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A SEMIOTIC STUDY OF MILK PRODUCT ADVERTISEMENT ON TIKTOK
Abstract
This study explores the semiotic dimensions of milk product advertisements on TikTok, focusing on how visual, linguistic, and symbolic signs construct meaning and influence consumer perception. Guided by Roland Barthes’ theory of semiotics, the research investigates how denotative and connotative elements—such as imagery, color, sound, gesture, and text—communicate notions of health, freshness, vitality, and social identity in digital advertising. Using a qualitative content analysis of selected TikTok videos posted by leading dairy brands and influencers between 2023 and 2025, the study identifies recurring semiotic codes and cultural myths embedded in these short-form advertisements. Findings reveal that advertisers strategically employ youthful imagery, rhythmic soundtracks, humor, and lifestyle symbolism to associate milk consumption with modernity, fitness, and emotional satisfaction. Furthermore, interactivity and algorithmic amplification on TikTok enhance audience engagement, transforming consumers from passive viewers into active meaning-makers. The study concludes that TikTok milk advertisements exemplify the fusion of semiotic creativity and digital virality, reflecting broader shifts in brand communication within the social media age.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
1.8 Organization of the Study
Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature
2.1 Concept of Advertising and Social Media Marketing
2.2 Overview of TikTok as an Advertising Platform
2.3 Milk Product Promotion and Branding Strategies
2.4 Theoretical Framework: Barthes’ Semiotic Theory
2.5 Semiotics and Symbolism in Digital Advertising
2.6 Previous Studies on Semiotics in Media and Advertisement
2.7 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.4 Research Instruments and Data Collection Methods
3.5 Method of Data Analysis
3.6 Validity and Reliability of Instruments
3.7 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis, and Discussion of Findings
4.1 Description of Selected TikTok Milk Advertisements
4.2 Denotative and Connotative Analysis of Visual Elements
4.3 Analysis of Linguistic and Symbolic Features
4.4 Interpretation of Cultural and Ideological Meanings
4.5 Discussion of Findings in Relation to Research Questions and Theoretical Framework
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Suggestions for Further Studies
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A MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF 2024 INFLATION RELATED CARTOONS IN SELECTED NIGERIAN NEWSPAPERS
Abstract
This study examines the multimodal discourse strategies employed in inflation-related cartoons published in selected Nigerian newspapers in 2024. The research aims to explore how visual and verbal elements are integrated to communicate complex socio-economic realities, critique government policies, and engage the public on inflation issues. Utilizing a multimodal discourse analysis framework, the study focuses on a purposive sample of cartoons from The Punch, The Guardian, and Vanguard. The analysis reveals that cartoonists deploy humor, satire, symbolism, and intertextuality to highlight the impact of inflation on citizens and the economy. These elements not only serve as a means of public commentary but also foster critical discussions on accountability and governance. The study underscores the role of visual narratives in shaping public opinion and provides insights into the interplay between media, culture, and socio-economic issues in Nigeria. The findings contribute to the growing body of knowledge on multimodal communication and its significance in addressing pressing societal concerns.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Cartoons have long been an integral part of media content, serving as a creative and insightful medium for addressing social, political, and economic issues. In the context of Nigeria, where inflation and economic challenges are persistent realities, cartoons published in newspapers often capture public sentiment, critique policies, and communicate societal frustrations. These visual narratives, enriched with humor, satire, and symbolism, provide an accessible platform for public discourse. According to Odebunmi (2019), cartoons are not just entertainment tools; they serve as critical commentary that reflect and shape public opinion.
The year 2024 has been marked by significant inflationary pressures in Nigeria, driven by a combination of factors including currency devaluation, subsidy removal, and global economic downturns. These issues have had a profound impact on the cost of living, leading to widespread public discourse on government policies and their consequences. Cartoons in Nigerian newspapers, such as The Punch, The Guardian, and Vanguard, have provided a unique lens through which these inflation-related issues are examined, blending humor with serious critique. As multimodal texts, these cartoons employ both visual and verbal elements to convey layered meanings, requiring an in-depth discourse analysis to unpack their messages.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Inflation has continued to dominate the socio-economic landscape of Nigeria, affecting various facets of life, including food security, transportation, and housing. While research has focused extensively on the economic dimensions of inflation, limited attention has been paid to its representation in media discourse, particularly in cartoons. Cartoons serve as powerful communicative tools that reflect societal concerns, yet their multimodal nature, combining text and visuals, makes them complex to analyze.
This study addresses the gap by exploring how inflation-related cartoons published in selected Nigerian newspapers in 2024 communicate socio-economic realities. Specifically, it examines how visual and textual elements are employed to critique government policies, highlight public suffering, and provoke critical discussions. Understanding these cartoons’ communicative strategies is crucial for comprehending how media contributes to public awareness and policy debates during economic crises.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study seeks to achieve the following objectives:
To identify the multimodal elements used in inflation-related cartoons published in selected Nigerian newspapers in 2024.
To analyze how these elements work together to communicate messages about inflation.
To explore the socio-economic issues highlighted in these cartoons.
To assess the role of cartoons in shaping public opinion on inflation and related government policies.
1.4 Research Questions
What multimodal elements are used in inflation-related cartoons in selected Nigerian newspapers?
How do the visual and verbal components of these cartoons communicate messages about inflation?
What socio-economic issues are addressed in these cartoons?
How do these cartoons influence public opinion on inflation and government policies?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it contributes to the growing field of multimodal discourse analysis by applying it to a topical issue in Nigeria’s socio-economic context. As highlighted by Kress and van Leeuwen (2021), the integration of visual and textual elements in media requires a nuanced analytical approach to uncover the layers of meaning embedded within.
Second, the study provides insights into how media, particularly cartoons, serve as a platform for public engagement and critique of government policies. In doing so, it highlights the role of cartoons as a form of “visual activism” (Balogun, 2020), influencing public discourse and fostering accountability.
Third, the findings of this research will be valuable to policymakers, media practitioners, and scholars interested in understanding how creative forms of communication contribute to socio-political debates in times of economic crisis.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on inflation-related cartoons published in 2024 in three major Nigerian newspapers: The Punch, The Guardian, and Vanguard. These newspapers were selected based on their wide readership and reputation for publishing socio-political cartoons. The analysis is limited to cartoons addressing inflation, examining their visual and verbal elements to uncover the underlying messages and socio-economic themes.
1.7 Definition of Key Terms
Cartoons: Artistic and humorous illustrations published in newspapers, often used to comment on socio-political and economic issues.
Inflation: A persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.
Multimodal Discourse Analysis: An analytical framework that examines how different modes of communication, such as visuals and texts, interact to create meaning (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2021).
Public Opinion: The collective attitudes and beliefs of the public on specific issues, shaped by media and other forms of communication.
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ROLE OF STORYTELLING IN DEVELOPING LANGUAGE SKILLS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Abstract
This study explores the role of storytelling in developing language skills in young children, focusing on its impact on vocabulary acquisition, listening comprehension, narrative structure understanding, and verbal expression. Storytelling, a timeless educational tool, engages children through imaginative narratives that stimulate cognitive and linguistic development. The study adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing observation, interviews, and performance assessments to examine the effects of storytelling sessions on language development in children aged 3–7 years.
Findings reveal that storytelling significantly enhances children’s vocabulary, improves their listening and comprehension skills, and fosters creativity and confidence in verbal communication. Furthermore, the interactive nature of storytelling encourages active participation, which contributes to the development of grammar and sentence formation skills. The study also identifies storytelling as a valuable method for bridging cultural and linguistic gaps, allowing children to connect with their heritage while enhancing their language proficiency.
The research underscores the importance of integrating storytelling into early childhood education programs. It recommends teacher training in effective storytelling techniques and the inclusion of culturally relevant stories in curriculum planning to maximize its benefits. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence supporting storytelling as a powerful tool for fostering language development and holistic learning in young children.
Keywords: Storytelling, language development, young children, early childhood education, vocabulary acquisition, verbal communication.
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Language development is a critical aspect of early childhood education, as it forms the foundation for communication, cognitive development, and social interaction. The process of acquiring language skills is influenced by a variety of factors, including environmental stimuli, social interactions, and educational strategies. Among these strategies, storytelling has emerged as a powerful pedagogical tool for fostering language development in young children (Isbell et al., 2004). Storytelling is an age-old practice that not only entertains but also teaches, nurtures creativity, and promotes the acquisition of vocabulary, grammar, and communication skills.
In the digital era, where children are increasingly exposed to electronic media, the art of storytelling has gained renewed importance as a means of fostering human interaction and enhancing language skills. By listening to stories, children are exposed to complex sentence structures, rich vocabulary, and varied linguistic patterns, all of which contribute to their language development (Fisher et al., 2011). Moreover, storytelling stimulates imagination, encourages active listening, and provides opportunities for children to practice verbal expression and comprehension skills.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the recognized benefits of storytelling, its integration into early childhood education programs remains inconsistent. Many educators and parents underestimate the potential of storytelling as a tool for language development, favoring formal instruction or digital resources instead. This lack of emphasis on storytelling may limit children’s exposure to rich linguistic experiences, particularly in contexts where access to quality educational resources is limited. Studies have shown that children who lack early exposure to oral storytelling may face challenges in developing essential language skills, including vocabulary acquisition, listening comprehension, and narrative construction (McGee & Richgels, 2012).
This study seeks to address this gap by investigating the role of storytelling in enhancing language development in young children. It examines how storytelling can be effectively utilized as a teaching strategy to promote the acquisition of key language skills.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to examine the role of storytelling in developing language skills in young children. The specific objectives are:
To explore the impact of storytelling on vocabulary acquisition.
To evaluate the influence of storytelling on listening comprehension.
To assess how storytelling fosters narrative skills and verbal expression.
To identify effective storytelling techniques for language development in young children.
1.4 Research Questions
The study aims to answer the following research questions:
How does storytelling impact vocabulary acquisition in young children?
What role does storytelling play in improving listening comprehension?
How does storytelling contribute to the development of narrative and verbal skills?
What storytelling techniques are most effective in fostering language development?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study contributes to the growing body of research on early childhood education by highlighting the importance of storytelling as a tool for language development. It provides insights for educators, parents, and policymakers on the benefits of incorporating storytelling into early learning curricula. By demonstrating the effectiveness of storytelling, this research supports efforts to create more engaging and linguistically enriching learning environments for young children (Nicolopoulou, 2014).
Furthermore, the study emphasizes the cultural relevance of storytelling, particularly in multilingual and multicultural settings. By using stories that reflect children’s cultural backgrounds, educators can foster a sense of identity and belonging while enhancing language skills (Heath, 1982).
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on children aged 3–7 years, a critical period for language acquisition and cognitive development. It examines storytelling practices in early childhood education settings, including preschools and kindergarten classrooms, as well as in informal home environments. The research explores the linguistic outcomes of storytelling across different contexts, emphasizing its role in vocabulary acquisition, listening comprehension, and verbal expression.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Storytelling: The art of narrating stories, often involving verbal and non-verbal communication, to engage and educate an audience.
Language Skills: The abilities involved in listening, speaking, reading, and writing that are essential for effective communication.
Vocabulary Acquisition: The process by which individuals learn and understand new words and their meanings.
Listening Comprehension: The ability to understand spoken language through active listening.
Narrative Skills: The ability to construct and understand stories, including their structure, characters, and events.
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SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE OF FREIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS AND LOGISTICS
Abstract:
The efficient movement of goods within spatial contexts is a critical component of contemporary logistics and supply chain management. This research delves into the spatial dynamics of freight distributions, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of how geographical considerations impact the planning, execution, and optimization of logistics operations. The study explores the interplay between spatial factors such as transportation networks, urban structures, and regional characteristics in shaping the patterns and challenges associated with freight movements.
Utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, this research integrates principles from geography, logistics, and transportation planning to unravel the complexities of spatial logistics. It investigates the influence of geographic features on the design and efficiency of freight distribution networks, considering both urban and rural environments. Additionally, the study examines the impact of emerging technologies, such as location-based services and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), on enhancing spatial intelligence in logistics decision-making processes.
Case studies and empirical analyses will be employed to illustrate the practical implications of spatial perspectives on freight distributions. The research aims to contribute valuable insights to logistics practitioners, policymakers, and academics, fostering a deeper understanding of the spatial dimensions that underpin the global movement of goods. Ultimately, the findings of this study seek to inform strategic planning initiatives, optimize supply chain efficiencies, and contribute to the sustainable development of freight logistics systems within diverse spatial contexts.
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RADIO AND SENSITIZATION OF RIVERS STATE WOMEN FOR POLITICAL PARTICIPATION IN THE 2019 GENERAL ELECTION
ABSTRACT
The low rate of female participation in politics compared to that of their male counter- parts in Nigeria creates a need to examine the situation in this study, “radio and sensitization of rivers state women for political participation in the 2019 general election”. This study examines the problems, first, defining the importance of women to participate in politics. The survey research method was employed in this study and questionnaires were used for data collection. The results reflect that radio have positive impact in sensitizing women to participate in politics. In summary, radio is found wanting in fostering development for gender equality in politics. In recommendations, suggestion of ways to stimulate female participation was made by looking at practical examples of how this was done in the pre-colonial era. Finally, in conclusion, the study emphasizes that no sex or gender is more important than the other because in politics, intellectual ability counts more than physical energy.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Women constitute a critical segment of the Nigeria population. They are active in the agriculture and economic sectors of the society and have also contributed immensely to the decolonization and general development of this great country.
Women struggles date back to the 19th century when women like Amina of Zaria, Madam Tinubu of Lagos, Olufuamilayo Ransom Kute of Abeokuta, Margaret Ekpo and Hajji Gabon Swabia among others fought to give women the pride of place in Nigeria’s history even after the struggle for independence was over and Nigeria became an independent soveign nation, women continued to contribute their quota in the post- independence match towards development and progress. In the areas of politics, the above named amongst others contributed immensely to the mobilization and sensitization of women with a view to ensuring that women are involved in the politics of the country.
At present, the issues pertaining to women have contributed to draw a global attention with the result that the problems that impede their progress are currently being addressed concretely. Consequently, the crusted for women empowerment has heightened the political consciousness of women. Some of them occupy strategic positions in government where they have continued to prove their mettle. For instance Dora Akunyili, Oby Ezekwesili of Due process Fame, Ndi Okereke Onyilike and Ngozi Okonji Iweala among others has undoubtedly distinguished themselves in their official assignments.
The role of women in development has for a long been taken for granted and relegated to the back ground. For a long time, politics in Nigeria has been played with the usual patronizing attitude which usually does not go far in enlightening women. Some of the factors employed are social and cultural practices which hither to have been misinterpreted to create biases against women. There is need for women to be properly oriented so that their numerical strength and voting power can be profitably galvanized and oriented towards empowerment of other women who will in turn look after the welfare of all women by formulating gender sensitive laws to promote women’s cause.
What is really the meaning of politics? Various scholars resulting in different views of politics have defined it as the art of possible, a game of wits, all that begins and ends with government. Politics is essentially the art and science of government. That is, the study of the control, distribution and use of power over human activities in society.
The word politics is derived from the Greek word Polis, which means “city state”. Winter and bellows (1968) pointed out that Aristotle (384-322 Bc) in his treatise on human associations stated that the most sovereign inclusive association is the polis which presupposes the establishment of government, law- making, enforcement and eliciting obedience from the members of the society. Aristotle observed that man is by nature, political animal. This means that politics permeates all human actitivities. It manifests in social, economic and cultural intersections among individual and groups and transcends international frontiers.
The obvious maneuver associated with the concept and practice of politics influenced the emergence of the Laswellian theory of politics, which states that politics is who gets what and how (Laswellian 1958).
The Nairobi world conference to review and appraise the achievements of the UN Decade for women in 1985, and the Beijing fourth world conference on women in 1995, both had top on their agenda issues concerning women and the media. These conference brought to the fore the importance of the media in the quest for gender equity in development, despite there international conferences and polices aimed at gender friendliness however, women’s participation in Nigerian politics is undermined by the way the media represents politics as an exclusively male domain.
Contemporary experiences have shown that broad- cast media is important to the political development of nations. Broadcast is not only a means of teaching, sensitizing and transmitting message on issues of development, but also crucial to the process of development. Considering the fact that broadcast is increasingly being used world-wide with its power of reaching a large mass of audience, it should not be ignored in the political scheme of things. This might account for why Nwankwo (1996: XI) said that, ‘one vital factor in the pursuit of gender equality in politics is the media’.
The aim here is not just to critically analyze the impact of radio in the quest for a gender equitable polity, but to also turn the searchlight of feminists and media scholars to broadcast with regard to gender and politics. Thus, the focus is on the gender dimension of broadcast and the quest for a gender equitable polity.
It is here posited that radio could significantly influence the acceleration and acceptable of women in politics.
1.2 Statement of problem
It is not a hidden fact that women are under represented in the field of politics. This may be because of the basic assumption that “a women’s place is in the kitchen”. In other words, her home duties and family responsibilities should be her sole priority, thereby underling her active participation in national development in general.
Another assumption militating against female participation is that, female is biologically not designed for energy exerting and hazardous occupation. This argument may not be true because, with the age of automation and revolution in decision making intellectual ability counts more than physical energy.
The issue of gender bias too, contributes enormously to the low participation of women in politics. Beverly’ (1995), notes that the society assumes that women should be mothers, school teachers, hairdressers, secretaries, nurse, maids and social workers only, therefore, they do not need education not to talk of taking part in decision making. This believe is wrong, as both men and women need and can purse politics and projects in development, each in their own unique ways, alongside each other.
The home too is not left out in contributing to female lack of participation in politics. In the home husbands attitudes can directly or indirectly influence the choices their wives make in whether to enter into politics or not.
Many political parties, reflecting the more general conditions in the rest of society, do not easily accept or promote many women into their echelons, let alone permit women’s occupation of important positions within these parties. This issue is particularly important in view of Abdullah’s (1993) argument that to achieve women liberation, it will be tacked within democratic movements.
Thus, if this issue is not looked into, women will be illiterates and there will be backwardness in the economy of the country and growth of politics will depreciate.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The objective of this study is to use radio to mobilize women to participate in politics also to voice out some cultural values in Nigeria that make it difficult for women to participate in the decision making process. There is need for attitudinal change and total reorientation in this respect.
Another objective of the study is to stop the issue of women being victims of violence in the home.
1.4 Significance of the study
It is expected that at the end of this study, to update knowledge within the framework of the study. Particularly, it will assist people’s views on the usefulness of radio in sensitizing women to take part in decision-making. This study will draw the attention of government to empower women to participate in politics through the use of radio, television, films and motion pictures in their packaging of news reports and events, and to academics in their practices and training of journalist. The government should promote the welfare of women in general. Also the federal government should promote the full utilization of women in the development of human resources and to bring about their acceptance as full participation in every phase of national development with equal rights and corresponding obligations least involving 30% elective positions for women.
Another important significance of this is for election to be conducted according to the rules, in which all qualified individuals especially women are free to vote or be voted for with out constraints of manipulations. (Williams, 2008).
1.5 Research questions
In this study, an attempt will be sufficiently made to answer the following questions.
1. Does colonial antecedent influences women participation in politics?
2. To what extent does culture affect women participation in politics in Nigeria?
3. Do radio actually mobilize women enough towards political participation?
4. Does women participation in politics depend on their exposure to radio ?
1.6 Research hypothesis
The following research hypothesis derived logically from the problems posed in the research questions.
This is necessary in order give direction, focus as litmus test of the statement of claims or prepositions contained in the rein.
H1: Colonial antecedents influence women participation in politics.
H0: Colonial antecedents do not influence women participation in politics.
H2: Culture affects women participation in politics in Nigeria.
H0: Culture does not affect women participation in politics in Nigeria.
H3: Radio actually mobilizes women enough towards political participation.
H0: Radio does not actually mobilize women enough towards political participation.
H4: Women participation in politics depends on their exposure to radio and sensitization.
H0: Women participation in politics does not depend on their exposure to radio and sensitization.
1.7 Definition of terms
In this study, certain key words will be explained into operational definitions.
Role: Functions, expectations associated on a given past or position
Broadcast: It include television and radio which are means of communicating to heterogeneous and homogenous audience.
Mobilizing: It has to do with organizing or preparing people for a particular purpose.
Women: Womanly-having qualities held to be appropriate.
Participation: Taking active part in that particular activity or event.
Politics: A competition between political parties to wards who or which party assumes political leadership
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COMMUNICATION AND ITS PROBLEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
TABLE OF CONTENT
Approval page III
Acknowledgement page IV
Abstract V
Table of contents VIII
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND THE ROLE OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN NIGERIA’S DEVELOPMENT
role realizable 25
3.1 Research design 44
4.1 Results 59
Questionnaire 76
Bibliography 74
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before we delve into the main theme of the topic it will be worthwhile to get acquainted with the key word of the topic, which is communication. After knowing what communication is, we then can get further to know the meaning of the mass attached to it ie mass communication. There is no of communication though is as old as life itself; still remain one of the most important activities of man since the earliest days. Life and willing are premised on man’s ability to communicate. Thus there is no particular laid down definition of mass communication. Several authors have attempted their own definition through different perspectives but generally have arrived at virtually the same meaning.
Communication evolved as a result of the persistent natural human love to promote unity some time and at other times conflict, from this arises the traditional definition of communication as a process or art of transmitting information, ideas and attitudes from the a source to a destination (age etal-1988). The concept of communication has its basic idea transfer transmission or exchange it something from one person to another.
Chinyere Okunna is her book, introduction to mass communication (1994) stated that to communicate, basically means to share ideal information, opinion’s feeling or experience between people, that means communication allows message from flow with way and results to sharing of experience!
More recently Jayawara (1971) defined communication as an interaction process through which persons or group relate to each other and share information, experience, and culture. From the above definition it could be seen that communication is important in the development of any country since it deals with the sharing of information, experiences and culture, which are the basic for development.
In other hand mass means many are involved at the same time of the sharing.
Now let us attempt a definition of mass communication, its brief history and the communication processes.
John Bitner in his mass communication. An introduction second edition saw mass communication “as deadline of the investigative journalist, the creative artistry of documentaries, the bustle of a network newsroom, the whir or computer the hit record capturing the imagination of millions the radio disc jockey setting the pace of morning show, and the advertising executive planning a campaign. It is radio, research, recordings resonators and ratings. It is television, talent, telephone and tabloids. It is satellites, story boards system and segues. It is all these and more but not new and dynamic”3
According to Eric Rothenbuhier mass communication is a term use in a variety of way, which depute potential for confusion are usually clear from the context. These include
For clearer perception of what mass communication is let us see through the definition Chinyere Stella Okunna, in her introduction to mass communication. She said “A basic way to define mass communication is to say that it is the processes of transmitting information ideas and attitudes to many people usually through machine. It is the scientific study of mass media, the message they produce, (Information, ideas, attitudes), and the audience responses (people) they transmit these message to. In mass communication the source may be one person, but most time it’s a group of people.
Actually we are not new to mass communication, in view of that, we shall skip the channels of mass communication and delve right into the course of research which attempts to discover the relationship of these mass communication components for sharing of information, ideas and attitudes to a developing country like Nigeria. Let us know a little about the country under review-Nigeria.
Nigeria as we all know is a third world country of Africa. It is one of the largest countries in west Africa and as is the case with developing countries, it has diverse ethic and tribal problems.
From the afore stated definition and what was derived from them, the need for mass communication in the development of a developing nation like Nigeria cannot be over emphasized.
Basically if not for any other thing we need it to reform our society, to share experiences, information, and diversify and unify our cultural values and attitudes.
Another significant of mass communication is a developing country, is that; it helps in all sectors of the economy. It is as well as educating and informing the masses or populace on these areas. Among the basic roles of mass communication or rather mass media in a developing country as will as seen later in the book are
Conclusively, the best objective, aim and role of mass communication to a developing country like Nigeria can best be achieved through ruralization of the media and mass communication processes. Education of the rural ties can equally help in the realization of these objectives.
Furthermore, there should be fewer restrictions on the mass communication practitioners and mass communication itself. A strong body should be organized to regulate the activities of mass communication.
It is equally worthwhile to include in this concluding part of the introduction that political elites have a very vital role to play in any of this developmental stages especially when it is related to the society in which it operates as well as the type of government in control of the press and the theories the press monarchical feudalism, capitalism, totalitarian, social responsibility theories.
This set of objective was to guide us in the conduct of this research and to limit us to the scope of the objective and these objectives are enumerated below.
H1: Has mass communication been playing their role in Nigeria
H0: Mass communication has not been playing its role in Nigeria.
H2: Has mass communication helped Nigeria to achieve any development.
H0: Can mass communication help Nigeria to achieve any development.
H3: The effects of mass communication in the rural area, does it exist?
H0: Mass communication do not has effect in the rural area.
H4: Mass communication failed in its development roles.
H0: Mass communication do not failed in its development roles.
H5: Mass communication does face limitation in Nigeria.
H0: Mass communication does not face limitation in Nigeria.
H6: The aspect of mass communication has been playing its roles.
H0: The aspect of mass communication has not been playing its roles.
H7: Compare mass communication in the developing countries with mass communication in the developed countries.
H0: Mass communication in the developing countries does not with mass communication in the developed countries.
H8: The view of mass communication in Nigeria by the year 2004.
It is assumed that federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria carries news and features that stimulate social changes. It is also assumed that the media possess a similarity of psychological as well as other disposition with the rest of the print media that operate in the country. It is also assumed that they have equal roles to society both moral and otherwise.
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AN ASSESSMENT OF NTA NATIONAL INTEGRATION PROGRAMME
(A Case Study of Kaduna Metropolis)
ABSTRACT
This research work titled “Assessment of NTA Kaduna’s National Integration Programmes” is being conducted to explore the role of the media, particularly television in aiding national integration. The study will look at the significance of the media towards the development and expansion of consciousness in modern times. It will also assess the impact of television on individuals and the society towards arousing a sense of national unity and development. Furthermore, the research will look at viewers’ perception of NTA Kaduna’s national integration programmes.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval Page – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vii
Table of content – – – – – – – – viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of Problem – – – – – – 4
1.3 Aims and Objectives – – – – – – – 4
1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – – 5
1.5 Scope of the Study – – – – – – – 6
1.6 Limitation of Study — – – – – – – 6
1.7 Research Hypothesis – – – – – – – 6
1.8 Theoretical Framework – – – – – – 7
1.9 History of Case Study – – – – – – 10
1.10 Definition of Terms – – – – – – – 12
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review
2.1 Public Relation as a Case Study – – – – 14
2.2 Public Relation Strategies in an Organization – – 20
2.3 Purpose and Philosophy of Public Relation – – 25
2.4 Public Relation Department – – – – – 28
2.5 Functions of Public Relation Department – – – 30
2.6 History of Public Relation – – – – – – 32
2.7 History of Public Relation in Nigeria – – – – 33
CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design – – – – – – – 36
3.2 Research Instrument – – – – – – 39
3.3 Method of Questionnaire Administration – – – 42
3.4 Sampling Population – – – – – – – 42
3.5 Sample Size – — – – – – – – 43
3.6 Sampling Technique – – – – – – – 43
3.7 Area of Study – – – – – – – – 44
3.8 Statistical Technique in Data Analysis – – – 45
CHAPTER FOUR
Data Presentation and Analysis
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 46
4.2 Discussion of Research Findings – – – – 57
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 66
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 67
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 68
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 70
Appendix – – – – – – – – – 71
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The role of the media, particularly, television in advancing national integration is pivotal. Television has become a very important and an effective medium of mass communication since its invention. Its synchronous transmission of audio and visual signals enables it to excert enormous influence on the society, thus, commanding credibility and attention than other media as Radio, Newspaper, Magazine etc.
Television has become a nerve linking the society and its activities together. This is because it performs the role of integration which is of particular importance in contemporary times in which ethnic, religions, politics and other diversities are being brought together into a global village. The media provides messages which people from different groups and nations require in order to know; understand and appreciate each other. Moreover, television creates awareness of different life styles in a society. In doing this, emphasis is placed on similarities in life style, which is beneficial to developing nations like Nigeria where “loyalties rarely extend beyond the village, tribe or religion” and where integration is usually seen as an identification with the larger whole, that is, the state.
This, in assessing the role of television in advancing national integration, it should be noted that, the media (Television) inform every stratum of the society about the dangers of lack of unity amongst the different people of a community or nation state through the creation of sense of identification and the propagation of common cultural values. In Nigeria, for instance, NTA stations in different states of the Federation exchange programmes about their peoples’ ways of life, this could be seen as an attempt at National integration. By watching such programmes, people of one state can get to understand and appreciate the pattern of life, view point and aspirations of other Nigerians in other states. Such as understanding could minimize or even eliminate fear and ethnocentrism which usually form the basis of the mistrust which divide people along cultural, religious and other liens/diversities.
For a developing country like Nigeria to achieve true national integration and unity, the role of the media especially television must be unearthed and emphasized. National integration is a multi-faceted or rather a multi-sectoral concept that encompasses all aspects of our national, educational, cultural, social, religious, tribal, ethnic, political, economic etc. it therefore connotes the active participation of all. The media enlightens the general public on the desirability for national unity and development. Currant et al (1979) assets that: “the role of the media cannot be overlooked in the development of any society which diverse culture, tribe, group and other affiliations”. He added that: “the media is of great importance in social, cultural, economic and political development of every nation not because they are in better position to serve the particular needs of the people but also because they make it easier for more people to have access to the media and therefore take part in its affairs”.
For the media, particularly television to contribute meaningfully to national integration/unity in facilitating development, it must have a conclusive atmosphere to carry out its traditional function of curtailing the excesses of communities which if left to continue will drail the much needed integration and development. The media needs all the necessary support from both the government and the citizenry to educate people on the need to tolerate one another in the interest of peace and tranquility. Recent events in the Niger- Delta, Jos, Kano, and Bauchi crisis are manifestation of lack of unity amongst the various communities of the nation .Those frictions not only impede social and economic development, but also resulted into loss of lives, maiming of innocent citizens of the areas and destruction of properties.
Thus it is imperative for the media to play a very crucial role in changing these ugly situations. This is only attainable if the press is given a free hand to operate because a free press is the cornerstone of national integrations and development.
1.1 STATEMENT OF GENERAL PROBLEM
National integration is highly instrumental to the development of every nation. Nigeria, though characterized by so many ethnic, religious and cultural diversities cannot be said to be an exception. Thus, there is the problem of lack of understanding amongst the various diversities in the country, which has often resulted into crises. However the mass media, particularly television has come under criticism while performing its role of national integration during such period.
Against this background, this study shall assess the role of television particularly NTA Kaduna in fostering unity in the nation with the goal of engendering peace and harmonious co-existence among the divers groups in the nation.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
This research work is aimed at assessing the television in national integration, considering the fact that television has remain a very powerful instrument of control. It is in view of the above that this study tends to as part of its objectives :
1. Assess NTA Kaduna national integration programmes.
2. Find out viewers perception of NTA Kaduna’s programme, how does this relate to the national integration goal ?
3. Investigate the influence of television message during crises.
4. Find out how television can be used to further enhance unity within the nation’s groups and cultures.
5. To analyses various means through which NTA Kaduna carry out their national integration functions.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
This research work will give insight to those who intend to undertake a similar research. It will also contribute meaningfully to literature both for students and media practitioners and generally in the field of mass communication. This study will also assist and guide NTA Kaduna on how to design and package programmes on national integration. This research is also generally useful since it diversity which is cardinal to sustainable development.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this study is NTA Kaduna’s programmes on national integration and their influence on the residents of Kaduna metropolise.
1.6 THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK
The social responsibility theory of mass media is considered most suitable for this study because it provides a framework within which this study can be located. The social responsibility theory which is an offshoot of the libertarian school of thought holds its origin to the Hutchins commission on freedom of the press, set up in United State of America in 1947. The main thrust of this theory in relation to national integration is its portrayal of the ability of the media “is to raise conflict to the plane of discussion “. In principle however, media can be used by any one who has an idea to express, while it is forbidden to invade other peoples privacy or distrupt vital social structures or interests while expressing on idea.
This theory postulates six specific functions for the press.
• To serve the political system by making information, discussion, and considerations of public affairs generally accessible.
• To inform the public to enable it take self determined action.
• To protect the right of individuals by acting as watchdog over government.
• To serve the economic system by bringing buyers and sellers together.
• To provide good entertainment. What ever “good” may mean in the culture at any point in time.
• To preserve financial autonomy . social responsibility theory tends to validate this study because it emphases the need to conflicts to the plane of discussion so as to foster unity and on the larger whole national integration
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Integration: means combining two or more things in such a way that one becomes part of the other.
2. Unity: making something or people to stick together.
3. Mass media: they various channels through which information gets the audience. Example TV, Radio, Newspaper etc.
4. National: any thing that deals with the larger whole, i.e. an entire country.
5. NTA: Nigerian Television Authority.
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AN ANNOTATING OF SOME SELECTED HAUSA PROVERBS: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC APPROACH
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
People commonly use different forms of expressions which are peculiar to their societies to express their views and for effective communication. These expressions can be verbal and non-verbal, including signs and symbols among others. The verbal forms and include forms such as songs, riddles, poems and adages. Whatever forms of expressions used in any society, they aim at expressing values, ideas, emotions, and desires, which are used to educate, caution and enlighten such society. Just like most African societies, the Hausa people of Northern Nigeria make use of proverbs known as “Karin Magana” to indicate subjects of interest. Proverbs are of great practical values and are used to portray social conditions, express feelings, admire, detest, warn and encourage people.
A proverb is a saying popularly used to express simple and concrete truth based on common sense and the experience of people. According to Bascom, “Proverbs which are the most important type of aphorism in Africa have a deeper meaning than is stated literally; a meaning which can be understood only through the analysis of the social situations to which they are appropriate” (438). Hausa proverbs (Karin Magana) are said to be the oldest and the most important genre of folklore which are used by the people in many contexts. Hausa proverbs give answers to recurrent problems; they are also used to revive history, develop language, entertain and educate. The proverbs touch on almost every aspect of the people’s life. Akporobaro rightly observes that “Proverbs in Hausa language manifest the same wide range of topical interest and close attentiveness to the facts of human life, as do the proverbs from other major social ethnic groups” (89). In addition, Hausa proverbs reflect the religious temper and heritage of the Hausa people. Hausa proverbs are used to express social approval and disapproval, praise, criticize, warn and advise. Karin Magana is very valuable to preliterate people, for whom words cannot be read, they are more valued when heard. In many African societies, the instinct for language for imagery and for the expression of abstract ideas through concise and allusive phraseology can be seen particularly in proverbs. Karin Magana can be seen to have an immense value to speakers and orators.
The term “proverb” has been defined or described by various people and all the definitions point at a particular focus. One interesting definition is the one in Encyclopedia Britanica, volume 9 and it states, “Proverbs are succinct and pithy sayings in general use, expressing commonly held ideals and beliefs’ (749). They are part of everyday language and are related to such other forms of folk literature as riddles and fables that have originated in oral tradition.
According to Chamber’s English Dictionary, proverbs are defined as “short familiar sentences expressing a supposed truth or moral lessons and requires explanations” (1177). No matter which part of the world proverbs are found, it is discovered that the same kernel of wisdom may be gleaned under different cultural conditions and languages.
Proverbial sayings are very important part of folktale. They are not limited to only a particular set of people in society, but to both people of high cultures as well as the uncivilized. It is therefore impossible for a man to be considered a good orator unless he makes ample use of proverbs in his everyday speech. In societies where moral behavior of people is governed by social norms, proverbs are very effective checks on people’s behavior. Proverbs censor defaulters or praise those who conform to the ethics of the tribe. Societies also use proverbs to rebuke the young ones who err in such societies.
Proverbs have significant impacts on the lives of the people of the communities that use them, and they occur in different categories depending on the context and situation. Proverbs also go a long way to enhance the social relationships of the members of particular societies. However, in this generation, a lot of people, especially the youths, have neglected the use of proverbs and consequently, the significance and impact they have on them (youths) and the society at large. They believe that proverbs are meant for only the old ones. These beliefs have gone a long way to reduce cultural heritage in many societies today. It is against this background therefore, that we shall take a look at some Hausa proverbs, their significance and impact on the lives of the members of the community and restore certain heritage that is fast fading because of the nonchalant attitude of the people.
1.2 The Hausa language and people- A Brief Historical Outline
Hausa belongs to the West Chadic subgroup of the Chadic languages group, which in turn is part of the Afro-Asiatic language family. The Hausa people are mostly found in the Niger Republic and in northern Nigeria, but, according to Wikipedia, “the language is widely used as a lingua franca (similar to Swahili in East Africa) in a much larger swathe of West Africa (Accra, Abidjan, Dakar, Lomé, Cotonou, Bamako, Conakry, Ouagadougou, etc.) and Central Africa (Douala, Yaoundé, Maroua, Garoua, N’djaména, Bangui, Libreville, etc.), particularly amongst Muslims. Radio stations like the BBC, Radio France Internationale, China Radio International, Voice of Russia, Voice of America, Deutsche Welle, and IRIB broadcast in Hausa. It is taught at universities in Africa and around the world”. Hausa has different varieties spoken in different Hausa regions. Eastern Hausa dialects include Kananci, which is spoken in Kano, Bausanchiin Bauchi, Dauranchiin Daura, Gudduranciin Katagum, Misau and part of Borno and Hadejanciin Hadejiya. Western Hausa dialects include Sakkwatancispoken in Sokoto, Katsinanciin Katsina, Arewanciin both Gobir and Adar, Kebbi, Zamfara and Kurhwayanci in Kurfey of Niger Republic. Katsina is transitional between Eastern and Western dialects. Northern Hausa dialects include Arewa and Arawa, while Zazzaganciin Zaria is the major Southern dialect. The Kano dialect is the ‘standard’ variety of Hausa. The BBC, Deutsche Welle and Voice of America offer Hausa Services on their international news web site using Kananci as the standard. Hausa’s modern official orthography is a Latin-based alphabet called boko, which was introduced in the 1930s by the British colonial administration. Hausa has also been written in ajami, a variant of the Arabic script, since the early 17th century. There is no standard system of using ajami, and different writers may use letters with different values.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Many African societies are suffering from sharp decline in their oral tradition partly because of negligence. This has for some time now been a serious problem to contend with, especially among the Hausa speaking people of Northern Nigeria who regard oral tradition with high esteem. The people, especially the young ones do not see any need of using proverbs to spice their everyday speech. They are mostly of the opinion that proverbs are meant exclusively for the old ones. They also think that using proverbs is a rural affair and that the residents of the urban areas have no need of them. For these reasons, they do not really see any need for the proverbs within the Hausa domain. This study will therefore go a long way to correct this misconception by making the people, especially the youth, to see the significant linguistic and cultural role proverbs play among the Hausa.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study is to find out what proverbs are, their uses, impact and significance on individual / community and the possible lessons to learn for the future. The objectives include:
(i) Discover the true meaning of proverbs.
(ii) Identify the uses of proverbs.
(iii) Ascertain the significance and impact of Hausa proverbs on Hausa people.
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A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE LANGUAGE USE OF 400 LEVEL STUDENTS
ABSTRACT
The thrust of this study is a sociolinguistic analysis of the gender on language use. The method of investigation used for this study is questionnaire and audio-recoding. This study has established the fact that the differences between male and female in ways of interacting often leads to wrong notions, meanings and interpretations given to certain statements and gestures. It was also discovered that the differences between male female in the aspects of turn taking, use of minimal responses, use of questions, shift between topics, loud and aggressive arguments, often result in miscommunication and misinterpretation and when this happens, it leads to breakdown in communication.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
People have always known that gender and language use are connected. Women and men however, do not use completely different forms but different quantities or frequencies of form. Though both sexes use particular form, one sex shows greater preference for them than the other. Research shows that women tend to use more of standard forms than men do, while men use more of the vernacular forms than women do. Gender itself is an influential factor accounting for different speech patterns among men and women.
Therefore, the major pre-occupation of this study is to examine the differences in the use of language between men and women and the influence of gender on the use of language. This study is aimed at bringing to limelight such factors that are responsible for differences in the use of language between men and women and by implication how gender interfere with language use.
This study focuses on the speech patterns of men and women in general and in particular 400 level students of the Department of English and Literary studies, A.B.U., Zaria, Samaru campus. This study
seeks to examine the differentiation between male and female use of language and how gender consideration influences speech patterns. This has to do with how gender influence interaction among sexes.
To achieve this, data will be collected from 400 level students; forty (40) students (20 males and 20 females) were selected at random for this study from the Department of English and Literary Studies. 400 level students who I relate with daily are selected because it will be easier to collected data for this study. Participants will be interviewed and questionnaire issued out and data will be collected, discussed and analysed explicitly.
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
When we tell people about ourselves or our circumstances, or ask for information about others and their circumstances, we are using language in order to exchange facts or opinions. This use of language is often called ‘referential’, ‘propositional’ or ‘ideational’. Language is used by human beings in social context, communicating their need, ideas, and emotions to one another (Labov, 1981:83). Human language according to Sapir (1921) ‘is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of a
system of voluntarily produced symbols’. Language as Sapir rightly said is human. Only humans’ posses language and all normal human beings uniformly possess it. Animals also have a communication system but it is not a developed system. That is why language is said to be species- specific and species -uniform.
Language gives shape to people’s thought; it guides and controls their entire activities. It is a carrier of civilization and culture as human thoughts and philosophy are conveyed from one generation to the other through the medium of language (Syal and Jindal, 2001:5).
Ultimately, attitudes to language reflects attitude to the users and uses of the language. People generally do not hold opinions about language in a vacuum. They develop attitudes towards languages which reflects their view about those who speak the language, and contexts and functions with which they are associated (Holmes, 1996:344).
One topic that has come to the fore in sociolinguistics in recent years is the connection if any, between the structure, vocabularies and ways of using particular languages and social roles of the men and women who speak these languages. There are grammatical differences
between the speech of two speakers which gives us cues about their human social backgrounds.
Gender studies have shown that language users have a wide range of beliefs and knowledge about language that go beyond the rules and representations of specifying grammars. The social roles that men and women play, their different values and social networks (who they talk to most), and their sensitivity to contextual factors including characteristics of the person they are talking to are relevant factors in accounting for people’s speech patterns. More so, there are other reasons underlying the differences in the use of language of males and females. One of such factors is culture. Since different people in different societies have distinct ways of life, and language to a considerable degree is influenced by culture, their use of language will highly be influenced.
It is against this background that this study is carried out to examine the differences in the speech patterns of men and women and to do a sociolinguistic analysis of the influence of gender consideration on interaction among 400 level students of the Department of English and Literary Studies, A.B.U., Zaria.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The differences between women and men in ways of interacting are usually as a result of the different social and cultural background. Research has shown that men and women differ significantly in their use of language. This basic fact has created a fundamental problem in the interpretations and meanings usually given to discourse. This inevitably means that often time, one out of the two parties involved in discussion usually give wrong notions, meanings and interpretations to certain statements and gestures. When this happens, it leads to breakdown in communication. It is from this perspective that this study seeks to answer the following questions:
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. Do men and women speak differently in the process of communication?
ii. How do the roles played by men and women affect their language use?
iii. What are the factors responsible for different language usages by men and women?
iv. Does gender affect interaction among males and females?
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
This project aims at a sociolinguistic study of the effect of gender on language use among students. It seeks to achieve the following specific objectives:
i. To identify the differences in the speech patterns of 400 level male and female students.
ii. To highlight how the roles played by men and women affect language use.
iii. To highlight the underlying factors accounting for these differences.
iv. To identify the effects of gender on interaction.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very significant because it would bring to limelight the terms and expressions used by male and female student of the Department of English and Literary Studies, A.B.U., Zaria. Since it focuses on the issue of language and gender, it would serve as a source of information and discovery to those who do not understand how gender consideration influences interaction.
1.6 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study focuses on male and female use of English language in general. The problem of language use within varying contexts and situations is not only peculiar to A.B.U. students but also to different people globally. This study has been limited to 400 level male and female students of the Department of English and Literary Studies, A.B.U., Zaria for easy collection of data. Also, the familiarity and the level of interaction that exist within the group as course mates will go a long way to aid in providing adequate data for analysis. A random selection of forty (40) students: twenty (20) of which are males and twenty (20) females was used to collect data for the study.
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USE OF CODE MIXING AND CODE SWITCHING IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
One aspect of language study that attracts much attention today is sociolinguistics. It examines the use of language by considering social parameter. This field is relatively wide and it encompasses a lot of variables like the context of the situation, age, status etc. among other variables that can be found in sociolinguistics are code mixing, diglossia, Code-switching, language death etc.
Code-mixing and code-switching are important aspect of sociolinguistic given their use and status in the society. Different reasons have been advanced by various writers and scholars as to why people code-mix and code-switch. Whatever the reasons, they are to some extent reasonable. However, it obvious that they have both the negative and positive effects closely associated with them. It there becomes necessary that these concepts which are directly related to human society and our educational system be given adequate attention so that they are known and also used effectively where necessarily.
In a society where individuals speak more than one language there is usually a language that is naturally influenced by the others. Some of the effects of multilingualism are code-mixing and code-switching, bilingualism, diglossia etc when a speaker comes in contact with two or more languages he or she may start to use the languages together even though it might not be with equal proficiency. However these languages affect one another and often lead to code-mixing and code-switching.
Code-mixing and code-switching occurs when elements of two or more languages are mixed between sentences, clauses and phrases. These concepts are products of bilingualism and they are the focus of this research work. Some researches have shown that students code-mix and code-switch in order to be admitted into some social situations.
It is on this note that this research work intends to find out if undergraduates of University of Nigeria Nsukkacode-mix and code-switch, and also intend to find out why if they code-mix and code-switch. Thus in carrying out this research work, code-mixing and code-switching as concepts of sociolinguistics will be given attention thereby bringing it to the notice of the people who are not linguistics.
1.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This research work intends to conduct a sociolinguistic study on code-mixing and code-switching and to also carry out a practical study of how these concepts occur in the conversation of Nigerian undergraduates especially students of University of Ilorin. In this project, we will attempt to determine the motivation or causes underlying the use of code-mixing and code-switching
Moreover, this research work will examine the effects of code-mixing and code-switching on the Nigerian language and why students of the University of Nigeria Nsukkacode-mix and code-switch English with their various indigenous languages.
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
At the end of this work, it is expected that the long essay will come up with findings that will discourage the use of code-mixing and code-switching if their use suggest negative effect on the proficiency of the users. On the other hand, if the proficiency of the bilingual is not affected the phenomenon will be encouraged.
It is strongly believed that the findings at the need of this research will benefit bilinguals and it is also expected to contribute additional knowledge to the field of sociolinguistics. It will also be of immense benefit to students of English and linguistics.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The essence of this research is to identify the likely social effects on the undergraduates of the University of Nigeria Nsukkaif they are users of code-mixing and code-switching. The research will also investigate the extent to which the undergraduates code-mix and code-switch if at all they do.
Again the research sets out to identify factors responsible for code-mixing and code-switching among the undergraduates of University of Nigeria Nsukkaif at all they code-mix and code-switch. The purpose of this research is to answer the following questions:
Do the undergraduates of University of Nigeria Nsukkacode-mix and code-switch?
Why do they code-mix and code-switch?
Does the improper acquisition of language lead to code-mixing and code-switching?
Does code-mixing and code-switching connote low proficiency?
1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This research work is limited to the undergraduates of the University of Ilorin. University of Nigeria Nsukkais a multilingual institution which comprises students from different linguistics background across the country. Most of the students are bilinguals who can speak at least one indigenous language and also English language.
For the purpose of this research work the recording of conversations among the undergraduates of University of Nigeria Nsukka shall be limited to three faculties within the institution and they are:
Faculty of Arts
Faculty of Education
Faculty of Science
These three faculties are the largest within the University thereby having the largest population. The data to be used in this research work shall be gathered from the undergraduates in their lecture rooms, hostels, library etc. The research will highlight instances of code-mixing and code-switching in their various conversations and analyse them.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
The method to be used for data collection will be the audio recording of conversations of undergraduates of the University of Ilorin. Twenty conversations shall be recorded for the research.
Students would be unaware that their conversations are being recorded because there is the probability that once they are aware their utterance will be ingenuine and unnatural sentences.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
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