BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN RESOLVING COMMUNITY DISPUTE
Abstract:
This work discusses alternative dispute resolution in resolving community dispute
Conflicts especially in Nigeria shall be explored in the course of this paper. Also the concept of sustainable development, conflicts and contradiction in the drive for sustainable development along with approaches to ensuring sustainable development in Nigeria shall also be examined. We shall dwell further on reported cases of conflicts in Nigeria and the incorporation of alternative dispute resolution into the framework for sustainable development. And at the Economic and social development in Africa has been hampered by a number of interrelated issues. These include high cost of credit, low level of education and the imbalance in a rapidly globalising world. There are also many cases of conflicts, almost in the magnitude of organised terrorism. Media reportage has not helped issues either. There is therefore the need to seek alternatives in managing these conflicts. It is this desire that provides motivation for this paper. The conceptual framework of sustainable development as well as the provisions of Alternative Dispute Resolution in dealing end of the paper it shall be proffered that alternative dispute resolution is a better remedy for conflict resolution. We are optimistic that the results will provide viable alternatives to resolving conflicts and thus ensure sustainable development in the continent.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
PROFESSIONAL STATUS AND COMMITMENT OF LABORATORY TECHNOLOGIST
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The technical profession of science and laboratory technology is a skill-based competence that is vital to the national economy and technology growth (URT, 2000). Technicians in science have an essential role to play in current and future scientific disciplines. Technicians’ practical skills, experiences and knowledge are basic needs in science, as these are more detailed than for common researchers and science teachers. Like any other country, in Tanzania there is a general requirement throughout the country for skill-based competence in scientific areas such as academics & research institutions, manufacturing & processing industries, and government agency laboratories. The availability of skilled and competent personnel is crucial in meeting URT’s 2025 vision, Five Year Development Plan (FYDP) and the Big Results Now (BRN) strategies.
The Technical Education and Training Policy (1996) established three main purposes for technical secondary schools to ensure that (a) an appropriate and cost effective vocational education is introduced to replace the diversified course package, (b) teaching of science and technology is strengthened in technical secondary schools and (c) training standards are prepared for different fields of vocational education to be taught in current technical secondary schools. However, recently, most technical secondary schools and colleges have been transformed into non-technical schools, universities or university colleges.
Experimental Laboratory technology is one of the most recently included subject content of the curriculum Laboratory technology it inclusion, Laboratory technology has continued to occupy its separate place and some time, it is often neglected in some schools even where the various branches of Laboratory technology are taught they are done without regard for the basic requirement needed in spite of the effort made during the present decade by the federal and state government of Nigeria to give Laboratory technology subject their role in education note much has been achieved in some selected schools in Shagamu Local Government Areaof Lagos state the effect of the deficiency in teaching Laboratory technology in schools are particularly evident in developing countries such as Nigeria
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
To which extent has the number of students per class in Nigeria which is too unwieldy affect the effective teaching of Laboratory technology
In what way does in adequate use of specimens material and diagrams makes ineffective the teaching of Laboratory technology
Could lack of improvised teaching and by teacher cause ineffective teaching which lead to the students poor performance in Laboratory technology
Can bad attitude of teachers towards work affect the effective teaching of Laboratory technology
Could lack of practical work causes ineffective teaching of Laboratory technology
RESEARCH QUESTION
How does lack of laboratories and lack of instructional material affect the effective teaching of Laboratory technology?
How does pupil’s attitude towards the subject (Laboratory technology) affect their performance in the teaching of Laboratory technology?
Does teacher’s professional status and commitment also affect students performance in effective teaching of Laboratory technology/
How teacher dose’s teaching methods in Laboratory technology affects pupil’s performance ineffective teaching of Laboratory technology?
HYPOTHESIS
The ineffective teaching of Laboratory technology schools is brought by several factors the researcher has it in mind that the factors listed below could be responsible for it
Lack of laborites and lack of instructional materials
Students attitude towards the subject (Laboratory technology) affects their performance
Teacher’s professional status and commitment also affect the students performance in Laboratory technology
Teacher’s teaching method in Laboratory technology affect students performance
With answers to the above, the researcher has it in mind that there is going to be a total change in the teaching of Laboratory technology
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this study is to find out the problem militating against the teaching of Laboratory technology the schools
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The teaching of Laboratory technology has not been as effective as it output to be is easily of students in schools it is therefore necessary to diagnose the various factors responsible for this unheeding state of affairs and proper means by which the anomalies could be arrested
The importance of Laboratory technology in the life of man need to be over emphasized therefore if the subject is note effectively taught, the rudiment that are necessary for development of the basic concept of Laboratory technology would be lacking at the secondary schools level and this could permeate the other state of the nation’s educational level it is believed that the importance of Laboratory technology is well under stood and all the factors responsible for it’s unhealthy development are quickly nipped on the bud it would be possible to build a Laboratory technology culture oriented society which will augur well for the healthy development of the nation
SCOPE AND DELIMITION OF STUDY
The study will be restricted to Shagamu Local Government Areain Benin City Lagos state a large number of primary school is located there hence Shagamu Local Government Areawill serve as the centre of the study this will enable one to know the factor militating against effective teaching of Laboratory technology
Selected secondary schools in Shagamu Local Government Areaare to be used for the study
The selected schools are:
Ugbowo primaryu school
Ediaken primary school
Olua primary school
Use primary school
LIMITATION OF STUDY
To carry out a project such as this there are bound to be procedural and methodological flew inherent in the item developed human biases are likely to aggravate the internal weakness that are likely to exist however, conscious effort will be made to evolve method that will control for such extraneous influences in order to ensure the validity and reliability of the study
It is also expected that distance, times, finance and lack of human co-operation can pose serious threats to the successful execution of this project to this end it is hoped that every effort will be made to minimize, if not totally eliminating such threats and steps taken be highlighted to serve as a guide to those who may wish to replicate the project
DEFINITION OF TERMS
In the course of study, it is important to know what the following terms stand for technology may be defined as the use of organized knowledge to solve practical problems
Laboratory technology laboratory is a place equipped for experimental studies in Laboratory technology
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
USING THE MEDIA FOR HEALTH EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN TOMBIA
ABSTRACT
This study assessed the media use for health education programmes in selected health institutions in Tombia, Nigeria. Survey research design method was adopted for the study. Data were collected from 140 respondents using questionnaire , interview and observation as the instrument. The data were analyzed and presented in tables of frequencies and percentages. The research findings revealed that health institutions were yet to fully implement the use of Information Technology such as Video Conferencing and Teleconferencing in health education. It was also discovered that erratic power supply and high cost of acquiring the media materials were the major obstacles to using information technology. Breast cancer is a leading female malignancy and a major health concern in the world today. In Nigeria, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women aged 30 years and above. It reduces the life expectancy of the population at risk, especially those between 31 and 50 years of age. This paper examines the use of mass media to create awareness of breast cancer among women in Nigeria. In addition, the paper explores the theoretical understanding of the importance of mass media in creating awareness of health issues. The author further suggests various pathways whereby mass media strategies could be used in creating awareness of breast cancer in Nigeria. The beliefs, attitudes and motives that underlie poor health practices often are deeply-rooted and emotion-laden. For this and other reasons, it typically is difficult to persuade people to engage in activities which relate to health maintenance. Recently published literature indicates that there is some disillusionment with mass media campaigns as a tool for changing health behavior. Although such campaigns can make an impact, they often do not. The present paper discusses the role of mass communications in health marketing programs and suggests some ways in which the planning, implementation and evaluation of media efforts can be improved. [ to cite ]: Mary Jane Schlinger (1976) ,”The Role of Mass Communications in Promoting Public Health”, in NA – Advances in Consumer Research Volume 03, eds. Beverlee B. Anderson, Cincinnati, OH : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 302-305.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The mass media play a pivotal role in the development process of a country. The mass media are generally regarded as channels of communication that are capable of reaching heterogeneous audiences simultaneously with uniform messages. The mass media in Nigeria regularly cover all sorts of issues such as health, music, fine art, crime, sports, and political events (Meyer, 2002; Soola, 2004). The mass media transmit ideas and new information to target audience in the society. Tosanwumi (1994) has observed that the mass media educate, inform, and entertain. Beyond these functions, they also persuade and catalyze social mobilization. In other words, the mass media can be regarded as powerful sources of information because they have the capability to penetrate every segment of the society. They have the ability to disseminate messages about issues, ideals and products. Furthermore, the mass media have the capacity to create awareness and knowledge about issues of national interest.
The traditional mass media usually consist of radio, television, newspaper, and magazine. The radio has been regarded as the most pervasive and most effective medium in reaching the country’s widely dispersed, heterogeneous audience. It is reputed worldwide for being the cheapest, simplest and most portable medium of mass communication for reaching people. Soola (2009) has reasoned that the radio is not limited by electricity, which is hardly available and epileptic in its supply when available. In addition, the radio is as extremely mobile: people could listen to a radio program in their car, home, or office. However, due to the downturn in the Nigerian economy and its toll on people’s purchasing power, both the hardware and software of this medium has become expensive for an average income earner. Soola (1999) has observed that radio sets and batteries are expensive in Nigerian society. He also added the batteries of these radio set are becoming less long-lasting. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the radio, being ubiquitous in nature, can be regarded as a powerful source of information.
Television possesses the unique characteristics of sound, sight, and motion, which it combines with simultaneity. It also transcends the bounds often imposed by illiteracy on information and knowledge acquisition. In addition, its status conferral on individuals or demonstrated practices is unrivaled (Soola, 2009; Soola, 1999). In other words, television has the capacity of audio-visual presentation of programs and, by virtue of its ownership and operational structure, can be regarded as an urban medium. In addition, television has the ability to reach a heterogeneous audience in both rural and urban settings. However, television has its limitations in Nigeria; Soola (1999) has argued that television stations in Nigeria suffer from poor production capability, declining economic fortunes, and cheap foreign alternatives. He also observed that a stocktaking of a typical evening program offering on most Nigerian private television stations reveals that most of the programs are entertainment-centered. It is pertinent to note that most of the limitations of the electronic media are man-made and systemic and not a creation of electronic technology. It is believed that all these limitations can be overcome, when the government, media owners and managers are committed to socio-economic development and growth of a nation.
The print media, on the other hand, can be used to educate, enlighten, and mobilize people to a particular issue of national interest. The print media primarily refers to newspapers and magazines, though other forms of print media include billboards, posters, handbills, pamphlets, and brochures. Two unique advantages of the print media are its permanence and the possibility of information custody and storage for close reading and future use. Soola (2009) has, however, noted that certain user requirements often limit print media reach. The first user requirement is that he or she must be literate, at least in the local language. Among a predominantly non-literate rural population, print media reach is severely limited, particularly as more than 70 percent of them are published in the English language. In addition, it should be noted that newspapers and magazines in Nigeria are becoming increasing endangered by the anxiety to survive at all cost. This can be observed as most of the pages of a newspaper are clustered with advertisements. Nevertheless, the use of newspapers and magazines for development purposes is essential to enlighten and mobilize people.
The internet with its multimedia capabilities has affected the traditional ways individuals access the mass media in the society (Adaja, 2005). With the rise of internet as a new media, the possibility to express one’s self has become easier. The internet is increasingly being defined by new digital technologies that empower users to develop, create, rate, and distribute internet content and applications (O‘Reilly, 2005). Generally, the internet is a worldwide network of computer networks, connected to each other by telecommunication links. It is made up of an ever-growing number of organizations and individuals who have decided to share information in this giant, interconnected open system (Norton & Smith, 1996). Okpoko (2006) argued that the principal functions of the internet are communication (e-mail), information gathering, and electronic marketing. The advent of multimedia devices such as smartphones, iPads, and others have revolutionized the ways in which individuals access information. Individuals can have access to their radio and television programs with the use of their multimedia devices. People can also get sports updates and news reports on their cell phones. In 1969, Kotler and Levy published a seminal article, “Broadening the Concept of Marketing,” which stimulated widespread interest in applying the principles and concepts of marketing outside of the traditional for-profit business arena. Concomitantly, marketing researchers began focusing increased attention on the consumer decision-making process as it operates in such diverse areas as politics, religion, education and health.
The entire issue of the July, 1971, Journal of Marketing was devoted to what might be called public service or social marketing, i.e., the marketing of ideas, services, products and organizations that are intended to help accomplish societal goals. The 1971, 1972 and 1973 Association for Consumer Research national conferences each incorporated sessions on broadening the concept of consumer behavior. The following year, a series of papers was delivered on marketing political candidates. And in 1975, the Association for Consumer Research program included a session titled “Consumer Behavior and Public Health.”
The purpose of this paper is to examine the “Consumer Behavior and Public Health” presentations and other selected literature for implications about the potential role of the mass media in promoting public health. Before doing that, however, it would be useful to review some of the problems that face would-be marketers of public health.
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
According to the 2008 report of the MDGs, the print coverage of MDGs is low and not encouraging in the rural areas and there is media neglect especially in the print medium. Commercialization has eaten deep into the industry and issues with financial footings and backings are reported. The MDGs, targeted at 2015 is relatively unknown to the target audience, this to a great extent, throws a doubt at its survival and achievement. To this effect, it becomes imperative to say that there is negative long term and shortterm effect of poor dissemination of adequate information with regards to health in the printmedia. There is need to know if the increasing popularity of news print has strengthened or harmed peoples knowledge of their health concerns in respect to the MDG goals. Even whenthe information gets to the target audience, some are in the form that it is difficult for anaverage person in that area to understand. Most of the prints do not take into cognisance thefact that their are individual as well as cultural differences in the way people accept, processand interprets information passed on to them.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the role of media in educating people of health matters in Tombia.
2. To promote health education in Tombia through media institution ns such as radio, television, newspaper, magazines and internet.
3. To reduce the rate infection and deficiencies among people through using media to education on how to be in good health.
4. To know the challenges and limitations involve in using for health education.
5. To suggest possible ways of solving this problems in to reach the ignorant poplars in various communities in Tombia.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Does media play vital role in educating people on health matters in Tombia?
2. How can media promote health education in Tombia through institutions such as radio, television, newspaper, magazines and internet?
3. Can this study reduce the rate infection and deficiencies among people through using media to education on how to be in good health?
4. What are the challenges and limitations involve in using for health education?
5. What are the possible ways of solving this problems in to reach the ignorant poplars in various communities in Tombia?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: Media does play any vital role in educating people on health matters in Tombia.
H1: Media play any vital role in educating people on health matters in Tombia.
H0: Media cannot promote health education in Tombia through institutions such as radio, television, newspaper, magazines and internet.
H1: Media can promote health education in Tombia through institutions such as radio, television, newspaper, magazines and internet.
H0: This study can increase the rate infection and deficiencies among people through using media to education on how to be in good health.
H1: This study can increase the rate infection and deficiencies among people through using media to education on how to be in good health.
H0: There are no challenges and limitations involve in using for health education.
H1: There are challenges and limitations involve in using for health education.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
using the media for health educational development in Tombia
metropolis. This blog is dedicated to environmental health in Tombia, the effort of media in giving health information in Tombia. Therefore, this study will benefit and be at advantage to people such as community, traditional rulers, students, children e.t.c .
1.7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered onusing the media for health educational development in Tombia
metropolis.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:
i. TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.
ii. FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. Journalists in Tombia find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy. Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Health education: Health education means enlighten people on health matters. This can be done through the use of media institutions and health workers. There is growing evidence which shows that Health education interventions make a positive contribution to the improvement of human health. Within the context of Primary Health Care (PHC), promotion is critical to improving outcomes in the prevention and control of both chronic and communicable diseases, and in meeting the health-related Millennium Development Goals, particularly among poor and marginalized groups.
Environmental Health Officers :Environmental Health Officers (also known as Public Health Inspectors) are responsible for carrying out measures for protecting public health, including administering and enforcing legislation related to environmental health and providing support to minimize health and safety hazards. They are involved in a variety of activities, for example inspecting food facilities, investigating public health nuisances, and implementing disease control.
A Public Health Inspector: A Public Health Inspector (also known as an Environmental Health Officer) is a public employee who investigates health hazards in a wide variety of locations, and will take action to mitigate or eliminate the hazards.
Sanitation: “Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities.
SANITATION SERVICE DEPARTMENT: The Sanitation Services Department is responsible for ensuring a clean environment for healthy and sustainable living in line with the policy of an integrated approach to environmental sanitation and enhancement. The department also organizes seminars on environmental Advocacy/Awareness campaign for the informal sector (artisans, market men and women, taxi drivers etc).
Improved sanitation – refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
D. DEVELOPMENT
To the ordinary man on the street development means the provision of tangible social infrastructure like roads, hospitals, schools, and decent pipe-borne water, constant power supply and other social amenities.
Professionals like economists view development as change that realistically enhances people’s earnings in addition to raising their living standards via large – scale production of goods and services. In the perspective of philosphphers, development is viewed as the attainment of meaningful degree of alertness and the sophistication of human faculties to the level of the individual in society can not only reason well but also, adopt a logical approach to issues arising from human society.
From the above laymen and professional perception of development one can infer that development as a concept is a continuous change that impact meaningfully on all the ramifications of peoples lives. Okunna (2002:294A) cited in Nwodu and Ukozor (2003:2) summarizes the meaning of development this way “Development should bring change, this change should be for the better; the change should be for the benefit of the majority of the people; and the process should be participatory, that is, involve people as closely as possible.
It is form this angle that this project perceives development.
COMMUNICATION
Communication according to the ordinary man on the street means getting your ideas across or making yourself understood. These are not wrong, but in the context of this project it is much more than this.
Several communication scholars have tried to define communication from several perspectives: According to Darnce (1970) cited in Ndolo (1998:1) communication is the process by which we understand others and in term endeavour to be understood by them. it is dynamic, constantly changing and shifting in response to the total situation.
Agee et al, 1998 defines communication as the act of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from one person to another. In other words transmission of information, ideas, and attitudes to one or more of an individual’s senses of sight, sound, touch, taste or smell.
According to Onho (1991) communication is an activity or process that entails mutual sharing or exchange of ideas, information, feelings, emotions and reactions.
Common to all the above definitions is that communication is a process of understanding and sharing of ideas, feelings and meaning or managing of messages between people.
In the process of communication one can identify five basic elements. These elements are people, channel, messages, Noise and feedback. Without these elements there can be no communication.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE EFFECT OF MORAL EDUCATION IN CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA YOUTHS
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the effect of moral education in character development of Nigeria youths. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst people from selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that moral education have a significant positive impact in character development of Nigeria youths. Also, there is a significant positive relationship between moral education and character development of Nigeria youths.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN DEMOCRATIC SUSTENANCE IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study
The press or the media is important to the continuous existence and harmonious co-existence of the society. That is why section 39(1) and (2) of the 1999 provides for the right to freedom of expression and the press.
However, it is important to state that, the 1999 constitution is not has explicit as section 21 of the 1979 constitution which invests the press with the task of ensuring that peoples right are not trampled upon, the press, radio and television and other agencies of mass media shall at all times be free to uphold the fundamental objective and directive principles of state policy and uphold the responsibility and accountability of government to the people.
The Role Of Press In Nation Building
The International Press Institute of which Nigeria is a member encapsulates the role of press in nation building; the press does all it can do to ensure that it writes only the truth, without distortion or without suppression.
It must defend the freedom to collect and publish the truth and right to fair comment. It must use only fair method to gather news; it must correct inaccuracies, protect its sources and suppress its own personal opinion in reporting facts, it must also reveal its identity before using radical and religious items, avoid what can cause hatred, it must not publish nothing about private lives unless in the public interest. It should not accept money from an advertiser. It must not disguise advertisement as editorial. It should respect confidences and embargoes. It should take care not to glorify war, crime, adultery, cruelty and communal clashes with care and restraints.
The press therefore is the people’s parliament, a gatekeeper and the watchdog of the society, it’s duty therefore is to ensure a just and egalitarian society in which no section, tribe or religion is promoted at the expense of another, it is the duty of the press to check, analyse, interpret and ferret out the advantages and otherwise of news items, thereby contributing effectively to the building of a strong and virile society, where bitterness, misgiving and rancour will not strive.
But the question is, are these principles and precepts being followed in Nigeria’s media terrain?
The Press During The Military Regime
It’s important to start first in answering this question to state that, the Nigerian media played a historic role in the fight against continued military rule and subsequently, the installation of democratic order in Nigeria.
As the fourth estate of the realm and the watchdog of the society, the role of the media in any social formation cannot be downplayed. However, with the coming of the civilian rule, the media seem to have gone to sleep. Hence, the media presently in the country is in a deep slumber. Many of the editors and senior reporters are desperate to make it big time, therefore, they go cap in hand to beg for largesse of various sorts from the people they are supposed to watch, check, teach and even guide. They cannot therefore, play the all-important watchdog role that is really expected of them.
It is really appalling to note that many senior editors and reporters are so desperate to become rich that they have compromised their professional callings. Today, their motto is, the survival of the fittest in the unhealthy rat race to get-rich quick, it is only the fittest of the fittest that survives the murky terrain of media politics. It is now brown envelop for pocket, packaging for paper.
That is why it is difficult for the media in Nigeria to be as vibrant, articulate and dynamic as it was during the 12 crisis. Today in the country many top editors and reporters are always looking for where their bread can be buttered.
They are mostly preoccupied with how they can live in highbrow areas such as Victoria Garden City (VGC), Victoria Island, Ikoyi, Maitama, Asokoro and even have property in choice places abroad as well as fat on and off-shore bank accounts.
They are contractors and consultants to various tiers of government. They support any government in power, even if these government are doing the wrong things once, it will be translate to pecuniary gains to them. It is for this reason that, a lot of nonsense and abominations abounds in our newsrooms, advertorials now comes out as genuine news report, the media which ought to be an agenda-setting fora or mechanism, is now being turned into a public relations outfit for those who pays the piper.
But it was Professor Wole Soyinka who said, the man dies in all that keep silent in the face of tyranny. The Nigerian media has since been pocketed. And, Patrice Lumumba remarked confidently that, neither brutal assaults nor cruel mistreatments have ever led me to beg for mercy, rather, I will hold my head high in an unshakable resolve.
This ought to be the motto of the Nigeria, alas, where is the conscience of the media that ought to be nurtured by the truth? Where is the right of the people to know? Where is the freedom of the Nigerian media that ought to be anchored on liberty? Definitely something is wrong somewhere.
The role of media as the pathfinder, role model and conscience of the nation, have been compromised by rapacious and acquisitive tendencies of media hawks in Nigerian journalism. And, this is a disturbing trend. This is because, when media which ought to dictate to the society the direction it should go, its being led by the nose, and told what to do, how to do it, when and why, then, there is a major problem. No doubt, the media is now a willing tool in the hand of some top editors and reporters to blackmail people for money, kill authentic stories, fight with junior colleagues over money, give lucrative postings to those that give them returns, use their positions to solicit for political appointments, and they do all these and much more, with impunity, not minding whose ox is gored.
They have mortgage their integrity and credibility as well as soil the good name of the pen-profession. They have since sold their birthright for a mess of porridge; they have turned newsrooms to hatchet places, where blackmails, threats and insinuations are dished all in exchange for cash. The most annoying aspect is that there is nobody to call them to order, because; at different levels they are all neck-deep in one deal or the other.
Even the NUJ has now become a personality cult for training contractor-journalists, going on dubious media trips and publishing thrash for cash. Or what has a journalist got to do with road construction, estate building or supplies to various government ministries. It is for this reason that, journalists are no longer respected and given their place of pride in the scheme of things in the country.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There is a general feeling that all journalists are the same, hungry people always looking for some small coins to keep body and soul together. Many of these top editors and reporters are so shameless, lacking in any kind of self-worth, that, they have the temerity to even flaunt their ill-gotten wealth. It is high time a national summit on the pen-profession is organized.
There should be some internal self-cleansing and personal self examination, and the powerful profession given a-clean-bill-of-health and a-new-lease-of-life. Why will organizations, government agencies, corporate bodies etc, organize media events and at the end dish out brown envelope. What is this kind of act called? Perhaps, the EFCC should tell whether that is corruption, gratification and inducement or not?
We cannot allow for any further denigration of the pen-profession, something very drastic urgently needs to be done to stop this festering ugly development, before it ultimately becomes a full-brown cancer that cannot be treated. These groups of bread and butter journalists have given a bad name to the noble pen-profession.
Always, writing advertorials as features, making very skewed analysis and not looking at the many-sidedness of issues, they are commission writers. This is a great disservice to journalism and the people of Nigeria. This trend must change now; the media must purge itself of these misfits, for it to be relevant to the society.
In every society, from the most primitive to the most complex, the communication system performs four broad tasks Harold lasswell (1949) had defined three of these as, surveillance of the environment, correlation of the components of society in responding to the environment and transmission of social heritage Wilbur Schramm (1954) has use the simple terms, “watcher. Forum, teacher and entertainment” every society has its watchers who provide other members with information and interpretation of events, they survey the environment and report on possible threats and dangers as well as good of bad omens approaching it from the fundamentals a watcher may be the teacher who complains or observed foreign tendencies of younger generation, or an opinion leader who tries to explain situations and trends of occurrence in a given environment. Which ever the case a group of people who live together, require an identifiable means through which to relate with each other, discussing and sharing meanings with one another. This is where the role of communication comes in. Communication serves as the vehicle through which different segment of people relate with each other. Society relies on communicating systems as a teacher to pass institutionalized patterns to all members as acceptable norms and ways of conduct adopted as standard approach to its aims and objectives. Communication systems are a force for bringing about information that is expected to transform people’s approaches to issues, irrespective of their personality. It is assumed that, the dominant pattern of behavior accepted by a large number of people in society depend on the information process by the mass media. The spiral of silence theory propounded by Noelle-Neumann between (1971 and 1973) maintains that, “individuals receive information from two sources, personal observation and the media. According to Anaeto, Onabajo and Osifeso (2003), “ the theory concerns the interplay among four elements; mass media, interpersonal communication and social relations, individual expression of opinions and perceptions which individuals have of the surrounding climate of opinion in their own social environment” this comment under scores, the Pretoria of organized structures of society in which the various element in society interrelate, that is the institutions in which different members of society have to subscribe to as they relate with one another. Bierstedt (1970) in Oshaikphai States that;
an institution is an organized system of social relationships which embodies certain common values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of society
The word common values as used here refer to shared ideas and goals through common procedures or standards that the group follows and as a system of relationships. The group enormously identifies a network of roles and statues to adhere to and this forms the social relationships through which their acts are assessed.
According to Oshaekphai (2003) there are five most basic important institutions in complex societies, family, religions governmental, economic, and educational institutions. In recent times science has been added because of the important place of science in modern society
He further explained that: Institutionalization is processes which emerge as unplanned products of living in groups as they sought practical ways of meeting their needs. They find some patterns which gets better through repetition into standardized customs.
From this comments it is clear that, what communication does is, to identify this institutions within society and mobilize different segments or members of society to participate in them. This way communication is able to correlate different components of society, through constant presentation, or repition the media is able to enlighten, educate and inform members of society. Invariably what this means is that, for the different institutions to interplay with one another effectively there must be mass communication. In other words mass communication stands at the center of this institutional relationship. Through effective mass communication, various institutions are able to learn about the activities of others and how these activities intermingle. However in other to achieve effective mass communication, the following communication strategy comes readily to mind and some of them are, the print, and the broadcast media. This paper limits its scope to, the broadcast media and its relevance in democracies in the Nigeria context.
Broadcast media refers to the use of electrical impulse to transmit voice or visual messages to a large audience. The broadcast media has an enormous power to inform, enlighten and or educate a large audience at the same time.
The broadcast media are a very powerful instrument for mass mobilization. They are capable of making things, they cam make or destroy, they can be used as instruments to instigate war under certain conditions or even foster peace initiatives; they can promote or hinder development. As one of the major components of mass communication, the Broadcast media have been very instrumental to the success or otherwise of democracy in Nigeria.
1.3 Research Questions
1. Is the broadcast media an instrument for mass mobilization and development of the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
2. Is there a relationship between the development of the media and the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
1.4 Hypothesis
H1: The broadcast media is an instrument for mass mobilization and development of the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
H2: There is a relationship between the development of the media and the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
1.5 Limitations of the study
There was limited time,finance and uncooperative responses from the respondents. These were the limitations encountered in the course of the research.
1.6 Definition of terms
1. Mass media:
The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place varies. Broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their information electronically
2. Democracy:
Overnment by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. a state having such a form of government: The United States and Canada are democracies.
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE ROLE OF AGE GRADE IN BAYELSA
ABSTRACT
New ‘bottom-up’ approaches to development attempt to transform the condition of rural population through the mobilisation and utilisation of their resources.Bayelsa state in Nigeria provides a case study of rural change and the role of social organisations and institutions (especially age-grades, social clubs and town unions) in the drive for rural transformation. These organisations form the pivots of rural self-help and have executed numerous projects but the absence of clear policy guidelines has limited their effectiveness.
Elimination of wide spread poverty and growing income inequality are at the core of all development problems and in fact define for many people, the principal objective of development policy. The dilemma of rural development in Nsugbe Bayelsa state area is that, if all the agricultural and industrial projects started in all corners of the country since 1950s to the present were successful, Nigeria would have recorded substantial food surplus and much of its rural areas would have undergone great transformation. This paper relied overwhelmingly on in-depth interview and secondary documentary sources of data. These were obtained from Bayelsa statewhich were purposively selected on the account of their status as one of the area with the largest population of Urhobo people. A random sampling of the area yielded eight clusters of communities which constituted the study location. 120 randomly selected adult respondents took part in the study while data were subjected to content analysis. Active participation of Bayelsa state age grade in rural development initiatives was widely reported and communities were found to be involved in development projects which they considered relevant to their felt needs and aspirations. This was expressed through the activities of age-grade organization. Although the Bayelsa state age grade has been able to achieve much success within the limit of its resources, the paper recommended an active collaboration with governmental agencies to take rural development in Nsugbe community to a greater height.
This paper examines the tourism potentials of Nsugbe community with a view to harnessing their potentials for sustainable tourism development. These villages were chosen because of the plenitude of tourist attractions (natural and cultural), which they offer; their proximity to the state capital and other valuable opportunities. The paper uses ethnographic method to elicit information and analyze the data collected from respondents. It is contended that a well executed community-based tourism (CBT) will not only create employment opportunities in the selected villages, but will also raise their standard of living.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND THE NSTUDY
Since the end of the Second World War, particularly during the past three decades, rural development as a concept and as a programme of action has attracted much attention that it has been enthroned as a vital tool in the development of many developing countries. This conviction was predicated on the firm belief that rural development could be the panacea for replacing rural poverty with prosperity in the developing countries of the world. Olisa (1992), however, observed that the results have not been significantly positive in most countries which have received and lived on aid and other income generating investments, especially from the more developed countries.
The failure of rural development and the indicators of that failure are as manifest in Nigeria as in the countries in Africa mentioned in a United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation’s report in 1988. In that special issue on Rural Development published in February 1988, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) painted vividly the discouraging picture in the following words: At least 700 million people live in poverty in rural areas of the developing world. And available evidence suggests, many of them are becoming poorer. “This grim picture emerges from the latest review … of agrarian reform and rural development in the 1980s”.
In Nigeria, basic amenities such as pipe-borne water, electricity, hospitals and medical care, primary education and modern communication are inadequate in over 80% of the country’s rural area. Agriculture is largely at subsistence level with traditional tools just as the rural agriculturist is without modern agricultural skill and knowledge. Over 80% of the country’s population live in the rural areas and are engaged in agriculture and as Olisa (1992) observed, yet the country’s internal food supply relative to domestic demands, has been consistently on a steep decline.
In the rural sector in Nigeria, public policy has consistently emphasised “increased agricultural out-put and productivity” as the main instrument for rural communities’ development. Similarly, public policy makers also regard rural development as synonymous with agricultural development (Hall, 2000, Onokerhoraye and Okafor, 1994 and Tom, 1991). The assumption was that increase in agricultural output would lead to increase in rural income and improvement in the livelihood of the rural areas. Onokerhoraye and Okafor (1994) have argued that agriculture is by no means the only possible occupation for rural people and have advocated a new and broader view of rural development in Nsugbe Bayelsa state area. Over these years, rural dwellers in Nigeria have been encouraged to produce more agricultural products because that is where, according to economic principles they had the highest comparative cost advantage. Okpala (1980), however, disagrees and argues that the prevailing public policy emphasis on increased agricultural output and productivity as the main thrust of rural development, is at variance with the peoples perception of what constitute their development. The rural dwellers frequently do not adopt the type of rural development proposals, programmes and projects that are espoused in the official national development programmes. This is because they do not share government’s enthusiasm for agricultural development. The various rural communities therefore, undertake other types of projects they consider more relevant to their felt needs and aspirations.
Okpala suggests a clear distinction in public policy emphasis between rural development and agricultural development. He argues that this distinction may even benefit agricultural development, as it would ensure a direct and unambiguous policy focus on agricultural development while treating rural development as a separate policy subject area. He further argues that the rural people, who are primarily farmers, have food in relative abundance and relatively cheaply. To them, agricultural products generally are “surplus goods” and therefore do not want more of them, particularly with the low prices of agricultural products in Nigeria. What are scarce to them and what they desire, are good roads, good water supplies, health, educational facilities and others.
As Olisa (1992) puts it, the Nigerian rural development dilemma, is that if all the agricultural and industrial projects started in all corners of Nigeria since 1950s to the present were successful, the country would have recorded a substantial food surplus and much of its rural areas would have undergone substantial transformation. Instead, the present general picture of the country’s rural population, is one of economic poverty, malnutrition, poor infrastructure, poor medical facilities, persistence of local endemic diseases which have reduced the quality of labour force, to name but a few.
For example, between 1973 and 2000, Nigeria launched successively, five national rural development programmes with more than eight supportive schemes. These development programmes were in addition to the activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources in the sphere of rural development. The programmes include among others: National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) of 1973, Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) of 1976 (in addition to the establishment of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme to make the programme to work), Green Revolution (GR) of 1980 (which albeit, a mere show or change in terminology) and the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) of 1986. These rural development programmes were strengthened with more than eight supportive schemes, such as the River Basin and Rural Development Authorities (RBRDA), Agricultural Development Projects (ADPS), Rural and Cooperative Banking Policies of the 1970s, Mass Literacy Cum Nomadic Education Scheme of the late 1980s and the National Agricultural Land development Authority (NALDA) of the 1990s. The programmes and schemes were designed essentially to improve the rural output and thus develop the rural areas.
These efforts at developing the rural areas in Nigeria, have not yielded the desired results, due largely to their inability to accelerate the development of this sector. The initiatives failed because of the exclusion of the people not only from policy making and planning but also from implementation. Other attendant factors for the low level of development of the rural areas include, the failure to harness available resources within the rural areas, inability to sustain these programmes, managerial problems and the failure to take into cognisance the socio-cultural background and historical experience of the benefiting rural communities. The complexity and enormity of the problems confronting the rural dwellers in Nigeria, call for a profound search for both the causes of the failure of all government rural development programmes and the need for the formulation of a more appropriate and enduring approach. The problem is more than just technology and production. It is the “social, cultural and economic issues responsible for underdevelopment that require attention” (Altieri, 1995)
The consequent entrenchment of powerful and centralised institutions of governance in society has continued to threaten the existential essence of man in his local and national environment. The Igbo were originally free from such centralized and despotic institutions of governance.
However, to facilitate governance in Igbo land where kingship institutions were few, or to achieve uniformity with the rest of the country, the colonial masters created the “warrant chiefs” with the ordinance of 1916. With the attainment of independence, the warrant chiefs became anachronistic and irrelevant. Perhaps to achieve the same objective as the colonial masters, the military government in 1978 created autonomous communities and decreed that each community be placed under a traditional ruler (Bayelsa state age grade or Obi in some areas). The proliferation of kingship institution was thus engineered in an area of Nigeria where the predominant political organization was the “democratic village republic” in which the traditional local institution for governance has been the town union. The situation now is that there exists in most communities in Igbo land two dominant institutions for governance – the town union which is at the apex of the system of unions/assemblies that are part of the democratic village republic and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution fostered by the government.
As each community is large, it’s responsibilities are necessarily in terms of developmental needs. Needs of communities differ both in importance and priorities. What constitute “development” in Eziama may not constitute “development” in Ihitte. A community may have as it’s priority “electricity supply” while another may have “water supply as it’s priority. However the important thing is that all the communities understudy agree on the need for an enhanced socio economic, political and cultural life of the community.
Agreeably, Government alone cannot provide these services Julius Nyerere had said that if people realize that they suffering is not the will of God, they will make efforts and sacrifices. It could have been this realization that spurred non-governmental organizations in Bayelsa state into action. But while non-governmental bodies are making efforts towards improving the living conditions of Anambra East populace. It must be stressed that there is need for adequate government participation in this development bid. If these organizations in better rural community will matererilize.
Credence is laid to this when one looks at the united nations definition of community development. According to them, community development is the process by which the affects of the people themselves are united with those of government authorities to improve the economic social and cultural conditions of communities to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national process community development by this definition, ought to be a joint effort between government and the people of the rural communities.
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
A common task facing developing and under – developed nations today, including Nigeria, is the development of rural area. Development of the rural areas or communities means an improvement or advancement in the socio-economic, political and cultural life style of people. In most rural comities including Bayelsa state Area, there is insignificant provision of basic human needs like Hospitals, pipe-borne water, tarred and motorable roads, schools etc, by government. This attitude on the part of government creates an impression in the minds of people that they are not part of the body politics.
Consequently, the people rely on what they can afford to fend for themselves. It is this quest for self-reliance that leads to initiation of community development project of community development projects by non-governmental organizations.
The problem of non-development of rural areas spreads across all states of Nigeria but in more pronounced in Bayelsa state Area – which is my area of study. In this community there is object neglect of provision of these facilities by government. Developmental activities are borne by non-governmental organizations like Town Unions, Churches, Age Grades, Social Clubs etc with little or no contributions from government.
This study will attempt at identifying the nature and scope of developmental projects undertaken by non-governmental organizations in Bayelsa state Area.
It will also find out what kind of problems that confront these non-Governmental organizations in it’s quest to improve the life of Anambra East Citizens.
The problem is that conflict situations have arisen in many communities. There is conflict over the relationship between the town union (or its president) and the Bayelsa state age grade. There is conflict over accession and succession to the Bayelsa state age grade stool, which has tended to destabilize the town union. There is also conflict over the Bayelsa state age grade’s area of jurisdiction and the town unions’ area of jurisdiction. The gravity of the situation is perhaps evidenced by the numerous litigations on these matters pending in law courts all over Igbo land.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to analyse the involvement of the Town Union and Bayelsa state age grade Institution in governance, highlighting the consequent encounter between the two bodies using case studies. More specifically, the study has attempted to achieve the following objectives:
1. To examine the roles of the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state.
2. To analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them.
3. To make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities.
4. This project is aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area.
5. It will try top examine some of their experiences while undertaking these developmental endeavours in Bayelsa state Area.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What are the roles of the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state?
2. Is it possible to analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them?
3. How can one make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities?
4. Does this project is aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution have played no roles in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state.
H1: Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution played great roles in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state.
H0: It is impossible to analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them.
H1: It is possible to analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them.
H0: One cannot make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities.
H1: One can make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities.
H0: This project is not aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area.
H1: This project is aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCRE OF THE STUDY
The essence of this study is to draw the attention of the Local State and Federals Government.
This research draws the attention of government to the need for stepping up their matching grants as well as provision of human and material assistance to communities in Bayelsa state Area who are embarking on one developmental project or the other.
Through this research, communities in Bayelsa state Area will realize once again that government own her a duty to assist he in her developmental efforts and there by which government will be made up to perform her own part of the obligation.
Finally, this research will aid students towards making further research in this area as well as serve as an invaluable source of information on Anambra East Community.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
For studying episodes in the encounter between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution, two autonomous communities were purposively selected to reflect situations of harmonious and conflict relationships. The autonomous communities selected are Nsugbe in Bayelsa state Area and Mbieri also in Bayelsa state both in Bayelsa state.
The population of Nsugbe consists largely of indigenes of Nsugbe. There are nevertheless some non-indigenes who work for government establishments located in the community. The commonly spoken language is a dialect of Igbo. Nsugbe is a rural community composed of five villages with an aggregate population of about 30,000. The villages are: Owere, Umuagwuoche, Uba/Amazu, Umutaku/Umungwo and Amafor.
Each village is composed of two or more kindreds. Beyond the family, the individual derives support from the kindred, the village and the town, in that order.
Mbieri, another community chosen for study, consists predominantly of the indigenous population. However, there are non-indigenes who either do business in the community or work in government establishments in the community. Igbo is the commonly spoken language. Mbieri is 705 rural communities composed of 18 villages with a population of about 75,000 people. The villages are Obokwe, Umuahii, Umuomumu, Umuduru, Umuobom, Ubakuru, Amankuta, Umuagwu and Ebom. Others are: Ohohia, Awo, Eziome, Amaulu, Umunjam, Umuonyeali, Umudagu, Obazu and Achi. Each village is composed of four or more kindreds. Though the family is the basic social and political unit, the individual derives support from the kindred, the village and town, in that order.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE ROLE OF AFRICA INDEPENDENT TELEVISION IN PROMOTING POPULAR CULTURE AMONG YOUTHS IN KADUNA METROPOLIS
ABSTRACT
The research investigates the contribution of African Independent Television (AIT) in promoting youth popular culture. To this end the objectives of the study were to assess the role of AIT in repackaging Africa’s rich cultural Heritage to attract youths, determine the contribution of AIT in enhancing Nigeria values among youths, appraise the role of AIT in promoting popular trend among youths. The research questions that guided the study were what are the significant technical elements that are essential towards reinforcing Nigeria cultural value in AIT? What role does AIT play in repackaging Africa’s rich cultural Heritage to attract youths? What are the contributions of AIT in enhancing Nigeria values among youths? How does AIT promote popular trend among youths? What are the significant technical elements that are essential towards reinforcing Nigeria cultural value in AIT? The survey research design was used to distribute 18 questionnaires to the respondents. The analysis of the questionnaire indicates that the significant technical elements that are essential toward reinforcing Nigerian cultural values in AIT are basically to adopt 60% local content in their programmes as well as proper evaluation and adherence to NBC regulations as well as monitoring of programmes that are detrimental to youths and promoting programmes that enhances Nigerian cultural among youths.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content Page
Title Page – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgments – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – viii
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem – – – – – – 2
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – 3
1.4 Research Questions – – – – – – – 3
1.5 Significance of the Study – – – – – – 4
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study – – – – – 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 6
2.2 Concept of Television in Nigeria – – – – – 6
2.2.1 History of AIT – – – – – – – – 9
2.3 Repackaging Africa’s Rich Cultural Heritage through Television – 14
2.4 The Role of Television in Promoting Culture – – – – 16
2.5 The Role of National Media in Educating Youths – – – 27
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 29
3.2 Research Design – – – – – – – 29
3.3 Area of the Study – – – – – – – 29
3.4 Population of the Study – – – – – – 29
3.5 Sample Size and Sampling Technique – – – – 30
3.6 Instrument of Data Collection – – – – – – 30
3.7 Validity of Instrument – – – – – – – 30
3.8 Reliability – – – – – – – – 30
3.9 Method of Data Collection and Justification – – – – 31
3.10 Method of Data Analysis and Justification – – – – 31
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 32
4.2 Respondent Characteristics – – – – – – 32
4.3 Data Presentation and Analysis – – – – – 33
4.4 Summary of Findings – – – – – – – 39
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 41
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 43
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 45
References – – – – – – – – 47
Questionnaire – – – – – – – – 48
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
In view of growing numbers of involuntary unemployed youth, governments need to apply appropriate strategies to promote the work culture among their peoples especially using national and mass media. National media and presses are expected to emphasize on the promotion of work culture, especially among the young generation so that the countries’ industries not become dependent on the migratory labor. This mission could particularly be performed by the television as the most public media. Also, the Association of American University Presses believes that the most effective way that presses can recruit and retain individuals representing the widest variety of backgrounds and experiences is by having as open and as supportive an environment as possible. Organizations use all sorts of tools to represent their goals and ambitions. Simulations of simulations and representations of the simulated are used for organizational sense making. Scenarios are representations of business goals; business goals which are used to reorganize and structure the next generation of scenarios. But some things simulated and others not, or is it simulation “all the way down”? Managing occurs by representing goals via all kinds of media; media that are involved in spreadsheets, PowerPoint presentations, and diagrams of goals, visions and strategies. Not only physical media, like telephones or computers, but also theoretical imaginaries abound (Boeschoten,20).
In a complex interplay of significations, participants take part in processes of representation. But the role of the intermediaries or the media is little recognized. Media seem to play a neutral role within the process of signification, as if true values or meanings hide behind the representations. But on a closer look, one can see that media shape the understanding of organization (Lever, 19).
This study has tried to review the role of national media in promoting the work culture among its audiences and in this respect; television is particularly dealt with as the most public national media.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Most Television stations in Nigeria are basically set up to promote the numerous Nigerian cultural value. But inspite of this, most stations in Nigeria show too much western programs thereby promoting western culture as against Nigeria culture which they are originally set up to promote. This constraint has hinder the transfer of Nigerian cultural heritage to the younger generation. It is against this background, that the researcher consider the subject matter of this research as an empirical problem worthy of investigation.
1.3 Aim Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to examine the role of AIT in promoting youth popular culture in Kaduna metropolis. The specific objectives are to:
1.4 Research Questions
i) What are the significant technical elements that are essential towards reinforcing Nigeria cultural value in AIT?
ii) What role does AIT play in repackaging Africa’s rich cultural Heritage to attract youths?
iii) What are the contributions of AIT in enhancing Nigeria values among youths?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study will be beneficial to African Independent Television as well as other TV station especially as they utilize the finding of this study as a basis to promote popular Nigerian culture among youths.
The study will also contribute to the existing knowledge on television and culture in Nigeria.
It is also worthy to note that the study can be use as a basis for further research, as the research can be use as a spring board for further research as well as a good reference material to students undertaking similar research.
1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study covers an empirical examination examine the role of AIT in promoting youth popular culture in Kaduna metropolis as well as to assess the role of AIT in repackaging Africa’s rich cultural
Heritage to attract youths and to Determine the contribution of AIT in enhancing Nigeria values among youths. The study covers a time from 2006 – 2011.
The study is limited to AIT, it will be difficult to generalize the findings to other TV stations.
For the fact that a survey study was used as the research design as well as the questionnaire as the research instrument, it is not certain if the same result would be obtained if other designs and instruments were used. Besides, another limitation is that the respondents could have either over exaggerated or understate their responses while scoring the items in the questionnaire. Also the nonchalant attitude of some of the respondents could affect the validity of their response to the questionnaire. This limitation should be taking cognizance of other researches conducting similar studies.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE INFLUENCE OF WESTERN TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON THE CULTURAL VALUES OF NIGERIA YOUTHS
(A CASE STUDY OOF CARITAS STUDENTS, ENUGU).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page – – – – – – – – – i
Title Page – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval Page – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vi
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem – – – – 2
1.3 Objective of the Study – – – – – – 3
1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – 3
1.5 Research Question – – – – – – – 3
1.6 Research Hypothesis – – – – – – 4
1.7 Scope/Delimitation of the Study – – – – 4
1.8 Assumption of the Study – – – – – 4
1.9 Limitation of the Study – – – – – 5
1.10 Conceptional and Operational Definition – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature – – – – – – 6
2.2 Review of Relevant Literature – – – – – 6
2.3 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – 12
2.4 Summary of the Literature – – – – – 14
CHPATER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design – – – – – – – 16
3.2 Area of the Study – – – – – – 16
3.3 Population of the Study – – – – – – 16
3.4 Research Sample and Sampling Technique – – 17
3.5 Instrument used for Data Collection – – – 17
3.6 Validity of the Instrument – – – – – 18
3.7 Method of Collecting Data – – – – – 18
3.8 Method of Data Analysis – – – – – – 18
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Date Analysis and Presentation – – – – 39
4.2 Hypotheses Testing – – – – — – – 47
4.3 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – 52
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – 58
5.2 Recommendation – – – – – – – 59
6.3 Conclusion – – – – – – — – 61
6.4 Suggestion for further Studies – – – – 63
ABSTRACT
This study probes the impact which Tv has on the cultural values of the Nigeria youths. It specifically tackles the impact of western Tv programes on Nigeria University students. The research posits that the current trends in cultural behaviour of youths in Nigeria as observed among Caritas student Enugu is significantly associated with their perception of western culture and exposure to western Tv programmes. The assumption that foreign media content has direct powerful effects is shared by optimistic modernization theory. Lerner (1962) Rogers (1964) Schramm (1964) and the later critical perspective of cultural and media imperialism. McPhail (1981), (1984) Gerbuer (1977). The research applies the theory of acculturation along with the culturation hypothesis. “Defluer and Dennis 1991, Garbner 1977, Morgan 1991” explains that acculturation of Nigeria youths take place as a result of exposure to western Tv which influence the perception of Tv reality and alters self-image. From the review of related literature, the following hypotheses emerged for testing HI: More exposure to Tv will tend to identification of western television stars as models. H2: The improvement of Local Tv movies industries will increase Nigerian youths’ preference for local Tv product. Research hypotheses 1 and 2 received statistical support from the analysis of collected data using the survey research method Recommendations to check the cultural genocide for further research were preferred.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
This study is on The Influence Of Western Television Programmes On The Cultural Values Of Nigerian Youths using Caritas University Students as a case study. The term culture has been defined differently by different people. The different definitions attached to culture are based on the differences in the orientation of the people.
According to Ekeh (1989), culture is construct used in an attempt to analyze and integrate events and ideas in broad spectrum of areas of society. Jekayinka (2002), states that from wider perspective, culture includes the total repertoire of human action which are socially transmitted from generation to generation. Obiora (2002), says the transformation of culture is gradual and not sudden. He (2002), contends that culture is a continuous process of change. It changes exactly the same way as the human being change. It is dynamic, learned, acquired, transmitted or diffused through contact or means of communication flow from generation to another. The Nigerian culture is observed to be fading out as a result of the acceptance and adaptation of the modernist’s solution on to underdevelopment. One of such theories which relates to this subtle method of assault international communication is given by Lerner (1956).
In his concept of “empathy”, Lerner states that the inhabitants of third world nations must learn to empathize with the West for modern transformation of their societies to be possible. Schramm (1964), on the other hand, developed an interesting model in which he equates the level of social development of communication to various nations. Access to these modern mass media (Radio, Television, films, telephone, and newspapers) is linked to individual modernity. Nigeria and other third world countries have reacted to these finding by inventing a substantial amount of their foreign exchange earnings to import radio and television transmitters and sets. The television programmes especially provides many powerful models for children and abundant opportunities for observational learning.
The television programmes include:
Studies have been found by early adolescence that the average Nigerian children have watched thousands of dramatized murders and countless other acts of violence on television (www.encarta.com). For many years, psychologists have debated the question of whether watching violence on Tv have detrimental effects on children. A number of experiments both inside and outside the laboratory have found evidence that viewing Tv violence is relayed to increased aggression in children.
Nigerians as exemplified by trends in Enugu Metropolis where Western exports of television entertainment, information are shown in NTA Enugu, ESBS Television, Minaj Channel, Cartoon Network, ESPN –“Expanded Sports programmes Network” channel provided by various satellite transmission operators as DSTV, Multi – Choice, Music television, Euro – sports, etc. Have raised Nigerians eyebrows to such Western television programmes. Thereby, making them to behave like them, associate with them and even speaks like them. Even our generation that is shown on NTA Enugu and the youth perspective on ESBS are presented by youth and replete with music video of Western origin dominated by rape stars as (Late) Tupac, Beyonce, Ashanti, 50- Cent, Sean Paul, Kelly Rowland, Celine Dion, etc. It is the researcher’s believe that western television especially American television exports have a strategic “weapon” aimed to over power the cultural values of Nigerian youths.
The influence of Western television programmes on the cultural values of Nigerian youths have been said to be a serious problem facing Nigerians. Some of these problems are:
Therefore, if the above problems are not been taking care off, it will lead to a total destruction of the Nigerians culture.
The researcher’s objective is to conduct an in-depth research on the influence of Western television programmes on the cultural values of the Nigerian youths with an insight to determine its implication to the cultural values of Nigerian youths are:
The research questions are arranged questions meant to be asked by the researcher and receives a feedback (answer) from a respondent. For a researcher to achieve her aim, the following question should be used.
Tv stars as models
Ho: More exposure to Tv do not lead to identification of
Western Tv stars as models.
increase Nigerian youths preference for local Tv product.
Ho: The improvement of local Tv/ movies industries will not
increase Nigerian youths preference for local Tv product.
The scope of this study is to find out how the Western Television Programmes affect the Cultural Values of Nigerian Youths using Caritas University as a case study.
The institution is been noted for a constant influence of Western television programs on their cultural values. Hence, the need for choosing the institution as a case study commenced.
In the cause of the research, oral interview were consulted on both staffs and students of the institution. But the research depends more on the questionnaire which were distributed to students and staffs and were completed and returned. The researcher also consulted some textbooks, Newspapers and journals which provided a lot of information pertaining to the study.
The following were the assumption of this study:
Though this research work is on the influence of Western television programmes on the cultural valves of Nigerian youths. It is limited to Caritas University Students Amorji-nike, Enugu, using five departments that were randomly selected from faculties and hundred and fifty questionnaires that were distributed to them. This is because of time and resource, had it been that time and resource were available similar studies would have been done in other private University/ schools in the country so as to ensure a more embracing result.
Conceptual: It means young men and women.
Operational: It is defined as students in various Universities in Nigeria and who fall between the ages of 15 -30
Conceptual: The means of giving news and opinions to large number of people.
Operational: The media is operationalised as Tv. Broadcast used to generate or circulate information to the public.
Conceptual: it is the self definition, self perception and self- image of a person as a member of a group exhibiting uniform culture that are consistent with the values of that group.
Operational: It is those commonly shares socio-political interpretation and meanings related to the beliefs, norms, values, attitudes and behaviours within Nigeria.
Conceptual: This refers to nations of neocolonialism that uses policy and practice that have effect to dominate the culture and affairs of less developed countries.
Operational: it means the conscious and unconscious domination by Western Tv media on the media system of Nigeria.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE INFLUENCE OF AIT COVERAGE ON POST 2011 ELECTION SENTIMENTS AMONG RESIDENTS OF KABALA DOKI, KADUNA
ABSTRACT
This research work focused on the influence of AIT coverage on post 2011 election sentiments among the residents of Kabala Doki, Kaduna. The research was conducted on 100 residents of Kabala Doki. It was found that most of the broadcast stations including AIT are found with airing things that might provoke sentiments to the prospective audiences in regards to the election. To minimize this problem, we suggest that journalist should bear in mind the interest of the entire country, rather than influencing the interest of the section of the country. We also recommend that media should abstain from use of discriminating and insultive statements and expressions when reporting other groups.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval Page – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vii
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – viii
CHAPTER ONE
Background of the Study – – – – – – – 1
Statement of the Problem – – – – – – – 2
Purpose of the Study – – – – – – – – 3
Significance of the Study – – – – – – – 4
Scope of the Study – – – – – – – – 5
Research Questions – – – – – – – – 5
Operational Definition of Terms – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 8
Theoretical Framework – – – – – – – 8
History of Africa Independent Television – – – – 10
Review of Related Literature – – – – – – 12
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 21
Research Design – – – – – – – – 21
Population – – – – – – – – – – 23
Sample Technique – – – – – – – – 24
Sample Size – – – – – – – – – 25
Methods of Data Collection – – – – – – – 25
Instrument for Data Collection – – – – – – 27
Method of Data Analysis and Interpretation – – – 27
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 29
Administration of the Questionnaire – – – – – 29
Presentation and Interpretation – – – – – – 30
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Introduction – – – – – – – – – 36
Summary – – – – – – – – – – 36
Conclusion – – – – – – – – – – 37
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The Mass Media remain one of the most potent weapons in influencing time. This is why it has been observed that no event is considered significant if it failed to attract the attention of the media.
Denis McQuail (1982) noted that “the media take the particular colouration of the environment they operate.”
Media Organization in Nigeria both the print and electronic have tended to sentiment as the motivating factor for the members of a particular place or area of the country to propagate their ideas and the same time protect their interests be them political, economical or social. Sentiment means an exhibition hostility to people outside one’s regional group within a state as well as prejudicial judgment of issues concerning sentiment groups. These phenomena among others have polarized the country’s media into two major groups, South and North.
The press is best with the social responsibility of uniting, informing and entertaining without bias, Salami Muhammad (2000:26) explain that “The role of the press in modern day society where the world has become a global village” cannot be overemphasized. The press educates, informs and entertains the people so much that if influences public opinion on a number of issues.
This research focuses on the influence of AIT coverage or post 2011 election sentiments among residents of Kabala Doki, Kaduna. The objective is to identify manifestation of sentiment of AIT coverage of post election violence.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Media are established to protect and promote certain interest or ideologies. Therefore, reporting other groups than the owners could reflect some of the reasons for which the media were established. It could also be to support or oppose particular sectional point of view.
Such interest may sometimes coincide with that of the wider national interests, such as integration, unity, cooperation and progress of all groups. At times however, the objectives of establishing may be at variance with the interest of other competing components of the society, such as regional, religion or ethnic groups. In such situation, the media assume function of serving mainly the parochial interest of the owners. If the media are found to resort to such parochial role, their potential in educating, entertaining and informing the general public are greatly curtailed. This is particularly so in a plural society such as Nigeria where the media are expected to serve as the chief agents of national integration.
The research focuses on the sentimental role of AIT’s coverage of the post 2011 election violence. Where there is manifestation of sentiments in the Nigerian media with view to understand how such sentiment in the media may impact on the polity.
As McQuail (1981) note that “the media take particular colouration of the environment they operate”.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Nigeria as a nation with a heterogeneous population of over 394 and one dialect need careful and fair treatment to each section in terms of news coverage.
Media men as watchdogs of the society are expected to remain objective in their reports. Therefore, the research will aim at looking indepth, the presence of sentiment in the attitude of the AIT and examine the extent of manifestation in reporting others.
However, this work will go to a large extent in making us understand whether sentiments and other related inclinations have really influence post 2011 election sentiment among residents of K/Doki. It will also suggest the practice of journalism and its standard ethics.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of the study is to reduce and forestall the extent of the manifestation of sentiment in our media reports. This is in order to obtain national integrity in the nation.
And to the body of knowledge, the significance lies in the fact that it will improve in the numerous literature, which abound on this topic. It will also give the “Gentlemen of the press” a sense of direction toward a fair, objective and balanced reporting.
Meanwhile, to the researcher, the significance of this study is to inform him with ample information and data on how sentiment affects the way, and manner events, particularly those of national importance.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research project is designed to study how African Independent Television in respect to the 2011 post election violence and how the AIT influence sentiment among the residents of Kabala Doki, Kaduna State.
Because of time and financial constraints coupled with the researcher’s other academic activities, the researcher assume to study the election and four weeks after the election.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
In relation to the research work, the following questions are going to be answered.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
A channel through which a message/information is transferred or communicated to a large heterogeneous group of people (i.e. TV, Radio, Magazine, Newspaper and Billboard etc).
AIT: African Independent Television which is a pan – African general entertainment channel offering news, talk shows etc.
Sentiment: Can refer to activity of five material senses (hearing, sight, touch, smell and taste).
Election: The action or an instance of choosing by vote one or more of the candidate for a position.
Violence: Is the use of physical force to apply a state to others contrary to their wishes.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE IMPACT OF NIGERIAN PRESS ON THE CHOICE OF POLITICAL CANDIDATE
(A case study of Residence of Kaduna Metropolis)
ABSTRACT
This research work seeks to examine to what extent the press content (restricting it to print media) affect the choice made by the public toward a particular political candidate. It examines theories as related to the field of mass communication, which emphasis the media key role in determine what perception the public build on a political figure. To this end, the study is pattern along the Instructive Stimulus Response Theory or the “Hypodermic needle/magic bullet” theory of the print media and the social responsibility theory of the press as reinforced by the Hut Plus commission of 1947. be that the research is quantitative as the case provide, a survey method was use along side the instrument of questionnaire, where the simple random sampling technique was used to gathered data from the resident of the three local government areas of Igabi, Kaduna South and Kaduna North which make up the Kaduna metropolis. Understanding the limitation as associated with the print media, being that it is more prominent among the elite, the research work after analyzing and interpretating the gathered data in chapter four went further in chapter five (being the provision for conclusion and recommendation) to proffer ways in which the press will be used, when the right atmosphere is provided, as the only machinery through which information can be transfer to the general public and perception build and shape thereafter, in their bid to choose a political candidate of their choice during election, citing our current dive as a nation into the fourth republic with a proper functioning of democratic principle.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover Page
Title Page
Declaration
Approval Page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation
4.1 Section A: Personal Data of Respondent
4.2 Section B: Testing the Research Questions
4.3 Discussion of Research Findings
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendix
Chapter one
INTRODUCTION
Mass communication is defined as messages directed towards a large group of people using a mass medium. It involves disseminating information to a large, diverse, homogenous/heterogeneous audience. Mass communication is made possible through the help of mass media. That is to say mass media makes mass communication a reality. Mass media includes television, radio, newspaper, magazine etc.
For every human society the successful conduct of her internal/external affairs depends largely on the extent of the reliability of government apparatus and the government successfully communicating, understanding and accepting themselves in a mutual and symbiotic relationship”- Obaze .A et al (2004:1)
The need for information is such that man can hardly function or determine his course of life with out communication. On account of this, the influential role of the media is cited in her caprice to direct, redirect, and shoulder the course of altitude change and instilling/building public perception towards societal affair.
There is no modern society that can dispense with the press especially newspapers. The newspapers especially to places where there are no radio stations rapidly spread important news. The newspapers give us reliable information about towns and countries. Many social tools are exposed in one newspaper to attract the attention of the government, police and the citizens as a whole so that such evils may be immediately combated. Many articles written by intelligent people and carried by newspapers contain good ideas with which we can experiment in our bid to reform the society. These articles have suggested ways and means by which we can combat tribalism, fraud, serious crimes, avarice, greed, and extravagance, which are disintegrating forces in the society.
By impacting meaningfully through the involvement of Nigeria press vis-à-vis as a social system in society positioning, it is her duty, responsibility and obligation to enhance the survival of the vital ingredient of society demand. Which are unity; structure; inter-dependence; compliance, commitment and conformity; and transmission of social norms, culture and value. The media is by this gear towards enhancing the continuity and survival of the total social “gadget.”
The print media, particularly the medium of newspaper has become the major source of information dissemination over the years, and also the major means of political mobilization in Nigeria. Newspaper has the ability to inform, educate, entertain, enlighten and mobilize the public. That is why the government and other private bodies give much attention to it. The ability of newspaper to also mobilize the people and make them behave in a given manner and to perform certain actions has made it a tool in the hands of the government. The medium serves as an intermediary between the government and the people, because it assists the government in getting it plans and policies across to the people, and the people in return gets their response, feeling and plight back to the government.
Footnoting this trend on the national scale, the challenges that confront us as young democracy nation in a country of diverse ethnic divide, is to establish an ideological and structural homogeneity with a common political destiny and purpose among our diverse ethnic groups, forthwith, the media being an institution of the larger society is virtually needed to shoulder this course.
After many years of military rule in Nigeria, democracy became a much needed endeavour and newspaper serves as a major tool through which the people were fully informed, educated, enlightened and mobilized to actively participate in the decision making in the country during transition period.
Newspaper to a large extent helped in making the people of Nigeria to get all the political awareness, and it mobilized the people to both contest election and be voted for, or to vote for a candidate of their choice as an electorate. The importance of newspaper in ensuring a successful transition in Nigeria cannot be underestimated.
Pinpointing the decisive measure the Nigeria press has attained, it is for her to maintain her effort to accumulate and accommodate the structural pattern of the social unit into the mainstream of our society entity, hence creating a platform for an all rounds stability of societal struggle. During this attempt by the press in this fortified struggle; and her nature of place in societal positioning it came to interest that, politic or the political sphere falls as one of the social system. The society today which is acknowledge as a contingent of each social sphere/system(s), need the collaboration and support of each system in order to get herself “alive”.
In our modern society, the remarkable role of newspapers in political affairs of a free and democratic society or nation is that they educate and influence public opinion relative to political issues. They carry manifestos of political parties before the elections, publish what certain political leaders think of other parties and give adequate publicity to political activities.
The value of newspapers in a political society cannot be over emphasized. John Bittner (1980) wrote,
“On whether there should be a society without a newspapers or a newspapers without a society I will chose the later because its newspapers that made the society”.
Bittner simply mean that newspapers play the remarkable role of making or marring a society. This supposition Jeremy Turnstel agreed with when he wrote the books titled.
“The media is America” and a decade later he wrote another book “The media is still America”
Politically, it is the above supposition that prompted the study of this work into analyzing, using audience research, to determine the impact of the Nigeria press, in this case the newspaper, on the choice of political candidate. This is because, among other things discussed earlier the newspaper influences its readers by shaping their thinking towards believing what ordinary they wouldn’t have believe. Onagoruwa (1973) most have seen through this, agree with the supposition when he wrote that: “The power of the press is the power of the written word – its first quality is performance”. Unlike the spear arrow or the fired bullet a written word can be in ages.
In other word, newspaper readership has a lasting memory of whatever interesting that appears on pages of newspaper. And it is for this reason that some politicians and political elections candidates have device means of manipulating the mind of their supporters and non-supporters alike into believing their ability to performed better when elected into any political office position. The means they use through the newspaper includes, writing of article directly or, using other latent to write a favourable article that will increase their personality and credibility; they also write opinion and advertisement using their picture; some even newspaper. Columnists who exploit these advantages promote themselves in the name of gaining cheap popularity before the masses that are able to vote. No wonder Mark Levin (2000) said,
“Just as the Government becomes necessary to society for even development, the press becomes inevitable to the political development of that society”.
By this foremost discussion, I will through this piece of study bring the relevance needs and impact the Nigeria press (print restrictive) plays on politics. Citing the players of this system (i.e. politic, as political candidate) I will do well, centered the work on how widely the media promulgate the interest/yearning and goals of these candidate and how on a better ground have the Nigeria press being able to influence and implant a sustainable touch on the political system, through her “conscientizing” of the political public on choosing a political candidate as their choice.
It is in light of the above that this project research work intends to study the impact of the Nigeria press on the choice of political candidates using as case study residence of Kaduna metropolis.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
As pose by contemporary scholars of the Instinctive Stimulus (S.I) theory and those of the Agenda Setting theory on the powerful influence of the media as a mind-controlling agent, it is on account of their posits the research will drive home a point.
Citing possible ways the media could play or improve in her “bi–literal” relationship with the political system, the researcher will as a matter of fact, present the media on a cross-road to verify (as being claimed by the “magic-bullet” theorist}, if at all, the media have gain such a great influence in the affairs of the political system.
The main objective of the study is to stress the roles of newspaper (a branch of the Nigeria press) as a tool for political sensitization and mobilization in Nigeria. With this, it is among the aims of this study to find out the effects of Newspaper report on political affairs in Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study will be carried out to know the effect of newspaper content on its reader in relation to other medium of Mass Communication. Our study of the Nigeria press effect on choice of political candidate will be lowered to cover only the print discourse, in that it exist as the encompassing knowledge of what we appreciation as press.
Through this study, a design will be made to make various politicians contesting for electoral position as well as the electorate to see the importance of newspaper in political mobilization, information, awareness, enlightenment and education. With a provision of two-edge paramedic against arguments to ascertain which from which better spread the goodwill of politicians to the public – be it the party, which the candidate belong or the print medium.
In the mean time, the objective will enable us see the relative importance of newspaper to the society and why the government rely more on newspaper content to mobilize Nigerians to fully participate in the general elections in Nigeria which will be pattern to reflect how the choice made by residence of Kaduna state metropolis is influenced by the newspaper coverage.
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
Amidst the gross look of our study, it is perceive that the outcome herewith will provide a colossal approach towards discovery a whole new directive on the basis of mending the role of the media in her consolidating effort of unifying the diver “Sparta” system that make up the phoenix of the larger society.
As highlighted in the introduction page, there is no modern society that can dispense with the press. As such the study of their message becomes imperative.
Through knowledge on the relationship between the Nigerian press on the choice of political candidate, will not only enhance our understanding of the nature of the print media, let it will also give us clearer knowledge of how these newspaper are been used by political candidate to gain popularity among the electorate.
The relevance in it own, will pattern the thinking of these political candidate toward establishing perfect answer to the hostile debate over whom do the greater tasks of public influence, be it the candidate manifestoes, or the print media.
More so, the importance of this research work will guide regulators of the Nigeria press on how to regulate their practice in order not to mislead their conscious reader. And from the recommendation/conclusion that will be giving in this study it will assist to improve the act of newspapering.
In general, the study is expected to emerge a clearer picture on how the electorates get influence by newspaper coverage on the choice made of political candidate. Vies, examine the effectiveness of her content in the choice of political candidate, the study will determine how the electorate (respondent) perceive newspaper in term of their coverage of political activities and political candidate.
The relevance which will serve as a reference materials to interested person who would want to carry out future research in this direction, will analyze how often newspapers cover political stories, and how the ownership pattern of newspaper affect its coverage of political issues in term of favoring one candidate to the other.
On a final note it is believe that today’s work will not only become a syndrome of impetus on the triple parties, i.e. the newspaper, the political candidates and the public: but that by this noble piece, the press will have a touch at heart to always see their noble calling as one which will assist in the sensitization; education; awareness and enlightenment of the larger Nigeria populace towards accepting and understanding their role in the development, growth and survival of our nascent democracy, being our stepping-stone into the 4th republic of our Nations political history for a sustain democratic state.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Saddling the press as all instinctive and influencing from the judgment of the “hypodermic needle” theory it is of interest to accept related works of critics who have through their argument become a torn in the flesh of media acceptance.
From this point of view, it is notice that there exist diviations in acceptance of the newspaper message by the public. Which have in long way affected the “transmission belt” of the medium message?
The remarkable role of the newspaper in society juxtapose with the ownership pattern inference being that most Nigeria dailies are privately own have been kindled the general assumption that newspaper have been bias in influencing the masses on the choice of some candidate into political office.
Likewise, it has being a problem in the society to know the extent to which newspaper act as mobilization agents on the electorate towards the choice of a political candidate.
It should be stated categorically here that the ownership pattern of the Nigeria press affects the coverage of the activities of political parties, which in term affects their candidates into holding political position. This of cause is a problem.
The problem of newspaper characteristic also poses a torn in the flesh over her calculation, strength, target readers, and the cost of purchase. This poses a problem as to how frequent the readers access these newspapers to see through their content.
To support this research work with close reference to the field of mass communication, I will like to use the social responsibility theory; the agenda setting and that of stimulate instinctive response theory of the press. The Hut Plus commission in 1947 emphasized that the mass media should be much more responsible to the society. The theory attempts to reconcile media independence with its obligation to the society. It stated that it is the duty of the print media (newspaper) to instruct and inform the public to make her capable of self – government as well as protecting the rights of individuals against the government through its watchdog functions.
If the press should be taken as an “hypodermic needle” in the influence it exert in altering and sharpening the altitude, perception and thinking of those expose to it message, we will stand at a vantage point to judge the claim by Wilbur Schramm who developed the “stimulus response” or the “magic bullet theory”.
The theory simply state that, if people listen to a message they comply, all that the communicator needed to do is to get audience to listen, and the deal would be considered done. The basic idea of the following is that every member of the audience and that receives newspaper message in a uniform way immediate and direct responses are triggered by such stimuli. The theory further assumed that communication is something someone does to the consumer elsewhere, the communication not the consumer or receiver is the causative person”- Ifedayo. D (2001, p45).
In line with the above-mentioned theories, newspaper serves as an important tool in mobilizing the people through its various contents. Certain messages carried by the newspaper make the people to become politically aware and to actively participate in the decision making of the country (Nigeria) during transition period. Through newspaper the people are also enlightened on their right to vote and to be voted for as well as making sure the people exercise these rights by reporting any cases of infringement by either the government or private individuals.
It is necessary to drive home the level of influence the media has on us. This influence becomes even more prevalent if a given medium (newspaper) has proven over a span of time that it has credibility and a sense of responsibility. Couple with influence and the sense of responsibility displayed by newspaper house in Nigeria manifested during the 1999 transition from military to civilian government. The newspaper didn’t cover the transition programmes in a way that would have been capable of bringing about disastrous consequences.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of coverage for this research is limited only to the residences of Kaduna metropolis who are literate. The reason for this is that it is almost impossible, if not impossible to interview all newspaper readers in Kaduna state.
Likewise, this study is not without limitations as there are bound to be some at the cause of gathering materials in this project work.
The time allowed for this project work is limited and thereby work against obtaining the so much information that are require to make this project a ‘gospel truth’.
The level of the respondent’s sincerity towards answering the questionnaire will also affect this study. It is however hoped that the error margin will not be wide as to void the study. The researcher will do everything at its disposal to ensure high level of sincerity on the part of the respondents.
RESEARCH QUESTION
To some extent the research work is to measure the quantitative and qualitative role of the Nigeria press in the choice of political candidate particularly among the residence of Kaduna metropolis. The following research hypotheses have been draft out to measure the public (resident) responses toward the newspaper message.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Mass Media – The people and organization that provide information and news for the public, including newspaper etc.
Press – Agency that carry out the function of mass communication.
“Conscientize – To instill enlightenment and awareness through persuasive communication.
Newspapering – A conscious effort by the press toward promoting the act of good newspaper reporting.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>