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INFLUENCE OF EUROPEAN WRITING ON POST COLONIAL AFRICAN PLAYWRIGHTS: A STUDY OF SOYINKAS DEATH AND THE KINGS HORSEMEN AND THE LION AND THE JEWEL
Abstract
This study examines the influence of European writing on post-colonial African playwrights, with a focus on Wole Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman and The Lion and the Jewel. The research explores how European literary traditions, particularly in terms of structure, themes, and characterization, have shaped the works of African playwrights in the post-colonial era. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzes Soyinka’s plays to identify the interplay between indigenous African storytelling techniques and European dramatic conventions.
The findings reveal that Soyinka skillfully blends European dramatic forms, such as tragedy and comedy, with African oral traditions, myths, and cultural practices. In Death and the King’s Horseman, Soyinka employs the structure of Greek tragedy to address themes of cultural conflict and colonial disruption, while in The Lion and the Jewel, he uses satire and comedy to critique the clash between tradition and modernity. Despite the influence of European writing, Soyinka’s works remain deeply rooted in African cultural identity, reflecting a unique synthesis of global and local literary traditions.
The study concludes that post-colonial African playwrights like Soyinka have not merely imitated European writing but have redefined it to express African realities and perspectives. This hybridity enriches African literature and challenges the dominance of Eurocentric narratives. The research contributes to the discourse on post-colonial literature by highlighting the dynamic interplay between African and European literary traditions and their impact on the works of African playwrights.
Keywords: European writing, post-colonial literature, Wole Soyinka, Death and the King’s Horseman, The Lion and the Jewel, African drama, cultural hybridity.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A MOTIF IN TANURE OLAJIDE’S TALES OF HARMATTAN AND NATURE AND ITS TRUE COLOURS
Abstract:
Environmental and social justice are critical themes in contemporary literature, reflecting the growing awareness of the interconnectedness between human society and the natural world. Tanure Ojaide’s works, particularly “Tales of Harmattan” and “Nature and Its True Colours,” delve into these themes, exploring the complexities of environmental degradation, cultural erosion, and social injustice in Nigeria.
This study examines the motif of environmental and social justice in Tanure Ojaide’s literary works, focusing on the narratives presented in “Tales of Harmattan” and “Nature and Its True Colours.” Through a thematic analysis, the study explores how Ojaide portrays the impact of environmental degradation, climate change, and socio-political upheavals on marginalized communities in Nigeria.
The narratives in Ojaide’s works provide a lens through which to examine issues of environmental degradation and social injustice from the perspectives of ordinary individuals, communities, and ecosystems. Through vivid imagery, rich symbolism, and nuanced characterizations, Ojaide invites readers to confront the realities of environmental exploitation, cultural displacement, and economic inequality in Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study explores the role of literature in promoting environmental and social justice activism, highlighting how Ojaide’s works serve as a catalyst for raising awareness, inspiring empathy, and mobilizing action. By amplifying the voices of marginalized communities and advocating for environmental stewardship, Ojaide’s literary oeuvre contributes to broader conversations about sustainability, justice, and human rights in Nigeria and beyond.
This research contributes to the interdisciplinary field of environmental humanities by bridging the gap between literary analysis and environmental studies. By examining the motif of environmental and social justice in Tanure Ojaide’s works, the study offers insights into the complex interplay between literature, society, and the environment, and underscores the importance of narrative storytelling in fostering empathy, understanding, and collective action towards a more just and sustainable world.
Keywords: Environmental Justice, Social Justice, Literature, Tanure Ojaide, Nigerian Literature, Environmental Degradation, Climate Change, Cultural Erosion, Marginalized Communities.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Environmental and social justice have emerged as pivotal themes in contemporary literature, reflecting the growing global awareness of ecological degradation and social inequality. Literary works often serve as mirrors to society, highlighting issues that demand attention and action. Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours are profound examples of such literature, weaving narratives that explore the intersections of environmental and social justice within the Nigerian context. These works provide a critical lens through which readers can examine the impacts of environmental degradation and social disparities on marginalized communities.
Olajide’s works are situated within the broader framework of African literature, which has a rich tradition of addressing social issues and advocating for justice. His narratives are imbued with a deep sense of place and a profound connection to nature, reflecting the cultural and environmental realities of Nigeria. Through his storytelling, Olajide not only portrays the beauty and diversity of the Nigerian landscape but also underscores the pressing need for environmental stewardship and social equity.
Environmental and social justice have increasingly become central themes in contemporary literature, reflecting the urgent need to address ecological degradation and social inequities. Literature often serves as a powerful medium for highlighting societal issues and advocating for change. Tanure Olajide, a prominent Nigerian writer, masterfully intertwines these themes in his works Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. Through his vivid storytelling and rich narrative style, Olajide provides a poignant exploration of the environmental and social challenges faced by marginalized communities in Nigeria.
In Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours, Olajide uses the motif of environmental and social justice to draw attention to the interconnectedness of ecological and human well-being. His narratives depict the harsh realities of environmental degradation, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change, and their profound impacts on vulnerable populations. Simultaneously, he addresses social justice issues, including poverty, inequality, and exploitation, highlighting how these problems are often exacerbated by environmental crises.
The significance of Olajide’s work lies in its ability to raise awareness and inspire action. By illustrating the detrimental effects of environmental neglect and social injustice, he challenges readers to consider the broader implications of these issues and the need for sustainable and equitable solutions. His portrayal of resilient characters and communities offers a message of hope and empowerment, suggesting that meaningful change is possible through collective effort and advocacy.
This study aims to analyze the motifs of environmental and social justice in Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. It seeks to understand how these themes are represented and what they reveal about the broader societal and environmental context in Nigeria. By examining Olajide’s narrative techniques and thematic concerns, this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of his literary contributions and the role of literature in addressing critical global issues.
In conclusion, the exploration of environmental and social justice in Tanure Olajide’s works not only enriches the field of literary studies but also underscores the importance of integrating these themes into the broader discourse on sustainability and human rights. Through this study, we aim to highlight the relevance and impact of Olajide’s narratives in promoting awareness and action towards a more just and sustainable world.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the increasing recognition of environmental and social justice issues, there remains a gap in the literature that specifically addresses these themes in the context of Nigerian literature. Tanure Olajide’s works provide a unique opportunity to explore how these themes are articulated and represented in literary narratives. This study seeks to address the following problem: How do Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours depict environmental and social justice, and what is the significance of these depictions for understanding the broader social and environmental issues in Nigeria?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the motifs of environmental and social justice in Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. Specifically, the study aims to:
Examine how Olajide portrays environmental degradation and its impacts on marginalized communities.
Explore the social justice issues highlighted in Olajide’s narratives, including themes of inequality, poverty, and exploitation.
Investigate the interplay between environmental and social justice in Olajide’s works and how this interplay reflects broader societal issues.
Assess the significance of Olajide’s literary contributions to the discourse on environmental and social justice in Nigerian literature.
1.4 Research Questions
This study will be guided by the following research questions:
How does Tanure Olajide depict environmental degradation in Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours?
What social justice issues are highlighted in these works, and how are they connected to environmental themes?
How do the motifs of environmental and social justice intersect in Olajide’s narratives?
What is the broader significance of Olajide’s portrayal of environmental and social justice for understanding Nigerian societal issues?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
Literary Analysis: It contributes to the body of literary criticism on Tanure Olajide’s works, providing a deeper understanding of his thematic concerns and narrative techniques.
Environmental and Social Advocacy: By highlighting the themes of environmental and social justice, the study underscores the importance of literature in raising awareness and advocating for change.
Cultural Insight: The study offers insights into the Nigerian context, enriching the global discourse on environmental and social justice with perspectives from African literature.
Educational Resource: The findings of this study can serve as a valuable resource for educators and students studying African literature, environmental studies, and social justice.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. It examines the motifs of environmental and social justice within these works, exploring their representation and significance. The study is limited to these two texts to provide a detailed and focused analysis, although references to broader trends in Nigerian and African literature may be included to contextualize the findings.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Environmental Justice: The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income concerning the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Social Justice: The view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities.
Motif: A recurring theme, subject, or idea, especially in literary, artistic, or musical works.
Narrative: A spoken or written account of connected events; a story.
Marginalized Communities: Groups of people who experience disadvantage and discrimination due to systemic social, economic, and political factors.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE AS A MOTIF IN TANURE OLAJIDE’S TALES OF HARMATTAN AND NATURE AND ITS TRUE COLOURS
Abstract:
Environmental and social justice are critical themes in contemporary literature, reflecting the growing awareness of the interconnectedness between human society and the natural world. Tanure Ojaide’s works, particularly “Tales of Harmattan” and “Nature and Its True Colours,” delve into these themes, exploring the complexities of environmental degradation, cultural erosion, and social injustice in Nigeria.
This study examines the motif of environmental and social justice in Tanure Ojaide’s literary works, focusing on the narratives presented in “Tales of Harmattan” and “Nature and Its True Colours.” Through a thematic analysis, the study explores how Ojaide portrays the impact of environmental degradation, climate change, and socio-political upheavals on marginalized communities in Nigeria.
The narratives in Ojaide’s works provide a lens through which to examine issues of environmental degradation and social injustice from the perspectives of ordinary individuals, communities, and ecosystems. Through vivid imagery, rich symbolism, and nuanced characterizations, Ojaide invites readers to confront the realities of environmental exploitation, cultural displacement, and economic inequality in Nigeria.
Furthermore, the study explores the role of literature in promoting environmental and social justice activism, highlighting how Ojaide’s works serve as a catalyst for raising awareness, inspiring empathy, and mobilizing action. By amplifying the voices of marginalized communities and advocating for environmental stewardship, Ojaide’s literary oeuvre contributes to broader conversations about sustainability, justice, and human rights in Nigeria and beyond.
This research contributes to the interdisciplinary field of environmental humanities by bridging the gap between literary analysis and environmental studies. By examining the motif of environmental and social justice in Tanure Ojaide’s works, the study offers insights into the complex interplay between literature, society, and the environment, and underscores the importance of narrative storytelling in fostering empathy, understanding, and collective action towards a more just and sustainable world.
Keywords: Environmental Justice, Social Justice, Literature, Tanure Ojaide, Nigerian Literature, Environmental Degradation, Climate Change, Cultural Erosion, Marginalized Communities.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Environmental and social justice have emerged as pivotal themes in contemporary literature, reflecting the growing global awareness of ecological degradation and social inequality. Literary works often serve as mirrors to society, highlighting issues that demand attention and action. Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours are profound examples of such literature, weaving narratives that explore the intersections of environmental and social justice within the Nigerian context. These works provide a critical lens through which readers can examine the impacts of environmental degradation and social disparities on marginalized communities.
Olajide’s works are situated within the broader framework of African literature, which has a rich tradition of addressing social issues and advocating for justice. His narratives are imbued with a deep sense of place and a profound connection to nature, reflecting the cultural and environmental realities of Nigeria. Through his storytelling, Olajide not only portrays the beauty and diversity of the Nigerian landscape but also underscores the pressing need for environmental stewardship and social equity.
Environmental and social justice have increasingly become central themes in contemporary literature, reflecting the urgent need to address ecological degradation and social inequities. Literature often serves as a powerful medium for highlighting societal issues and advocating for change. Tanure Olajide, a prominent Nigerian writer, masterfully intertwines these themes in his works Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. Through his vivid storytelling and rich narrative style, Olajide provides a poignant exploration of the environmental and social challenges faced by marginalized communities in Nigeria.
In Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours, Olajide uses the motif of environmental and social justice to draw attention to the interconnectedness of ecological and human well-being. His narratives depict the harsh realities of environmental degradation, such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change, and their profound impacts on vulnerable populations. Simultaneously, he addresses social justice issues, including poverty, inequality, and exploitation, highlighting how these problems are often exacerbated by environmental crises.
The significance of Olajide’s work lies in its ability to raise awareness and inspire action. By illustrating the detrimental effects of environmental neglect and social injustice, he challenges readers to consider the broader implications of these issues and the need for sustainable and equitable solutions. His portrayal of resilient characters and communities offers a message of hope and empowerment, suggesting that meaningful change is possible through collective effort and advocacy.
This study aims to analyze the motifs of environmental and social justice in Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. It seeks to understand how these themes are represented and what they reveal about the broader societal and environmental context in Nigeria. By examining Olajide’s narrative techniques and thematic concerns, this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of his literary contributions and the role of literature in addressing critical global issues.
In conclusion, the exploration of environmental and social justice in Tanure Olajide’s works not only enriches the field of literary studies but also underscores the importance of integrating these themes into the broader discourse on sustainability and human rights. Through this study, we aim to highlight the relevance and impact of Olajide’s narratives in promoting awareness and action towards a more just and sustainable world.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the increasing recognition of environmental and social justice issues, there remains a gap in the literature that specifically addresses these themes in the context of Nigerian literature. Tanure Olajide’s works provide a unique opportunity to explore how these themes are articulated and represented in literary narratives. This study seeks to address the following problem: How do Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours depict environmental and social justice, and what is the significance of these depictions for understanding the broader social and environmental issues in Nigeria?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The primary purpose of this study is to analyze the motifs of environmental and social justice in Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. Specifically, the study aims to:
Examine how Olajide portrays environmental degradation and its impacts on marginalized communities.
Explore the social justice issues highlighted in Olajide’s narratives, including themes of inequality, poverty, and exploitation.
Investigate the interplay between environmental and social justice in Olajide’s works and how this interplay reflects broader societal issues.
Assess the significance of Olajide’s literary contributions to the discourse on environmental and social justice in Nigerian literature.
1.4 Research Questions
This study will be guided by the following research questions:
How does Tanure Olajide depict environmental degradation in Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours?
What social justice issues are highlighted in these works, and how are they connected to environmental themes?
How do the motifs of environmental and social justice intersect in Olajide’s narratives?
What is the broader significance of Olajide’s portrayal of environmental and social justice for understanding Nigerian societal issues?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
Literary Analysis: It contributes to the body of literary criticism on Tanure Olajide’s works, providing a deeper understanding of his thematic concerns and narrative techniques.
Environmental and Social Advocacy: By highlighting the themes of environmental and social justice, the study underscores the importance of literature in raising awareness and advocating for change.
Cultural Insight: The study offers insights into the Nigerian context, enriching the global discourse on environmental and social justice with perspectives from African literature.
Educational Resource: The findings of this study can serve as a valuable resource for educators and students studying African literature, environmental studies, and social justice.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on Tanure Olajide’s Tales of Harmattan and Nature and Its True Colours. It examines the motifs of environmental and social justice within these works, exploring their representation and significance. The study is limited to these two texts to provide a detailed and focused analysis, although references to broader trends in Nigerian and African literature may be included to contextualize the findings.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Environmental Justice: The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income concerning the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.
Social Justice: The view that everyone deserves equal economic, political, and social rights and opportunities.
Motif: A recurring theme, subject, or idea, especially in literary, artistic, or musical works.
Narrative: A spoken or written account of connected events; a story.
Marginalized Communities: Groups of people who experience disadvantage and discrimination due to systemic social, economic, and political factors.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE RELEVANCE OF FOLKTALE IN THE TEACHING AND LEARNING OF LITERATURE IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The concept of literature is seen from different points of view. Putting the notion of literature in a single term is not appropriate, because literature does not lend itself to a single tidy definition since its evolution over the centuries has been as complex, heavy, and natural as life itself Meyer (2005). Moody (1971) defines it as an umbrella term, that is used to express in words some special aspects of the human experience. Furthermore, Lombardi (2013) defines literature as a work that uses creative thinking in expressing thoughts and ideas. Meyer also explains literature as fiction consisting of carefully arranged words designed to show imagination, stories, poems, and plays. These genres represent imagination based on actual historical events. Imaginative writing differs from other kinds of writing. Like other art forms, imaginative literature offers pleasure and usually attempts to convey a perspective, mood, feeling, or experience. Writers transform the facts the world provides people, places, and objects into experiences that suggest meanings (Meyer, 2005). Literature also includes the oral traditions, legends, myths and saga from classical time’s right through to the folktales’ of non-literate societies.
Folk stories are conducive to the inheritance of national culture and the cultivation of children’s local feelings. There are many works in folk tales that reflect ethnic customs and national character. Folktales often transcend time and space with twisted and bizarre stories. They are often fantastic, creating a mysterious adventure atmosphere, which is conducive to children’s imagination, aesthetic ability and creative spirit. Folktales are magical, fantastic and mysterious, which is in line with the characteristics of student’s physical development. Folktales are attractive and appealing to student and can arouse student’s curiosity. They provide children with a beautiful space for free imagination, and they are in line with student’s mental development rules and can stimulate student’s will to study independently. In using literature students are significantly benefited in terms of language skills, raising cultural awareness, and changing views towards native and target societies. Therefore, the main aim of study is to investigate the relevance of folktale in the teaching and learning of literature in senior secondary schools
Statement of the problem
The content of some folk tales has a clear historical gap with today’s real life. Whether it is the expression of certain words in life at the time, or the life events in the story at the time, they can be hardly understood by children. Most teachers only use folk tales in the language fields which most of them are conducted in the form of storytelling and performance. With single forms, it is difficult to attract children’s interest. This requires teachers to flexibly process folk stories, select appropriate themes for teaching, and carry out educational activities, so that folk stories can be better applied and developed at secondary schools
Objective of the study.
The objectives of the study are;
To ascertain the view of students towards` using folktales in teaching literature in secondary school in Owerri municipal council
To ascertain the effects of folktales in teaching of literature in secondary school of Owerri municipal council
To ascertain the relationship folktale and understanding literature in secondary school
Research hypotheses
For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;
H0: there are no effects of folktales in teaching of literature in secondary school of Owerri municipal council
H1: there are effects of folktales in teaching of literature in secondary school of Owerri municipal council
H02: there is no relationship folktale and understanding literature in secondary school
H2: there is relationship folktale and understanding literature in secondary school
Significance of the study
The study will be very significant to students and teachers. The study will give a clear the relevance of folktale in the teaching and learning of literature in secondary schools. The study will give a clear insight on the benefit of using folktale in teaching of literature in secondary school. The study will also serve as reference to other researcher that will embark on the related topic
Scope and limitation of the study
The scope of the study covers the relevance of folktale in the teaching and learning of literature in secondary schools. The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Folktale: a story originating in popular culture, typically passed on by word of mouth
Teaching: Teaching can be defined as engagement with learners to enable their understanding and application of knowledge, concepts and processes. It includes design, content selection, delivery, assessment and reflection
Literature: Literature broadly is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include folk tale, much of which has been transcribed.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
SECRECY IN YEJIDE KILANKO’S “DAUGHTERS WHO WALK THIS PATH” AND OYINKAN BRAITHWAITES “MY SISTER THE SERIAL KILLER”
Abstract:
This comparative analysis explores the theme of secrecy in two contemporary Nigerian novels: Yejide Kilanko’s “Daughters Who Walk This Path” and Oyinkan Braithwaite’s “My Sister, the Serial Killer.” The novels, set against the backdrop of Nigerian society, delve into the intricate layers of secrecy, unraveling the consequences and motivations behind concealed truths.
In “Daughters Who Walk This Path,” Kilanko weaves a narrative around the lives of young girls navigating the challenges of adolescence in a conservative society. The novel explores the secrecy surrounding taboo subjects, such as sexual abuse and cultural expectations, as the characters grapple with the consequences of keeping silent. Kilanko skillfully intertwines the personal struggles of the characters with the broader societal implications of maintaining secrecy.
On the other hand, Braithwaite’s “My Sister, the Serial Killer” takes a darker turn, examining the clandestine activities of a woman who becomes an accomplice to her sister’s murders. The narrative unfolds against the backdrop of Lagos, exploring the implications of familial secrecy and the complicity of silence in the face of heinous acts. Braithwaite uses a thriller format to delve into the psychological depths of secrecy, investigating the dynamics of loyalty, guilt, and societal expectations.
This comparative study employs a thematic lens to analyze how both novels depict secrecy as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. The examination encompasses the motivations behind keeping secrets, the impact on individual characters, and the broader societal repercussions. Additionally, the study considers the role of secrecy in shaping the narrative structure and character development in the respective works.
By juxtaposing these two novels, this analysis aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the cultural, social, and psychological dimensions of secrecy in contemporary Nigerian literature. The study ultimately underscores the significance of secrecy as a narrative device that reflects and critiques the complexities of the societies depicted in Kilanko’s and Braithwaite’s literary works.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Rationale for Comparative Analysis
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Scope and Limitations
1.6 Research Questions
1.7 Methodology
1.8 Structure of the Thesis
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Secrecy as a Literary Theme
2.2 The Cultural Context in Nigerian Literature
2.3 Feminist Perspectives on Secrecy
2.4 Psychological and Societal Implications of Secrecy
2.5 Comparative Analysis in Literary Studies
2.6 Previous Studies on Kilanko’s “Daughters Who Walk This Path” and Braithwaite’s “My Sister, the Serial Killer”
Chapter 3: Secrecy in “Daughters Who Walk This Path”
3.1 Overview of Yejide Kilanko’s Novel
3.2 Cultural and Social Factors Influencing Secrecy
3.3 Themes of Secrecy Explored in the Novel
3.4 Character Dynamics and the Role of Secrecy
3.5 The Intersection of Silence, Taboos, and Societal Expectations
3.6 Literary Devices Employed to Convey Secrecy
Chapter 4: Secrecy in “My Sister, the Serial Killer”
4.1 Introduction to Oyinkan Braithwaite’s Novel
4.2 Exploration of Familial Secrecy
4.3 The Psychological Dimensions of Secrecy
4.4 Complicity and Guilt in Maintaining Silence
4.5 The Thriller Genre as a Narrative Device
4.6 Contrasting Cultural and Social Contexts in the Depiction of Secrecy
Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Implications for Literary Criticism
5.3 Recommendations for Further Research
5.4 Closing Remarks
References
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
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POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND PSYCHO-SOCIAL DISORDER USING ARROW OF RAIN BY OKEY NDIBE AND THE BEAUTIFUL ONES ARE NOT YET BORN BY AYI KWEI AMARH
Abstract:
This study explores the intricate relationship between political corruption and psycho-social disorder as depicted in two seminal African novels: “Arrow of Rain” by Okey Ndibe and “The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born” by Ayi Kwei Armah. Utilizing a literary analysis approach, the research delves into the ways in which these novels articulate the consequences of political corruption on individual psyches and societal well-being. Through a comparative examination of the narrative structures, characters, and thematic elements in both works, the study aims to unravel the psychological and social impacts of political corruption within the contexts of Nigeria and Ghana.
In “Arrow of Rain,” Ndibe offers a poignant exploration of the psychological toll of political corruption on individuals, emphasizing the internal struggles faced by characters in their quest for justice and morality amidst a corrupt political landscape. Meanwhile, Armah’s “The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born” presents a stark portrayal of a society grappling with the dehumanizing effects of corruption, as seen through the lens of a nameless protagonist navigating the moral decay surrounding him.
By critically analyzing the psychological dimensions of the characters and the societal repercussions depicted in these novels, this study seeks to contribute to the understanding of the far-reaching implications of political corruption on human consciousness and collective mental well-being. The research also highlights the role of literature in providing a nuanced exploration of socio-political issues and fostering a deeper comprehension of the complex interplay between political corruption and psycho-social disorder in African contexts. Ultimately, the findings of this study contribute to the ongoing discourse on the impact of political corruption on the human psyche and society, offering insights into the challenges and potential pathways for recovery and resilience in the face of systemic corruption.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Justification of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Political Corruption in African Literature
2.2 Psycho-Social Disorders in Literature
2.3 Representation of Political Corruption in “Arrow of Rain”
2.4 Representation of Political Corruption in “The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born”
2.5 Comparative Analysis of Themes and Motifs
2.6 Theoretical Framework
Chapter 3: Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Data Collection
3.2.1 Selection of Novels
3.2.2 Selection of Characters
3.2.3 Data Extraction and Coding
3.3 Data Analysis
3.3.1 Literary Analysis
3.3.2 Comparative Analysis
3.3.3 Thematic Analysis
Chapter 4: Findings
4.1 Political Corruption in “Arrow of Rain”
4.1.1 Character Analysis
4.1.2 Psycho-Social Impact
4.2 Political Corruption in “The Beautiful Ones Are Not Yet Born”
4.2.1 Character Analysis
4.2.2 Psycho-Social Impact
4.3 Comparative Analysis of Novels
4.3.1 Shared Themes
4.3.2 Unique Perspectives
4.4 Theoretical Insights
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion
5.1 Discussion of Findings
5.1.1 Commonalities and Differences
5.1.2 Implications for Understanding Political Corruption and Psycho-Social Disorder
5.2 Theoretical Contributions
5.3 Practical Implications
5.4 Recommendations for Further Research
5.5 Conclusion
References
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INDIVIDUALISM AND DREAMS IN FUNKE AKINDELE’S A TRIBE CALLED JUDAH AND JADE OSEBIRU’S BROTHERHOOD
Abstract:
This study examines the thematic exploration of individualism and dreams in two contemporary African literary works, “A Tribe Called Judah” by Funke Akindele and “Brotherhood” by Jade Osiberu. Employing a literary analysis approach, the research delves into how these novels portray the aspirations, struggles, and conflicts of individuals pursuing their dreams within the context of diverse social and cultural landscapes. The study explores the nuanced representation of individualism and the quest for personal fulfillment, shedding light on the complexities of self-discovery and the pursuit of aspirations within African societies.
In “A Tribe Called Judah,” Funke Akindele crafts a narrative that intricately examines the tension between individual desires and communal expectations. The novel delves into the lives of characters navigating the challenges of maintaining their individual identities while grappling with societal norms and communal expectations.
Jade Osiberu’s “Brotherhood” provides a unique perspective on individualism by presenting a narrative that explores the dynamics of sibling relationships, personal ambitions, and the impact of one’s choices on familial ties. The novel unfolds a tapestry of individual dreams and the complexities of negotiating personal aspirations within the framework of familial bonds.
Through a comparative analysis of these works, the study seeks to unravel the underlying themes of individualism and dreams, addressing how characters negotiate their personal aspirations in the face of societal pressures and familial ties. The research contributes to the understanding of contemporary African literature’s representation of individualism, shedding light on the diverse ways in which dreams are pursued, challenged, and realized within the cultural and social contexts depicted in these novels. Ultimately, this study aims to enrich the discourse on individualism in African literature and its broader implications for identity, self-discovery, and societal expectations
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background and Context
1.1.1 Overview of Individualism in Literature
1.1.2 Significance of Dreams in Literary Narratives
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Justification and Importance of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Conceptual Framework
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Individualism in Literature
2.1.1 Historical Perspectives
2.1.2 Cultural Variations
2.2 Dreams and Aspirations in Literature
2.2.1 Psychological and Symbolic Interpretations
2.2.2 Literary Representations
2.3 Contemporary African Literature
2.3.1 Evolution and Themes
2.3.2 Noteworthy Authors and Works
2.4 Funke Akindele’s “A Tribe Called Judah”
2.4.1 Overview of the Novel
2.4.2 Themes of Individualism and Dreams
2.5 Jade Osiberu’s “Brotherhood”
2.5.1 Overview of the Novel
2.5.2 Themes of Individualism and Dreams
2.6 Comparative Analysis of Themes and Motifs
Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework
3.1 Individualism Theories
3.1.1 Existentialist Perspectives
3.1.2 Cultural Individualism vs. Communal Values
3.2 Dream Theory
3.2.1 Freudian Dream Analysis
3.2.2 Jungian Archetypes in Dreams
3.3 Integration of Theoretical Perspectives
Chapter 4: Methodology
4.1 Research Design
4.1.1 Qualitative Literary Analysis
4.1.2 Comparative Approach
4.2 Selection of Literary Works
4.2.1 “A Tribe Called Judah” by Funke Akindele
4.2.2 “Brotherhood” by Jade Osiberu
4.3 Data Collection
4.3.1 Textual Analysis
4.3.2 Comparative Analysis
4.4 Data Interpretation
4.4.1 Thematic Coding
4.4.2 Narrative Structure Analysis
Chapter 5: Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Theoretical Contributions
5.3 Practical Implications
5.4 Recommendations for Further Research
5.5 Conclusion
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PSYCHOREALISM IN GHANA MUST GO BY TAIYE SALASI, WE NEED NEW NAMES BY NOVIOLET BULUWEN AND THE REACTIVE BY MASANDE NTSTANGE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Contemporary African literature has witnessed a rich tapestry of diverse voices, genres, and narrative styles that capture the complexities of the continent’s experiences. Among these voices, Taiye Selasi, NoViolet Bulawayo, and Masande Ntshanga stand out for their unique contributions to the literary landscape. This study focuses on three novels: “Ghana Must Go” by Taiye Selasi, “We Need New Names” by NoViolet Bulawayo, and “The Reactive” by Masande Ntshanga. The novels not only explore individual and collective identities but also employ a narrative style that intersects with the concept of Psychorealism, offering a lens through which to examine the characters’ psychological landscapes.
Contemporary African literature has become a vibrant and diverse space that reflects the complex realities of the continent, exploring themes of identity, migration, and societal transformations. Within this literary landscape, authors Taiye Selasi, NoViolet Bulawayo, and Masande Ntshanga have emerged as distinct voices, offering unique perspectives on African experiences. This study delves into the exploration of Psychorealism—a term coined by Nigerian writer Ben Okri—in three notable novels: “Ghana Must Go” by Taiye Selasi, “We Need New Names” by NoViolet Bulawayo, and “The Reactive” by Masande Ntshanga.
Psychorealism is a narrative technique that intertwines psychological depth with realistic storytelling, aiming to delve into the intricate realms of characters’ thoughts, emotions, and motivations. The term implies a literary approach that transcends mere realism, delving into the psychological landscapes of characters and bringing forth a deeper understanding of their experiences. As Okri suggests, Psychorealism seeks to capture the essence of the human psyche, allowing readers to engage with characters on a profound emotional and psychological level.
The choice of these novels stems from their thematic richness and the authors’ adept use of Psychorealism in portraying the complexities of the human condition. “Ghana Must Go,” “We Need New Names,” and “The Reactive” traverse different geographical and cultural terrains—Ghana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, respectively—providing a diverse lens through which to examine the multifaceted nature of Psychorealism in African literature. By unraveling the psychological depths of characters in these narratives, this study aims to contribute to the broader understanding of the intersection between psychology and realism in contemporary African storytelling.
1.2 Rationale
As postcolonial African literature continues to evolve, the exploration of new literary techniques and narrative strategies becomes imperative. The concept of Psychorealism, a term coined by the Nigerian writer Ben Okri, involves the fusion of psychological depth with realistic storytelling. This study seeks to investigate how Psychorealism manifests in the selected novels and how it contributes to the portrayal of characters, cultural complexities, and the broader socio-political contexts of Ghana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are:
To examine the manifestation of Psychorealism in “Ghana Must Go,” “We Need New Names,” and “The Reactive.”
To analyze how Psychorealism contributes to character development and the exploration of psychological landscapes in the selected novels.
To explore the cultural and socio-political contexts within which Psychorealism operates in the narratives.
To assess the impact of Psychorealism on the reader’s engagement with the novels and its potential influence on shaping perspectives on African literature.
1.4 Research Questions
This study addresses the following research questions:
How does Psychorealism manifest in the narrative styles of “Ghana Must Go,” “We Need New Names,” and “The Reactive”?
In what ways does Psychorealism contribute to character development and the exploration of psychological landscapes in the selected novels?
How do cultural and socio-political contexts influence the deployment of Psychorealism in the narratives?
What is the impact of Psychorealism on reader engagement and the shaping of perspectives on African literature?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study lies in its contribution to the understanding of Psychorealism as a narrative technique in contemporary African literature. By examining the selected novels, the study illuminates the ways in which Psychorealism captures the intricate interplay between psychology and reality, providing readers with a nuanced portrayal of African experiences. The findings may offer insights into the evolving nature of storytelling in African literature and its relevance in addressing complex issues of identity, migration, and societal transformations.
1.6 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on three specific novels – “Ghana Must Go,” “We Need New Names,” and “The Reactive” – by Taiye Selasi, NoViolet Bulawayo, and Masande Ntshanga, respectively. While these novels share a common thematic thread of exploring identity and migration, they represent distinct cultural and geographical contexts. The study acknowledges that Psychorealism operates within a broader literary landscape, and the findings are limited to the selected novels.
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
The remainder of this thesis is organized as follows:
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Chapter Three: Theoretical Framework – Psychorealism
Chapter Four: Methodology
Chapter Five: Analysis of Psychorealism in “Ghana Must Go,” “We Need New Names,” and “The Reactive”
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REALISM IN ON TWO NIGERIA NOVELS: CHINUE ACHEBE’S ANTHILLS OF THE SAVANNAH AND WALE OKEDIRAN’S STRANGE ENCOUNTERS
ABSTRACT
Chinua Achebe has proven his worth among English-speaking Nigerian novelists
by representing the Nigerian social and political environment in a thoroughly realistic way. His novels depict life within a particular historical background, and convey a sense of growing disgust and unrest within Nigerian society, a society that has started to emerge from the ‘colonial complex’ caused by years of denigration and self-abasement. Anthils of the Savannah (1987) by Achebe and Strange Encounters by Wale Okediran describe Nigeria in its post-independence phase, during which time the country became a ‘cesspool of corruption and misrule’ in the context of colonial-style social and economic development, a situation that resulted in conflict between the emergent, elitist middle class and the general population. Achebe’s reputation as a novelist rests on his impartial understanding of, and ability to represent, the Nigerian environment. His realistic characterization, and diagnosis, of his country’s malaise has the power to inspire a revolution informed by African ideologies.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Realism and the Nigerian novel have become holistically marred with real life practices portrays in the Nigerian novels. However, in the process of this unification, the novel has been infused with Nigerian traditional aesthetics and factual experiences of the Nigerian society. This adaptation generates the possibility of employing the Nigerian novel as an acclaimed tool for the examination and cross-examination of Africans. Critical self-examination comes right after the Nigerian novel is employed as a tool for rehabilitating the Nigerian culture, due to the collapse it suffered in the hands of the colonial masters.
However, it serves as the only literary measure to be engaged, since the colonialist left Africans with options of activities, which if engage in, would unveil various magnitudes of disillusionments. The portrayal of Africans and their activities in the Nigerian novel has become so much that it is seen as a moderator of the activities of Africans. However, it also serves as a platform for stating the ills in the Nigerian society and proffering solutions to them, as in Anthills of Savanna and Strange Encounter.
The oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines realism as "a style of art or literature that shows things and people as they are in real life (971). On the other hand, Agho Jude in his book ; The Novel in Africa and Selected Discourses defines the Nigerian novel as "any extended narrative, not only written by an African, but which must be about Africa and Africans, conceived from an African point-of-view and reflecting an African worldview; (4). Also, in defining realism and the Nigerian novel, it is therefore defined as any long extended narrative which portrays Africans as they are real in life, bringing to light their ways of life, stating their challenges and probably helping to proffer solutions.
Chinua Achebe’s fiction is regarded as the supreme example of African literary realism, especially his novel Antills of Savanna (1987). Achebe’s fiction can also be described as historical realism, especially when he seeks to recover African past from its suppression in colonial discourse.
According to Onoge, realism in African literature can be further subdivided into critical realism and socialist realism. The first which is evident in the work of Chinua Achebe, Wale Okediran and a host of other African writers is principally characterized by an accurate description of the condition of modern Africa particularly Nigeria, but without proffering, a clear solution to the problems identified.
The Nigerian realist novel is a depiction of the socialist literature. The emergent literary and critical works show the dawn of a new literary phenomenon. Deconstructive critics such as Kwame Appiah argue that realism is the artistic expression of African nationalisms’ superficial resolution of the underlying difficulties facing Africa. What Appiah describes as post-realist is also part of the general trend referred to broadly as non-realist modes of representation, but more specifically as magical realism, the best example of which is Ben Okri’s The Famished Road (1990).
This type of writing, involves the deliberate violation of the conventions of realism, for instance, the transgression of the boundary between the real and the fantastic. Some critics feel uncomfortable about this label as it suggests African writing imitating alien forms. Others argue that the worldview depicted in such texts is inherent in contemporary African writings in which the elements of traditional Nigerian culture coexists with those of modernity. It is a way of emphasizing the indignity of the form that Harry Garuba substitutes it with the term ”animist realism”.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1. To review the realism as portrays in the Antills of the Savannah by Chinue Achebe and the Strange Encounters by Wale Okediran.
2. To examine the realistic depiction of cultural and political crises in the texts.
3. To compare the two text.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This related investigative literature is focused on realism in on two nigeria novels : Chinue Achebe’s Anthills of the Savannah and Wale Okediran’s Strange Encounters.
1.4 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Realism: Realism as a literary theory or movement is associated with a realistic portrayal of life in a work of art. The novel has continued to arouse attention as a popular genre of literature. The author adopts a style of presenting an interesting story through the portrayal of life-like events and incidents in the story which is achieved through a proper manipulation of language to create a credible story.
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PROTAGONIST AS A VICTIM OF CIRCUMSTANCES : KAINE AGARY’s YELLOW YELLOW AND SAM OMATAEYE CROCODILE GIRL
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews protagonistas a victim of circumstances : Kaine Agary’s Yellow Yellow and s Omataeye’s Crocodie Girl and argues that the challenges of environmental degradation, poverty and lack of infrastructure evident in most parts of Nigerian towns and cities have a great impact on the women folk. The purported exaggerated effect of underdevelopment on women in the novel is discursive, the reverberating societal values and systems of meaning that promote male dominance and demean the woman as the weaker breed, and non-resistant appendage is also looked into. Based on these, questions such as ‘Why are the ills of underdevelopment so evident on the women than the men’ are asked. Applying a critical discourse analytical paradigms of gender studies which views the woman as the “other” in society, this paper examines the discursive roles of women in the novels and argues that the construction of women as cigarette-smoking delinquents and poverty stricken harlots do not just reflect social challenges but are in fact a reflection of the historically specific systems of meaning which form the identities of women rather than the present global reality of rights, opportunities and sufferings.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Throughout the history of humankind, there has been a belief imposed on women that they were inferior to men both in physical strength and in mental caliber. They were denied freedom to act independently, even to get an education and were considered unfit for any task. In a way woman accepted and found satisfaction in being slave to men. During her childhood days, her father protects her, and after marriage her husband takes care of her; during old age her sons look after her. This was the general belief in Indian and other societies. Slowly, during the British rule and with the emergence of reformers, the condition of women underwent a tremendous change. Woman were given education and participated in social, economic and political affairs.
Deshpande solemnly declared in an interview that she is a feminist writer ”I am a woman and I do write about women, and I am going to say it loudly; I don’t want to dissociate myself” (Shashi Deshpande) (Sue Dickman, 1998:133). Casual study of her novels makes one understand that she has not only much concern for women but also she has tried to understand and suggest remedial measures for their everyday problems in the patriarchal society.
The protagonists of her novels are woman who have to struggle for even trivial things in their troublesome life. They have to face the challenges in their day to day life, and that may help quench their thirst for freedom, to say the least. This book examines literature and the unconscious with emphasis on disorientation and the female experience in selected novels by African and African American women writers. The novels to be studied include: Maru and A Question of Power by Bessie Head; Our Sister Killjoy: Or Reflections from a Black-Eyed Squint and Changes: A Love Story by Ama Ata Aidoo, (Africa); Sula and Beloved by Toni Morrison and The Women of Brewster
Place and Mama Day by Gloria Naylor (African America).
The study seeks to establish that much of what people generally regard as disorientation are actually subjective interpretations of character traits and that what determine character traits reflected in works of literature and particularly fiction by the
women being examined, are unconscious secret forces. The work intends to demonstrate that though socio-political and cultural factors have immeasurable influence on character formation and human actions, those factors require other factors that are not easily observable to complete the process of human behaviour. These factors, which operate within the unconscious of the individual characters, facilitate greater understanding of
behavioural traits of such individual characters. This is because most psychologists and psychoanalysts have unequivocally established that a character’s behaviour is better understood when the unconscious mind is properly analyzed.
A large corpus of novels by African and African American women writers have come to be seen as reflecting female characters who exhibit in conventional reasoning ‘unwholesome’, ‘deviant’, or disorientative behaviour.
A possible explanation is that most women writers focus on the predicament of women in their works. And because of the so-called precarious situation of women imposed by men, the characters created by these writers are interpreted as victims of socio-cultural and historical factors, such as patriarchy, colonialism, apartheid, slavery, sexism and others. However, to a large extent, racism, colonialism, apartheid and other
institutional constructs targeted at some people have ceased to govern social relations in the world today. Even a cultural construct like patriarchy has seemingly lost its initial verve. Nevertheless, the behavioural patterns engendered by these cultural institutions still seem to strongly influence the psyche of victims as reflected in the characters of the works to be examined.
Consequently, more emphases are laid on social factors in identifying causes
of disorientative behaviour in female characters than on psychological factors. Most critics and readers of works of African and African American women writers who address different dimensions of these social historical factors concentrate on those ones that operate on the physical realm or conscious level to the disregard of the psychological dimensions of human behaviour. It is therefore difficult for analyses of character, which exclude their psychological dimensions in preference for observable phenomena to adequately reflect the complexity of the individual and truly reveal the
causes and effects of disorientation.
All the novels examined in this study present characters whose actions or inactions one way or the other require reexamination, since some of those actions and inactions are at odds with societal expectations. Lionnel Trilling posits that “man is an extricable tangle of culture and biology” (289), and certain degrees of conformity to social norms are expected from him. When some character traits propel some people in ways that they fail to meet these social expectations, these people are usually branded and considered by such societies as disoriented. Sometimes, such characters engage in or exhibit destructive tendencies that are inimical to the interest of either themselves or
others around them.
And this is always an indication that some unresolved psychological conflicts are at play in the unconscious of those characters. Because human beings (characters) shape themselves and their environment through the working together of the conscious and the unconscious, this book will examine the selected novels for this study in order to determine the extent to which the unconscious has contributed in influencing the behavioural traits of the female characters in the narratives, taking cognizance of the situations and circumstances these characters find themselves as women.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
During the abortion scene, various strands of the displaced male-image turn out to be figments of Zilayefa’s projections as she is confronted with the reality of the consequences of forbidden pleasures. Once those projections are made, the figures projected onto respond accordingly, leaving her the way she is. If she were to give a retort to an inquirer’s questions probing the process that has led to her present misery, I suspect she would possibly concur with Shug Avery’s acknowledgment to Celie in The Color Purple that “Man corrupt everything. […] He on your box of grits, in your head, and all over the radio. He try to make you think he everywhere. Soon as you think he everywhere, you think he God. But he ain’t” (204). The changeable image of the male in the work, whether as a father, lover, friend, deliverer [God], seductive autocrat, or a careful blend of these, turns out to be only what the mind can conceive and which cannot be conceived unless it is first equated to what is concrete and sensible, man. These conceptions and equations give Zilayefa’s undercurrent motivations a shape.
In other words, the projection occasioning the displacement of the male-image of the absent male in the present character, besides other sundry factors, is steered by the pleasure principle natural to characters, especially Zilayefa, through whom all is perceived. The image of the male, thus guided and projected in Yellow-Yellow, is, to my mind, the reason why this work bears the marks of the important literary epoch Emenyeonu aptly terms “new voices” of the twenty-first century Nigerian literature (ix). This novel expresses one of those voices, and I surmise that, contrary to existing critical remarks, Yellow-Yellow significantly undermines the depiction of those peculiar environmental problems of the region the sneezing of which causes not only Nigeria to shudder, but also a considerable segment of the world whose oil needs are served by her. In sum, Zilayefa is culpable of her many woes, though they were notably compounded by displacing the male-image.
1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
1. To portray that the challenges of environmental degradation, poverty, lack of social amenities evident in the Niger Delat society have a great impact on the female folk, especially as portrays in Yellow Yellow.
2. To fight for social justice, minority rights and freedom of black Africans.
3. To expose the socio-economic predicament of the people as well as explore the debilitating effect of poverty on the feminine psyche among women in the Niger Delta region.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
This research work deals with the protagonist as a victim of circumstances. It entails textual analysis of the two text; Yellow Yellow by Kaine Agary and Crocodie Girl by Sam Omataeye.
1.5 RESEARCH METHOD
The primary and main source of information includes articles, Journals, internet materials and other written research work.
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