of imperialism in Africa. The findings reveal that while CCCC has contributed to significant infrastructure improvements, the nature of its engagements often reflects broader patterns of neo-imperialism, raising critical questions about the future of Africa’s development and autonomy.
This study contributes to the ongoing debate on globalization and its impacts on Africa, offering insights into the complexities of modern-day imperialism and the challenges facing African nations as they navigate their relationships with global powers.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Theories of Globalization and Neo-Imperialism
2.2 Historical Overview of Sino-African Relations
2.3 Globalization in Africa: Economic and Political Dimensions
2.4 China’s Role in African Development: A Critical Analysis
2.5 The Emergence and Expansion of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC)
2.6 Impacts of Foreign Investments on African Sovereignty
2.7 Theoretical Framework: Dependency Theory and World-Systems Theory
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area and Population
3.3 Sampling Techniques and Sample Size
3.4 Data Collection Methods
3.5 Data Analysis Techniques
3.6 Validity and Reliability
3.7 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Analysis and Discussion of Findings
4.1 Overview of CCCC’s Projects in Africa (1999-2019)
4.2 Economic Impacts of CCCC’s Engagements in Africa
4.3 Political Implications: Sovereignty and Neo-Imperialism
4.4 Social and Environmental Consequences of CCCC’s Projects
4.5 Case Study Analysis of Selected CCCC Projects
4.6 Discussion of Findings in the Context of Globalization and Neo-Imperialism
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusions on Globalization and Neo-Imperialism in Africa
5.3 Policy Recommendations for African Nations
5.4 Implications for Future Sino-African Relations
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
5.6 Final Thoughts
References
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ACTION FOR PEACE TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA
ABSTRACT
Peace and sustainable development are closely intertwined, with each being a prerequisite for the other’s realization. This paper examines the role of peace as a foundational element for achieving sustainable development in Africa, a continent marked by diverse socio-economic challenges and opportunities. It explores the multifaceted nature of peace, encompassing not only the absence of conflict but also the presence of justice, equity, and inclusive governance. The study analyzes the current state of peace and security in Africa, highlighting the impact of conflicts, political instability, and social inequalities on development efforts. It discusses various strategies and initiatives aimed at promoting peace, including conflict resolution mechanisms, peacebuilding efforts, and regional cooperation. Additionally, the paper emphasizes the importance of good governance, human rights, and community engagement in fostering a peaceful environment conducive to sustainable growth. Through case studies and empirical data, the research demonstrates how peace initiatives have led to improved economic and social outcomes in various African regions. The paper concludes by offering policy recommendations for governments, international organizations, and civil society to enhance peacebuilding efforts and support sustainable development in Africa. This study contributes to the discourse on peace and development, providing valuable insights into the interconnectedness of these critical areas and offering a roadmap for achieving long-term stability and prosperity in the region.
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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DIPLOMATIC STRATEGIES USED BY NIGERIA TO COUNTER CORRUPTION OF INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Abstract
This study assesses the diplomatic strategies employed by Nigeria to combat corruption on an international level. Corruption, a significant impediment to sustainable development and good governance, has necessitated the adoption of various anti-corruption measures by nations worldwide. Nigeria, recognized for its efforts to address this pervasive issue, has utilized a range of diplomatic strategies aimed at mitigating the adverse effects of corruption and enhancing its international reputation.
The research examines Nigeria’s participation in international anti-corruption frameworks such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC). It evaluates bilateral and multilateral engagements, including partnerships with foreign governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations, which are critical to Nigeria’s anti-corruption diplomacy. The study also explores the role of key institutions like the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) in supporting diplomatic efforts and enforcing anti-corruption policies.
Utilizing a qualitative approach, the study draws on primary data from interviews with diplomats, government officials, and anti-corruption experts, as well as secondary data from reports, policy documents, and scholarly articles. The findings reveal that Nigeria’s diplomatic strategies are multifaceted, involving legal, economic, and political dimensions. These strategies include international cooperation on asset recovery, mutual legal assistance, extradition treaties, and participation in global anti-corruption forums.
The study concludes that while Nigeria has made significant strides in employing diplomatic strategies to counter corruption, challenges remain. These challenges include insufficient coordination among agencies, limited resources, and political interference. The research provides recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of Nigeria’s diplomatic efforts, emphasizing the need for stronger international collaboration, improved transparency, and capacity-building initiatives.
This assessment contributes to the understanding of how diplomatic strategies can be leveraged to combat corruption on an international scale, offering insights for policymakers, scholars, and practitioners engaged in anti-corruption work.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Corruption remains one of the most significant challenges facing countries worldwide, undermining economic development, eroding public trust, and impeding the effectiveness of governance structures. In Nigeria, corruption has been particularly pervasive, affecting various sectors of the society and economy. Recognizing the detrimental impact of corruption, Nigeria has adopted a range of strategies to address this issue both domestically and internationally. Among these strategies, diplomatic efforts play a crucial role in countering corruption on a global scale.
Nigeria’s commitment to international anti-corruption efforts is evident in its participation in various international agreements and frameworks, such as the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC). Additionally, Nigeria has engaged in bilateral and multilateral cooperation, leveraging diplomatic channels to foster collaboration with other nations, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. These diplomatic strategies are essential for addressing the transnational nature of corruption, which often involves the movement of illicit funds and assets across borders.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite significant efforts, corruption remains a persistent issue in Nigeria, and its impact extends beyond national borders. The complexity of international corruption requires a multifaceted approach that includes robust diplomatic strategies. However, the effectiveness of Nigeria’s diplomatic efforts in combating corruption at the international level has not been comprehensively assessed. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of these strategies is crucial for improving Nigeria’s anti-corruption initiatives and enhancing its international reputation.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to assess the diplomatic strategies used by Nigeria to counter corruption at the international level. The specific objectives are:
To evaluate Nigeria’s participation in international anti-corruption frameworks and agreements.
To analyze the role of bilateral and multilateral engagements in Nigeria’s anti-corruption diplomacy.
To examine the contributions of key Nigerian institutions, such as the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC), to international anti-corruption efforts.
To identify the challenges and limitations faced by Nigeria in implementing diplomatic strategies against corruption.
To provide recommendations for enhancing the effectiveness of Nigeria’s diplomatic efforts in combating international corruption.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
How effective is Nigeria’s participation in international anti-corruption frameworks?
What role do bilateral and multilateral engagements play in Nigeria’s anti-corruption diplomacy?
How do Nigerian institutions such as the EFCC and ICPC contribute to international anti-corruption efforts?
What are the main challenges faced by Nigeria in implementing diplomatic strategies against corruption?
What recommendations can be made to improve Nigeria’s diplomatic efforts in countering international corruption?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
Policy Formulation: The findings will provide insights for policymakers on the effectiveness of current diplomatic strategies and suggest areas for improvement.
Academic Contribution: The study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on international anti-corruption efforts, particularly from the perspective of a developing country like Nigeria.
Practical Implications: The recommendations will be useful for practitioners involved in anti-corruption work, including diplomats, government officials, and international organizations.
Public Awareness: By highlighting the diplomatic efforts and challenges in combating corruption, the study will raise public awareness and support for anti-corruption initiatives.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on Nigeria’s diplomatic strategies to counter corruption at the international level. It covers Nigeria’s participation in international anti-corruption frameworks, bilateral and multilateral engagements, and the role of key institutions such as the EFCC and ICPC. The study period spans from 2003, when Nigeria ratified the UNCAC, to the present. This timeframe allows for a comprehensive analysis of Nigeria’s long-term diplomatic efforts and their impact on international corruption.
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TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL AND THE CHALLENGES OF CORRUPT PRACTICES IN NIGERIA 2000-2010
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this work is to access and evaluate transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in of Nigeria since 2000-2010 . Transparency international, briefly (TI), is a non-governmental organsiation with seat, acting world-wide, in Berlin which engages itself in national and international people and economical corruption fight and raising the awareness of it. This includes, but not limited to political corruption, it publishes yearly its corruption perception index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide.
Also to understand the negative impact on the economy growth and development of Nigeria. Different types of corruptions will be looked into and how Nigeria was created by the international community during the era of General Sani Abacha from 1993 – 1998. How prominent Nigerian lost their lives and freedom during this era.
Political Corruption as a social malaise has become a ubiquitous in every society of the world. The danger posed by it has brought to many countries unmitigated disaster to both the economy and political systems. Nigeria is not left out in the danger posed by this phenomenon. This work however centres on the political corruption and the dilemma of democracy in Nigeria’s fourth republic pointing out the shameless practice of corruption during the fourth republic.
The global increase in the cases of corruption is as a result of social disorganization has been perceived to be perverted deviation from the norms of a given society in the execution of developmental programmes or social duty where respective societies have striven to eradicate or reduce to the minimum level. Various people from different levels of life exhibit corruption. This paper shall examine the growing cases of corruption in Nigeria, causes of corruption, the effect of corruption in Nation building, it will also examine the role been played by various law enforcement agencies in solving these pandemic situation. The will finally, examine possible solution and with a moral song towards the reduction of corruption menace in our contemporary society.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The growing clamour for democratic transitions that swept through the entire African continent in the 1990s subsequently gave birth to a wave of competitive multiparty election thereby challenging authoritarianism, military rule and one-party regime in virtually all African States with a view as Nyirabu(2002:99) put it “widening the space of democracy”. Such democratic transitions have however not limited to African countries alone. A writer has properly put this when he stated that: ‘In the coming years, more countries will undoubtedly move toward democracy and some democratic transitions will occur (Huntington, 1996:5). This prediction many years ago came into reality.
Paradoxically, Nigeria’s democracy especially the one that commenced from May 29, 1999 was born with persistent ethnic and religious tensions, growing religious conflict, depressed economy and marginalisation among others. Of these problems, no one is more intractable and more threatening to the future of Nigerian democracy than political corruption. Thus a statistical index on 85 countries, covering all the continents of the world from Transparency International showed that, Nigeria and Tanzania occupied the fifth position (Eke, 1999: 5). While this was so in 1999, by 2004 the same Transparency International ranked Nigeria as the third most corrupt country in the world (Adesina, 2004:16). Both internal and international observers have rated Nigeria as the most corrupt country in the world, deserving a pride of place in the Guinness Book of Records (Umukoro, 2008:67). Nuhu Ribadu, a former head of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC) alerted the nation that as many as 31 former governors out of 36 have a case to answer on corruption (Adesina, 2008: 28). The issue is so appalling in Nigeria that in another development, Ribadu revealed how politicians siphoned over $10bn from Nigeria monthly (Farotimi, 2010: 7).
Analysts of political corruption in the Third World have regarded this monster as the single most important obstacle to economic development and political integration (Tignor, 1993: 175). In fact, the British Government became increasingly worried after the World War II and resultantly claimed that the transfer of power which could guarantee political independence to Nigeria should be slowed down because of the rate of political corruption. Tignor (1993, 176) further claimed that, of the problems such as thuggery in politics, lack of commitment to democratic ideals, ethnicity, and bureaucratic incompetence and inexperience that surfaced in the 1950s, political corruption rose to subsume all of them and therefore become the emblematic defect of the fledgling republic.
This monster called political corruption has continued to cripple successive government in Nigeria. The First Republic (1960-1966) became the victim of political corruption as state contracts and loan programmes were systematically milked to enrich elected officials. The period of the Nigerian Civil War was not in any way better. This period which coincided with the Gowon’s administration became an era of open display of corrupt practices as some Government functionaries were exposed. Gowon’s style of eradication of corruption woefully failed as a commission of inquiry appointed by General Murtala Muhammed after his assumption to power by August 1975 coup convicted ten of the country’s twelve military governors of diverting funds totalling over $20million (Diamond, 1991: 74).
Although there had been no government in Nigeria that had demonstrated a strong will to fight corruption between 1975 and 1979 than Murtala/Obasanjo administration, this notwithstanding it was unable to rid the society of this disease by the time it handed over power to the civilian politicians in October1979.The beginning of the Second Republic marked another resurgence of political corruption that surpassed the previous regimes. Thus Western diplomats and economists unofficially estimated the private wealth exported by top government officials in the Second Republic at between $5 and $7 billion (Diamond, 1984: 908). By December 31 when the military took over and arrest of politicians was made, million of naira were found in cash in the houses of these corrupt politicians. In fact, the magnitude of corrupt practices that pervaded the entire republic earned the period the golden age of corruption (Adamolekun, 1985: 88).
With all intents and purposes to fight against political corruption, the Buhari/Idiagbon government could not do much because the regime’s disregard to due process discredited its campaign against political corruption. The advent of Babangida’s no doubt heightened corruption in the country. Babangida who claimed to be the messiah of the country soon fell victim of corrupt practices as he was accused of large cash gifts to military officers, cabinet ministers, traditional rulers, and potentially contentious opponents; of Mercedes Benz cars given to major newspaper editors and directors of state broadcasting corporations; of the president’s secret personal investments in banks and companies; of off the book oil being lifted offshore by private tankers (Diamond, 1991: 76). It was this tempo of corrupt practices that besmeared the Third Republic.
The rise of public administration and the discovery of petroleum and natural gas are two major events seen to have led to a litany of ignoble corrupt practices in the country. Over the years, the country has seen its wealth withered with little to show in living conditions of the average human being. A Nigerian political leader, Obafemi Awolowo raised a salient issue when he said, since independence, our governments have been a matter of few holding the cow for the strongest and most cunning to milk, Under those circumstances everybody runs over everybody to make good at the expense of others. The pervasive corruption has been blamed on colonialism. According to this view, the nation’s colonial history may have restricted any early influence in an ethical revolution. Throughout the colonial period, most Nigerians were stuck in ignorance and poverty. The trappings of flash cars, houses and success of the colonists may influence the poor to see the colonist as symbols of success and to emulate the colonists in different political ways.
Involvement in the agenda of colonial rule may also inhibit idealism in the early stage of the nascent nation’s development. A view commonly held during the colonial days was that the colonists property (cars,houses,farms etc.) is not “our” property. Thus vandalism and looting of public property was not seen as a crime against society. This view is what has degenerated into the more recent disregard for public property and lack of public trust and concern for public goods as a collective national property.
Petty corruption is reportedly widespread and surveys indicate that it is very hard to do business in Nigeria without having to pay facilitation payments to public officials. Companies should note that property rights, contracts and commercials disputes can be difficult to enforce and settle in Nigerian courts due to corruption, inefficiency and under-staffing. Tax administration lacks transparency that has led either to high levels of tax evasion or tax officials demanding bribes in return for lower tax rates. The police are perceived to be one of the most corrupt institutions in Nigeria, and X Squad, the disciplinary body responsible for investigating corruption inside the police is reportedly corrupt themselves as well.
Corruption in Nigeria is not a unique phenomenon. Its causes as well as its remedies are similar to those of other countries throughout the world. Although global experience has proven that the fight against corruption cannot be efficient or effective without the backing of relevant legal frameworks, experience has also proven that legal frameworks are not enough without strong political will and civil society participation. Various anti-corruption attempts by both military and civilian federal governments in Nigeria are a case in point. In dealing with the social virus of corruption almost total failure has resulted, illustrating the need to go beyond legal frameworks. As President Olusegun Obasanjo argues in his paper, “Nigeria: from pond of corruption to island of integrity,” Nigeria, right from independence in 1960, has always had enough laws to address the problem of corruption in the country.
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
One of the pertinent issues in Nigeria today is the focus on one of the greatest impediment to good governance and sustainable development corruption.
In recent times, corruption has as an issue taken the front burner in development discourse worldwide.
Since 1996, the World Bank has supported more than six hundred (600) anti–corruption programmes and governance initiative developed by its member countries.
Especially in 1999, the World Bank institute budgeted a whopping $7.5million to fight corruption (Polzer, 200:2; Tesh, 1991:1).
Ironically, the global financial body was embroiled in scandalous dealings that led to the removal of its chairman.
This goes to show the obvious relevance corruption has to sustainable growth and development.
The world’s major religions in their holy books are concerned with the evil of corruption amongst the rich and powerful, and prescribed rules for punishing perpetrators and the wiping out of corrupt acts.
The Qu’ran chapter 83, warmed believers against the fraudulent and corrupt practices of the Arabian society in the pre-Islamic era (Olurode, 2003:3).
The Holy Bible in proverbs (22:8, 11:20 and 13:11) (Olurode 2005:3) admonished the people about corruption and its consequences, promising perpetrators that they would be losers on judgment day.
Accountability is typically weak in Nigeria because the county is ripe for corruption and rife with it.
The motivation to earn extra income is extremely strong, worsened by poverty and low and declining civil services salaries.
Thus, corruption has become a cankerworm in the political system, stifling it of its potential sustainable growth.
In spite of these efforts, the level of corruption is still of serious concern and remains the greatest challenge. Majority of Nigerians are yet to buy into the anti corruption programme of the Federal Government, particularly at the state and local government levels. Consequently, the negative consequences of the endemic corruption continue to impede development and threaten security of lives of the citizenry. Poverty, unemployment, insecurity of life and property and decaying infrastructure are the common features which are largely attributable to the high incidence of corruption which has reached an endemic level.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To evaluate transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.
2. To examine political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.
3. To know the latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
4. To review the dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
5 To identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010
To assess the effect of transparency international and corrupt practices on Nigeria’s development.
6. To appraise the activities of the EFCC.
7. To ascertain if the EFCC has succeeded or failed in its quest to wipe out corruption in Nigeria.
The strategy (2011-2020) promotes a three phased approach with an initial focus on (1) strengthening the capacities of the dedicated anti-corruption and public accountability bodies, followed by (2) mainstreaming of anti-corruption and governance principles into the work of the MDAs and finally by (3) strengthening accountability, integrity and transparency at the State and local government levels, the private sector and the society at large.
The implementation of the strategy is to be in three overlapping phases with some of the interventions at the three phases running concurrently.
A strong monitoring and evaluation system is to be put into place with a view to ensuring that individual MDAs prioritise and fulfil their obligations under the strategy and that the public, the private sector and the international community are informed of and involved in the assessment of progress.
The strategy galvanises and reaffirms the unwavering commitment of the Federal Government of Nigeria in the fight against corruption by creating a single vision and a shared sense of purpose by those tasked to prevent and combat corruption on behalf of all Nigerians.
it help design and implement system for financial and administrative oversight of grants and project of the Americas Department (one country and multi-country) and provides administrative and logistical support to two senior programmed co-ordinators;
2. being the lead co-ordinator, including financial and administrative management and monitoring of activities and result of the grants provided to TI nations in the Americas through the TI Anti-corruption. Delivery change (AD:DC) global programmes; and
3. Provide lead logistical supervision and co-ordination of key regional meetings.
The works of Transparency International is around and demand in population; enterprises and politics. In order to arrange for example the annual corruption index of the countries questionnaires provided with questions how; Which sector are according to their opinion affected particularly by corruption? (with a valuation of 1 (corrupt free) to 5 (particularly corrupt) as strongly their life is affected by corruption? (with valuation scale 1 (not at all) totally).
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1.What are the transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria?
2. How one examine the political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria?
3. What are the latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007?
4. What are the dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015?
5. Is possible to identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010?
6. What are the effects of transparency international and corrupt practices on Nigeria’s development?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESI
H0: There is no significant relationship between transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.
H1: There is a significant relationship between transparency international and challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria.
H0: One cannot examine the political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.
H1: One can examine the political corruption and its dilemma on Nigeria’s fourth republic which culminate first from Obasanjo’s fourth republic beginning by May 29, 1999 and the second section considers the Yar’Adua administration and corruption in Nigeria.
H0: There is no latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
H1: There is a latest Transparency International Corruption Perception Index (CPI) placed Nigeria as the 32nd most corrupt country out of 147 countries that were assessed in 2007.
H0: There are no dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
H1: There are dimensions of corruption in Nigeria and its implications and propose measures which, if adopted, will assist in drastically reducing its level to the barest minimum, and ensure that national resources are used to eradicate poverty and attain the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) by 2015.
H0: It is impossible to identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010.
H1: It is impossible to identify the inherent nature of transparency international and corrupt practices in Nigerian since 2000-2010.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
This study is centered on transparency international and the challenges of corrupt practices in Nigeria 2000-2010
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:
i. TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.
ii. FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. The members of transparency international find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy.
Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.
1.10 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Transparency international: Transparency international, briefly (TI), is a non-governmental organsiation with seat, acting world-wide, in Berlin which engages itself in national and international people and economical corruption fight and raising the awareness of it. This includes, but not limited to political corruption, it publishes yearly its corruption perception index, a comparative listing of corruption worldwide.
Corruption is a social problem that has interested many scholars. Ruzindana (1999) asserts that corruption in Africa is a problem of routine deviation from established standards and norms by public officials and parties with whom they interact. He also identifisd the types of corruption in Africa as bribery, private gain, and other benefits to non-existent workers and pensioners (called ghost workers).
Crime; Is simply defined as offence for which there is severe punishment by law.
B & C; Corruption and mismanagement
WAIC War Against Indiscipline & Corr
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SYRIAN CRISIS SINCE 2011 CAUSE, COURSE AND CONSEQUENCES
ABSTRACT
This paper the causes, course and consequences of syrian crisis. The study covers six year period since 2011to 2016. A quasi-experimental design was adopted for the study of 450 respondents. The study use a simple percentage method to analysze the data collected through the instrumentn of questionnaire. The instrument was validated (reliability coefficient=0.56) and administered both as pre- and post- tests. The findings of the paper reveal that the crisis led to the displacement of persons from syria to other countries .
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Syrian uprising began in March 2011 with anti-government protests in provincial areas. The government of President Bashar al-Assad responded with a bloody crackdown on initially peaceful gatherings, along with piecemeal concessions that stopped short of genuine political reform. After almost a year and a half of unrest, the conflict between the regime and the opposition has escalated to a full-scale civil war. Army defectors formed armed groups that wage a guerrilla war on government forces. By mid-2012 the fighting has reached capital Damascus and commercial hub Aleppo, with growing numbers of senior army officers deserting Assad.
However, key army units remain loyal to the regime, and while Assad’s long-term survival chances don’t seem great, he is far from finished. A prolonged bloody civil war lies ahead, with possibly disastrous consequences for Syria’s multi-religious and multi-ethnic society.
The Syria crisis was declared a level-three (L3) humanitarian emergency in January 2013. A humanitarian appeal was launched in June 2013, the largest ever launched by the United Nations.1Although an L3 humanitarian emergency requires a mandatory inter-agency humanitarian evaluation, in the case of Syria, the Steering Group for Inter-Agency Humanitarian Evaluations concurred to undertake a different type of evaluative work, which would provide for an appropriate level of lesson learning and system-wide accountability to help guide the ongoing response to the Syria crisis.
In January 2014, the Steering Group for Inter-Agency Humanitarian Evaluations set up the Coordinated Accountability and Lessons Learning (CALL) initiative to support evaluations of the humanitarian response to the Syria crisis. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s (IASC) Transformative Agenda driving the humanitarian system’s initiatives for greater effectiveness and accountability underpins the Syria CALL. Accordingly, a major concern of CALL is the establishment of effective modalities for coordinating evaluation and lesson-learning activities across humanitarian actors and among relevant evaluation networks, such as the Active Learning Network for Accountability and Performance in Humanitarian Action (ALNAP), the United Nations Evaluation Group (UNEG) and the Evaluation Network of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/Development Assistance Committee (OECD/DAC).
This report is the Common Context Analysis of the Syria crisis, and it is one of the three primary deliverables of CALL. The others are the ALNAP Evaluation Portal2and a Common Evaluation Framework. Together, these products will serve as an “evaluation starter pack” for IASC agencies to support their evaluation work.
This Common Context Analysis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the Syria crisis and the humanitarian impact in the region. Together with the Common Evaluation Framework, this Common Context Analysis will ensure a systematic and coherent approach to building evaluative evidence. This Common Context Analysis aims to offer a ready-to-use common understanding of the crisis, thus saving evaluation teams’ time and research, and avoiding unnecessary duplication.
The primary focus of this Common Context Analysis is the Syria crisis and its regional spillover. Cause of the outbreak of the Syria crisis, and it examines the condition of the Syrian State and civil society before March 2011.
A chemical attack outside Damascus on August 21 brought the US on the brink of a military intervention in Syria, but Barack Obama pulled back at the last moment after Russia offered to broker a deal under which Syria would hand over its stockpile of chemical weapons. Most observers interpreted this turn-about as a major diplomatic triumph for Russia, raising questions over Moscow’s influence in the wider Middle East. But the military balance on the ground remains unchanged, with the regime and the rebels locked in a slow-moving conflict using conventional weapons, inexorably reducing all of Syria into a pile of dust.
Diplomatic efforts at a peaceful resolution of the crisis led by Kofi Annan have failed decisively, leading to Annan’s resignation in August 2012. This is partly due to disagreements between Russia, Syria’s traditional ally, and the West. The US, long at odds with Syria over its links to Iran, has called on Assad to resign. Russia, which has substantial interests in Syria, has insisted that Syrians alone should decide the fate of their government.
In the absence of an international agreement on a common approach, Gulf Arab governments and Turkey are stepping up military and financial assistance for Syrian rebels. Meanwhile, Russia continues to back Assad’s regime with weapons and diplomatic support while Iran, Assad’s key regional ally, provides the regime with financial assistance.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Initially, lack of freedoms and economic woes fuelled resentment of the Syrian government, and public anger was inflamed by the harsh crackdown on protesters. Successful uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt energised and gave hope to Syrian pro-democracy activists. Many Islamist movements were also strongly opposed to the Assads’ rule.
The group has been expanding its territory since it first captured parts of Northern and Eastern Syria in 2013-2014. In 2015, ISIS militants clinged to key territories across Iraq and expanded their hold in Syria. ISIS has been continuously growing, feeding into the narrative of momentum and inevitability that then feeds recruitment to ISIS. ISIS is overthrowing modern state boundaries, resulting in massive ethno-sectarian killing and cleansing.
Already threatening to escalate violence between Middle Eastern states fighting proxy wars in Syria for several years, ISIS may have military operations that cascade into a broader regional conflict. ISIS is a direct threat to neighboring states in the Middle East and is broadcasting its intent to attack Saudi Arabia, Israel, and the West.
• Humanitarian Crisis:
– Human Rights Violations: A UN report found evidence that all parties to the conflict have committed war crimes – including murder, torture, rape and enforced disappearances. Rebels and governments forces have also both been accused of denying access to food, water, and health services along with sexual violence throughout the war.
– Refugee Crisis: Since fighting began, more than 7.5 millions Syrians have been internally displaced or approximately 1/3 of the country’s population. An additional 4.1 million Syrians have fled to neighboring countries, including Jordan and Turkey, to flee the violence since 2011.
• Assad’s Resolve: Since Russia intervened in the Syrian Civil War, government forces have fought back from their lowest point in May 2015 and begun a series of successful o↵ensive operations around the rebel stronghold of Aleppo. The current o↵ensive, which began in October 2015, has been highly successful for the government due in large part to Russian air strikes. 2016 peace talks failed when
the Assad government announced they would wait. Many fear Russian intervention has bolstered the Syrian’s governments capabilities and willingness to fight on for years rather than submit to peace talks.
• Proxy War: The US has been covertly arming rebel groups in the countries for a few years as part of its “train and equip” program. In September 2015, Russia began air attacks to support the Syrian government. Russia’s entry into the Syrian conflict on Assad?s side as well as Iran?s has complicated the U.S.-led coalitions year-long bombing campaign against ISIS militant groups in Syria. The United
States fears Russian intervention in Syria will stoke the conflict, further radicalize opposition groups and make formation of a coalition government less likely.
• Transnational Terrorism: Since declaring its caliphate in June 2014, ISIS has conducted or inspired over 50 terrorist attacks in 18 countries, killing 1,100 people and injuring over 1,700. It is further thought to have attracted an unprecedented number of foreign fighters to travel to Syria stoking fears that these individuals could return to commit terrorist attacks at home. ISIS has called on sympathizers
in the West–homegrown, self-radicalized extremists inspired by IS propaganda–to commit violent acts at home. In November of 2015, ISIS claimed responsibility for attacking Paris, leaving 127 dead and 300 injured.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To examine the causes of syrians crisis.
2. To examine the series of crisis in syria since 2011.
3. To identify the consequences of syrians crisis.
1. What are the causes of syrians crisis?
2. Are there series of crisis in syria since 2011?
3. What are the consequences of syrians crisis?
H0: Syrians crisis does not led to internally displace of persons.
H1: Syrians crisis led to internally displace of persons.
H0: UN security council did not make any effort to resolve Syria crisis.
H1: UN security council did make a lot of efforts to resolve Syria crisis.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The Context Analysis focuses on the period from March 2011 to April 2014, 2015 and 2016. A timeline of key events during the crisis is in annex. This study was carried out by two consultants—one in Beirut and one in Oxford—with a small research team at the Institute of Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict at the University of Oxford, UK. The research combined desk-based secondary sources, semi-structured interviews with Syrian and international humanitarian managers during visits to Syria, Beirut and Gaziantep, and interviews in London and remotely by Skype.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
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(2) Email Address
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OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
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OR
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08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>