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OPTIMIZATION OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
An optimal approach to policy setting, allowing system architects to automate application processes, is a crucial issue in today’s software engineering and complex engineering systems. For many years business process management (BPM) approach has been used to analyze business processes in many organizations. Traditional business process management methods assume the following five stages in the business process cycle: Process design consisting of creating a new or changing an existing process model; creating a process instance, its configuration and startup; executing; monitoring the execution of the process instance; and analyzing the performance of the process for improvement [1–3].
According to Reference [4], the development of business process models plays an essential role in the management of business processes. Achieving these models can take up to 60% of the project time. This time can be shortened by automatic or semi-automatic process model generation methods. The authors of Reference [4] used one of the existing algorithms of process detection or execution of a composition algorithm based on an activity graph, which generates a process model directly from an input event log file. The proposed approach allows process operators to take part in process modeling. It can also support business analysts or process designers in visualizing the workflow without the need to design the model in a graphical editor.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In recent years, an essential change in the trend of transaction processing may be observed, as follows: The traditional BPM approach has been replaced with the Case Management one with process discovery methods, which are more and more often associated with the process lifecycle. Such an approach allows the transformation of input data from event logs registered during process execution into process models [1–6]. This transformation happens without the existence of any prior information about how the intended process should look. The built-in model usually takes the form Information 2019, 10, 270; doi:10.3390/info10090270 www.mdpi.com/journal/information of a graph, as follows: Petri net, BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation), EPC (Event-driven Process Chain diagram), or UML (Unified Modeling Language) activity diagram [2,3,5]. Process model validation methods consist of a comparison of an existing process model to the actual event log records. Model validation can be used to verify that the process instances recorded in the event log are compatible with the model, and vice versa. Methods of extending the process model include the expansion and improvement of the current process model using contextual information on the real implementation of activities registered in the event log. Meanwhile, process model validation evaluates the compatibility of the model with actual process data and the development of the process model is aimed at modifying or enlarging the existing model.
The connection between well-grounded social theories, like the social emergence theory, and techniques of data mining, primarily process mining, may result in the development of a system supporting modern organization in doing process-aware activity in a dynamically changing manufacturing companies.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is a relationship between optimization of manufacturing process and growth and development of business process
H1: There is no relationship between optimization of manufacturing process and growth and development of business process
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This work provides a depth of information and references for future researchers, it also arms business policy makers for formulation of better business policies
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work spans across employees and workers, and managers from coca cola plc
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IMPACT OF NIGERIAN SHIPPERS COUNCIL PORTS ECONOMIC REGULATION ON PORTS PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
This work discusses impact of nigerian shippers council ports economic regulation on ports performance and economic development.
.A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among members of staff from selected maritime companies in Nigeria . Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that nigerian shippers council ports economic regulation have a strong and significant impact on ports performance and economic development
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
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ASSESSMENT OF MARITIME SECURITY, INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN MARITIME
ABSTRACT
Information Communication Technology (ICT) refers to several forms of information exchange between two or more devices like computers, mobile PDAs and hi-tech devices through which any of the several methods of interconnection, principally through the Internet can be initiated to perform a defined task. These technologies provide speedy, inexpensive, secure and convenient means of communication.
Therefore, in developing countries Nigeria precisely, the impact of ICT in the maritime sector for maritime operations and security cannot be over emphasised.
It is as a result of this that this research study is determined to assess the impact of ICT on security of Maritime operations.
The cross-sectional survey research design, which involves the use of questionnaires and interviews were adopted in this study. Using simple random sampling technique a total of sixty (60)respondents were drawn from Apapa and Tincan Island Ports, Lagos, Nigeria.
This design was chosen because it provides appropriate methodology for assessment of security and ICT in the Maritime sector of the nation’s economy.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
APPROVAL PAGE
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
1.3 THE OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
1.4 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF STUDY
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
CONCEPTUAL REVIEW
2.1 ICT, SECURITY AND NATIONAL SECURITY
2.1.1 INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) TOOLS/MATERIALS
2.1.2 SECURITY ACTORS IN THE SECURITY SYSTEMS
2.1.3 NATIONAL SECURITY
2.2 THEORETICAL REVIEW
2.3 ICT REVOLUTION AND GLOBALIZATION
2.4 ICT, GLOBALIZATION AND SECURITY MATTERS
2.5 ICT, GLOBALIZATION AND MARITIME PIRACY IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA
2.6 MARITIME SECURITY IN NIGERIA AND AFRICA THE DYNAMICS AND TRENDS OF MARITIME PIRACY IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA
2.7 THE SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF SEA PIRACY AND MARITIME INSECURITY IN CONTEMPORARY AFRICA
2.8 MEASURES TO MAINTAIN NATIONAL SECURITY
2.9 ROLES OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
2.10 PROBLEMS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY AND NATIONAL SECURITY
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.2.1 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
3.4 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
3.5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
5.3 CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
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THE ROLE OF STOCKBROKERS IN THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In any economy there is a financial system that is responsible for regulating the financial environment of the society determining the types and use of funds to be issued, source of funds to be put. The financial system is really made up of two major markets, namely money and capital stock market. The many market is the market for short term funds and securities including treasury bills, treasury certificate negligence of deposits, commercial paper and other funds of which are less than a year duration.
Thus the aim of the regulating bodies composed of Nigerian stock exchange commission (SEC) is to promote development of orderly capital market to have authority over its members (stock broking firms) to whom it set rules of ethics are made to guide their professional behaviour in the course of carrying out its functions and create awareness of the general public. Stocks exist to enable companies in need of long term financing to sell pieces of the business stock equity securities in exchange for cash. This is the principal method of raising business capital other than issuing bonds. When the stocks of these corporations, which all which corporations must issue, are owned by the public at large, including both private investors and institutions, they are said to be publicly held. These publicly held shares can be easily traded (sold) to other investors in the stock market and are thus said to be liquid, or readily conversed to cash. Stock breakage firms usually, serve as intermediaries in the transactions, buying the new securities at wholesale prices from the issuer and then reselling them to the investing public at retail prices
1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CASE STUDY IN NIGERIA STOCK EXCHANGE
The dealing members of the Nigeria stock exchange are institutions who are licensed by the exchange as stockbrokers to buy and sell securities quoted on the exchange on behalf of the investing public.
In 1960, Nigeria stock Exchange was established with branch in Kaduna in 1978. Prior to the establishment of the Nigeria stock exchange the were not equipped enough with the information of stock broking and its importance to an individual, groups, organizations and global economic development.
In essence the awareness was low but from 1936 to date a considerable number of stock broking firms sprang up in Nigeria and in Kaduna particularly the first stock broking firm served as an eye opener to investors and the potential ones, with a highly experienced board and a crop of seasoned and dedicated professionals positioned to tackle the challenges of this new millennium. The branch is situated in Kaduna to exploit the immense untapped natural resources and economic potentials of the country in general.
There are today 226 dealing members of the Nigeria stock exchange. Many of them are affiliates of bank and other reportable financials institutions. Dealing members of Nigeria stock exchange can now accommodate foreign shareholders in their equity capital or go into any form of partnership with foreign stock brokerage firms.
Application from foreign stock brokers as members of the nigeran stock exchange can now be enter anted within the rules and regulations of the inorganic stock exhcnage, as well as registration with securities and exchange commission and corporate afiars commission following the abrogation of the exchange control Act 1962 and Nigeria promotion Decree of 1982 as stated in the Nigerian stock exchange fact exchange book 2004 page 334.
Finally, the existence of stock broking firms as members of Nigeria stock exchange has helped to create a wealthy tomorrow for clients and increase the wealth of shareholders and job creation for the unemployed.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM.
Capital market are generally expected to produce the institutional arrangement through which funds from the surplus sector of the economy. The allocation of funds are mainly for industrial, commercial and agricultural development. The capital market growth rate is very slow and not developing to meet the international standard. There is lack of awareness on the part of the public and potential investors.
Poor management for the operation and affairs of a business is one the major factors leading to incompetence, inefficiency and dishonesty in managing organization in Nigeria and in the global which has not been in the best interest of the shareholders and the general public. However, the need in that over-centralization of the stock exchange which might not bring the benefit of market operation nearer to a greater section of the country’s citizenry and this will not enhance the particularly of the market function.
Dishonesty from both the stock broking firms and the investors are among the general problems facing stock shares investment in the country and the world at large. However, the need in that of over centralization of stock exchange which might not bring the benefit of market operation nearer to a greater section of the country citizenry and this will not enhance the performance of the market functions.
1.3 HYPOTHESIS TESTED
Hypothesis is a tentative proposition suggested as a solution to a problem or an explanation of phenomenon. It is also a set of generalized statement concerning the problem under study.
The formulation of which led to the structuring of questionnaires to assess the validity of the hypothesis by sampling various of stock brokers and customers of firms in Kaduna stock exchange.
The hypothesis is given below (1) Ho that there are inefficient stock marketing services from stock broking firms to the development of a meaningful economy (2) Hi that there are efficient stock marketing services from stock broking firms to the development of a meaningful economy.
1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this research is to undertake incentive investigation and to highlight the role stock broking firms have played in the development of Nigerian economy. To determine whether or not there are lapses in their contributions to the economy growth, however, in the event of any lapses suggestion which be made. The primary objectives of the research are to a basis for contribution to the development of Nigerian economy. And to provide a material for further studies.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study less in the benefit that the findings would provide to any individual group and organizations. Considering the importance of capital markets in the development of the Nigerian economy and the role of stock broking firms and both the Nigerian stock exchange commission in regulation the operational activities in the market, this research, this research work is intended to bring to line light the contribution of the bodies to assist the capital markets for it to achieve the desire optimum results. Also this study is in practical fulfillment for the award of diploma in accountancy.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
Due to financial constraints and limited time at the researchers disposal, the researcher should limit this study in the following areas.
1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
Securities: these are stock and share that are traded in stock exhcnage market.
Portfolio: The adimixture of shares and bonds laid by an individual or institutions.
Regulation: Transaction on the exchange are regulated by the Nigerian stock exchange as a self regulatory organization (SRO), and the securities and exchange commission (SEC) which administers the investment and securities Act 1999.
Pricing: prices of new issues are determines by issuing houses/stock brokers which on the secondary market prices are made stock broker only.
Intermediaries: the intermediaries are the financial institutions and dealers that facilitates the borrowing and lending of short term money.
Bond: Government stick/bonds are long dated loans stocks, issued by the federal government of Nigeria and state governments, the federal government e.g. treasury bill are usually regarded as gilt-edge securities with no attendant risks. Because of the superior risk rating, their yields are usually lower than other similar securities.
Preference Stock: Stock on which dividend payment must be made before profits are distributed to holders of ordinary stock.
Dividend: Payment of share of profit, to shareholders in a business company, or assets to creditors (e.g. of an investment company) or to a policy holder in a mutual insurance company, to pa a dividend of 10 percent, dividend warrant, order on a bank to pay a dividend.
Bonus: An extra dividend to stock holders of a shareholders.
Brokerage: Brokers commission for services.
Equity stock: ordinary stocks and shares not bearing fixed interest.
Capital gains: when a stock is purchased at a given price. Then subsequently at a higher price, the resultant profit is known as a capital gain.
Speculative activity: trying for such “buy low, Sell high” profits over a short time span known as short term trading.
Long term: When stocks that have been held for more than a year are sold at a profit.
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THE ROLE OF MEDIA IN DEMOCRATIC SUSTENANCE IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study
The press or the media is important to the continuous existence and harmonious co-existence of the society. That is why section 39(1) and (2) of the 1999 provides for the right to freedom of expression and the press.
However, it is important to state that, the 1999 constitution is not has explicit as section 21 of the 1979 constitution which invests the press with the task of ensuring that peoples right are not trampled upon, the press, radio and television and other agencies of mass media shall at all times be free to uphold the fundamental objective and directive principles of state policy and uphold the responsibility and accountability of government to the people.
The Role Of Press In Nation Building
The International Press Institute of which Nigeria is a member encapsulates the role of press in nation building; the press does all it can do to ensure that it writes only the truth, without distortion or without suppression.
It must defend the freedom to collect and publish the truth and right to fair comment. It must use only fair method to gather news; it must correct inaccuracies, protect its sources and suppress its own personal opinion in reporting facts, it must also reveal its identity before using radical and religious items, avoid what can cause hatred, it must not publish nothing about private lives unless in the public interest. It should not accept money from an advertiser. It must not disguise advertisement as editorial. It should respect confidences and embargoes. It should take care not to glorify war, crime, adultery, cruelty and communal clashes with care and restraints.
The press therefore is the people’s parliament, a gatekeeper and the watchdog of the society, it’s duty therefore is to ensure a just and egalitarian society in which no section, tribe or religion is promoted at the expense of another, it is the duty of the press to check, analyse, interpret and ferret out the advantages and otherwise of news items, thereby contributing effectively to the building of a strong and virile society, where bitterness, misgiving and rancour will not strive.
But the question is, are these principles and precepts being followed in Nigeria’s media terrain?
The Press During The Military Regime
It’s important to start first in answering this question to state that, the Nigerian media played a historic role in the fight against continued military rule and subsequently, the installation of democratic order in Nigeria.
As the fourth estate of the realm and the watchdog of the society, the role of the media in any social formation cannot be downplayed. However, with the coming of the civilian rule, the media seem to have gone to sleep. Hence, the media presently in the country is in a deep slumber. Many of the editors and senior reporters are desperate to make it big time, therefore, they go cap in hand to beg for largesse of various sorts from the people they are supposed to watch, check, teach and even guide. They cannot therefore, play the all-important watchdog role that is really expected of them.
It is really appalling to note that many senior editors and reporters are so desperate to become rich that they have compromised their professional callings. Today, their motto is, the survival of the fittest in the unhealthy rat race to get-rich quick, it is only the fittest of the fittest that survives the murky terrain of media politics. It is now brown envelop for pocket, packaging for paper.
That is why it is difficult for the media in Nigeria to be as vibrant, articulate and dynamic as it was during the 12 crisis. Today in the country many top editors and reporters are always looking for where their bread can be buttered.
They are mostly preoccupied with how they can live in highbrow areas such as Victoria Garden City (VGC), Victoria Island, Ikoyi, Maitama, Asokoro and even have property in choice places abroad as well as fat on and off-shore bank accounts.
They are contractors and consultants to various tiers of government. They support any government in power, even if these government are doing the wrong things once, it will be translate to pecuniary gains to them. It is for this reason that, a lot of nonsense and abominations abounds in our newsrooms, advertorials now comes out as genuine news report, the media which ought to be an agenda-setting fora or mechanism, is now being turned into a public relations outfit for those who pays the piper.
But it was Professor Wole Soyinka who said, the man dies in all that keep silent in the face of tyranny. The Nigerian media has since been pocketed. And, Patrice Lumumba remarked confidently that, neither brutal assaults nor cruel mistreatments have ever led me to beg for mercy, rather, I will hold my head high in an unshakable resolve.
This ought to be the motto of the Nigeria, alas, where is the conscience of the media that ought to be nurtured by the truth? Where is the right of the people to know? Where is the freedom of the Nigerian media that ought to be anchored on liberty? Definitely something is wrong somewhere.
The role of media as the pathfinder, role model and conscience of the nation, have been compromised by rapacious and acquisitive tendencies of media hawks in Nigerian journalism. And, this is a disturbing trend. This is because, when media which ought to dictate to the society the direction it should go, its being led by the nose, and told what to do, how to do it, when and why, then, there is a major problem. No doubt, the media is now a willing tool in the hand of some top editors and reporters to blackmail people for money, kill authentic stories, fight with junior colleagues over money, give lucrative postings to those that give them returns, use their positions to solicit for political appointments, and they do all these and much more, with impunity, not minding whose ox is gored.
They have mortgage their integrity and credibility as well as soil the good name of the pen-profession. They have since sold their birthright for a mess of porridge; they have turned newsrooms to hatchet places, where blackmails, threats and insinuations are dished all in exchange for cash. The most annoying aspect is that there is nobody to call them to order, because; at different levels they are all neck-deep in one deal or the other.
Even the NUJ has now become a personality cult for training contractor-journalists, going on dubious media trips and publishing thrash for cash. Or what has a journalist got to do with road construction, estate building or supplies to various government ministries. It is for this reason that, journalists are no longer respected and given their place of pride in the scheme of things in the country.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There is a general feeling that all journalists are the same, hungry people always looking for some small coins to keep body and soul together. Many of these top editors and reporters are so shameless, lacking in any kind of self-worth, that, they have the temerity to even flaunt their ill-gotten wealth. It is high time a national summit on the pen-profession is organized.
There should be some internal self-cleansing and personal self examination, and the powerful profession given a-clean-bill-of-health and a-new-lease-of-life. Why will organizations, government agencies, corporate bodies etc, organize media events and at the end dish out brown envelope. What is this kind of act called? Perhaps, the EFCC should tell whether that is corruption, gratification and inducement or not?
We cannot allow for any further denigration of the pen-profession, something very drastic urgently needs to be done to stop this festering ugly development, before it ultimately becomes a full-brown cancer that cannot be treated. These groups of bread and butter journalists have given a bad name to the noble pen-profession.
Always, writing advertorials as features, making very skewed analysis and not looking at the many-sidedness of issues, they are commission writers. This is a great disservice to journalism and the people of Nigeria. This trend must change now; the media must purge itself of these misfits, for it to be relevant to the society.
In every society, from the most primitive to the most complex, the communication system performs four broad tasks Harold lasswell (1949) had defined three of these as, surveillance of the environment, correlation of the components of society in responding to the environment and transmission of social heritage Wilbur Schramm (1954) has use the simple terms, “watcher. Forum, teacher and entertainment” every society has its watchers who provide other members with information and interpretation of events, they survey the environment and report on possible threats and dangers as well as good of bad omens approaching it from the fundamentals a watcher may be the teacher who complains or observed foreign tendencies of younger generation, or an opinion leader who tries to explain situations and trends of occurrence in a given environment. Which ever the case a group of people who live together, require an identifiable means through which to relate with each other, discussing and sharing meanings with one another. This is where the role of communication comes in. Communication serves as the vehicle through which different segment of people relate with each other. Society relies on communicating systems as a teacher to pass institutionalized patterns to all members as acceptable norms and ways of conduct adopted as standard approach to its aims and objectives. Communication systems are a force for bringing about information that is expected to transform people’s approaches to issues, irrespective of their personality. It is assumed that, the dominant pattern of behavior accepted by a large number of people in society depend on the information process by the mass media. The spiral of silence theory propounded by Noelle-Neumann between (1971 and 1973) maintains that, “individuals receive information from two sources, personal observation and the media. According to Anaeto, Onabajo and Osifeso (2003), “ the theory concerns the interplay among four elements; mass media, interpersonal communication and social relations, individual expression of opinions and perceptions which individuals have of the surrounding climate of opinion in their own social environment” this comment under scores, the Pretoria of organized structures of society in which the various element in society interrelate, that is the institutions in which different members of society have to subscribe to as they relate with one another. Bierstedt (1970) in Oshaikphai States that;
an institution is an organized system of social relationships which embodies certain common values and procedures and meets certain basic needs of society
The word common values as used here refer to shared ideas and goals through common procedures or standards that the group follows and as a system of relationships. The group enormously identifies a network of roles and statues to adhere to and this forms the social relationships through which their acts are assessed.
According to Oshaekphai (2003) there are five most basic important institutions in complex societies, family, religions governmental, economic, and educational institutions. In recent times science has been added because of the important place of science in modern society
He further explained that: Institutionalization is processes which emerge as unplanned products of living in groups as they sought practical ways of meeting their needs. They find some patterns which gets better through repetition into standardized customs.
From this comments it is clear that, what communication does is, to identify this institutions within society and mobilize different segments or members of society to participate in them. This way communication is able to correlate different components of society, through constant presentation, or repition the media is able to enlighten, educate and inform members of society. Invariably what this means is that, for the different institutions to interplay with one another effectively there must be mass communication. In other words mass communication stands at the center of this institutional relationship. Through effective mass communication, various institutions are able to learn about the activities of others and how these activities intermingle. However in other to achieve effective mass communication, the following communication strategy comes readily to mind and some of them are, the print, and the broadcast media. This paper limits its scope to, the broadcast media and its relevance in democracies in the Nigeria context.
Broadcast media refers to the use of electrical impulse to transmit voice or visual messages to a large audience. The broadcast media has an enormous power to inform, enlighten and or educate a large audience at the same time.
The broadcast media are a very powerful instrument for mass mobilization. They are capable of making things, they cam make or destroy, they can be used as instruments to instigate war under certain conditions or even foster peace initiatives; they can promote or hinder development. As one of the major components of mass communication, the Broadcast media have been very instrumental to the success or otherwise of democracy in Nigeria.
1.3 Research Questions
1. Is the broadcast media an instrument for mass mobilization and development of the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
2. Is there a relationship between the development of the media and the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
1.4 Hypothesis
H1: The broadcast media is an instrument for mass mobilization and development of the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
H2: There is a relationship between the development of the media and the sustenance of democracy in Nigeria
1.5 Limitations of the study
There was limited time,finance and uncooperative responses from the respondents. These were the limitations encountered in the course of the research.
1.6 Definition of terms
1. Mass media:
The mass media are diversified media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. The technologies through which this communication takes place varies. Broadcast media such as radio, recorded music, film and television transmit their information electronically
2. Democracy:
Overnment by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised directly by them or by their elected agents under a free electoral system. a state having such a form of government: The United States and Canada are democracies.
TABLE OF CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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ROLE OF MARKETING STRATEGY IN ENHANCING PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR
A marketing strategy (MS) is an orderly procedure for the regular collection of raw data both internally and externally and the conversion of these data into information for marketing decisions. In another word, MS is a structure of people, equipment and procedure to gather, sort, analyze, evaluate and distribute needed, timely and accurate information to marketing decision making.
In order to make key marketing decisions, (MS) must watch the marketing environment t and provide decision makers with information they should have MS distributes information to managers in the right form and at the right time to help them in marketing planning, implementation and control.
Marketing strategy can play important roles, such as assessing information needs, developing information and distributing information, in an attempt and effort towards improving the general level of sale in and company. Marketing strategy is useful for controlling day-to-day activities and planning for the efficient use of people and money. Finally, in today’s rapidly changing environment managers need more better up-to-date information to make timely decision. Most companies of today are faced with the problem of declining level of purchasing behaviour.
This is the situation that led the researcher to a research work in order to know the roles that could be played by the marketing strategy in enhancing purchasing behaviour in Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna as the case study. It was also intended to bring out what the system has failed. The research work is carried out in order to be of a great help and importance to any company that will like to embark on marketing strategy, in order to be able to establish a well rooted company through the enhancement of purchasing behaviour. Therefore, the researcher will seek to improve the marketing strategy as related to the Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna It is believed that at the end of this research work, the purchasing behaviour level of the company and other existing companies in the country will be greatly improved.
This research work will be limited to the marketing strategy of the Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna, because of the financial constraint facing by the researcher.
TABLE CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Approval Page – – – – – – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Content – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER TWO
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Research Design And Methodology – – – – 27
3.1 Sources Of Data – – – – – – – 27
3.2 Research Instrument – – – – – – 28
3.3 Population – – – – – – – – 30
3.4 Sample Size Determination – – – – – 32
3.5 Questionnaire Design – – – – – – 33
3.6 Questionnaire Distribution and Collection – – – 34
4.0 Data Presentation And Analysis – – – – 36
4.1 Data Presentation And Interpretation – – – 48
4.2 Test Of Hypothesis – – – – – – – 48
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion And Recommendation – – 51
5.1 Summary – – – – – – – – – 51
5.2 Conclusion – – – – – – – – 52
5.3 Recommendations – – – – – – – 54
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 57
In carrying out Marketing Analysis, Evaluation and Distribution, Marketing Managers need timely and accurate information about customers, competitions, dealers and other forces in the market place. Marion Herper says the “to manage a business well is to manage its future and to manage the future is to manage information”. (Quoted by Philip Kolter Gary Armstrong in An Introduction to Marketing).
During the past century, most companies were small and knew their customers first hand, managers pick up marketing information by starting around people observing them and asking them questions. In this present century, many factors have increased the need for more and better information management . As companies expend into national and international markets, they need more information on large and more distant markets.
As income increase and customers become more selective, managers need better information about how customers behave to different products. Marketing managers need information on the effectiveness of their marketing tools. In today’s rapidly changing environments, managers need much better up- to –date information to make timely decision.
Marketing strategy (MS) begins and ends with the marketing managers to asses their information needs and also develop the needed information from internal company records, marketing intelligence activities and marketing research process. In addition, the marketing strategy distributes information to managers in the right form and at the right time to help them in marketing planning, implementation and control.
By accessing information needs, a good marketing strategy balances the information managers would like to have against what they really need and what is feasible to offer. Sometimes MS cannot supply all the information managers are requesting for. MS must therefore, watch the marketing environment and provide decision – makers with information they should have to make key marketing decisions. More so, developing information is required for making day – to – day planning, implementation and control decision. The development of information is subdivided into three (3): Internal Records (Report), Marketing Intelligence and Marketing Research.
Most companies of today are faced with the problem of declining level of purchasing behaviour. Therefore, marketing strategy as related to the Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna is intended to improve the general level of purchasing behaviour in the company and other existing companies in the country.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Paramount problem as regards to the decline in the level of purchasing behaviour in most companies in Nigeria is due to insufficient marketing strategy. This situation led the researcher to undertake a research work to know how to improve the standard of marketing strategy, and to know the roles that could be played by the marketing strategy in enhancing purchasing behaviour of the Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna. The problem to be examined here is: How purchasing behaviour could be maintained with the MS.
LTD KADUNA
Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna was established as a private company in 1979 with 60% Nigerian equity participation in compliance with the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decree in 1997. It has a normal and paid up share capital of N320,000,000.00.
The company is located on Plot B Kaduna Industrial Layout, at the Kaduna bye pass, directly opposite Nasarawa Village, Kaduna State.
The first phase of the factory was commssioned on Tuesday the October, 1982. It had a capacity of 300m/tones of wheat flour per day.
The products of the company at inception, range from Doki flour for 50kg size, Doki semolina of 10kg size, Doki fine brand of 50kg size,. Both raw materials and finished products are subjected to stick routine quality control in its modern laboratory before being released for purchasing behaviour.
With the banned on importation of wheat in 1986, the company swiftly converted one of its production lines from wheat to maize milling of 200m/tonnes per day. Products from the extension are maize grits, maize flour, maizoline and fine brand. However, the experiment with local wheat, through of very meagre quantity has been quite successful and has these earned the company the best and most effective information needed.
The present company’s staff strength is 270 made up of expatriates and Nigerians is various grades and responsibilities.
The factory has main sections: engineering (Mechanical and Electrical), production, personnel and administration finance, purchasing and purchasing behaviour.
Apart from the only office at Lagos where the ordering and receiving of imported raw materials takes place, the company also has sister companies at Port – Harcourt and Ibradan. The company has qualified, experienced and well paid and motivated staff. They produce the best wheat flour, semolina and maize grits in Nigeria. This is mainly as a result of constantly checking and maintaining quality.
The companies’ personnel policy includes the following:
The study has its objective towards improving the effectiveness of marketing strategy and to also improve the purchasing behaviour margin of companies in Nigeria. The objective involves how to analyse the information system of the Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna and to bring out where the system has failed and to maker necessary recommendation.
The importance of this study (Research Work) is to help or be help to any organization that would like to embark on the marketing strategy, so as to help them in establishing a well rooted company through the enhancement of purchasing behaviour. It is also of great importance to other companies in that at the end of the study, they would diligently make reference to this work and also take the necessary measures to meet up with efficient and effective marketing strategy that will improve their levels of purchasing behaviour.
Inadequate fund during the course of the study compounded the limitation during the field work, which as such prevented the researcher from extending this project work to other companies. Therefore, the study only covers the Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna. i.e. the geographical, social, economic and the cultural set up of the locality, types of marketing information and method of getting information to assist the marketing managers in their dealings.
The hypothesis is the fact that Ideal Flour Mills Ltd, Kaduna needs marketing strategy to enhance their purchasing behaviour of production through creating awareness for the customer, market posses and essential tools, which has grown far and wide in terms of quality and recognition. Emanated from quality and extensive marketing.
The researcher took the pains in giving the definitions of some uncommon terms used in this study; this is done in order to make it possible for the project work to have the full knowledge of marketing strategy even without being a marketer.
The following are some of the related terms used in the study:
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THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERNET IN OUR COUNTRY
CHAPTER ONE
Since the Internet’s breakthrough as a mass medium, it has become a topic of discussion because of its implications for society.
Even the greatest critics of the Internet, like the Council of Torah Sages, see benefits in the technology, and even the greatest advocates recognize that there are drawbacks to the medium. People have different opinions on what the benefits and disadvantages are and also differ in the way in which they balance them against each other. Underlying these different assessments of the Internet are different value systems. Esther Dyson holds a libertarian value system in which the maximization of individual freedom, property rights and free market capitalism are central values. Her positive assessment of the Internet is based on the potential she sees in this technology to promote these values. In contrast, the values Council of Torah Sages are values of Hareidi, a variety of orthodox Judaism, according to which the highest good is obedience to God’s law as laid out in the Torah, and they concluded, based on these values, that the Internet is harmful.
Yet, it is not just differences in value systems that determine one’s appraisal of a technology like the Internet. Such an appraisal is also determined by one’s empirical understanding of how the technology works and what its consequences or implications are. People often come to unduly positive or negative appraisals of technology because they assess its consequences wrongly. For instance, some people believe that Interne use increases the likelihood of social isolation, but empirical research could conceivably show that in fact the opposite is the case. Disagreements about the positive and negative aspects of the internet may therefore be either normative disagreements (disagreements about values) or empirical disagreements (disagreements about facts). Of course, it is not always easy to disentangle values and empirical facts, as these are often strongly interwoven. Next to contested benefits and harms of the Internet, there are also perceived harms and benefits that are fairly broadly acknowledged. For instance, nearly everyone agrees that the Internet has the benefit of making a large amount of useful information easily available, and nearly everyone agrees that the Internet can also be harmful by making dangerous, libelous and hateful information available. People have shared values and shared empirical beliefs by which they can come to such collective assessments.
1.2 Statement of the problem
At one extreme, one finds those who only see great benefits and consider the Internet a tool for freedom, commerce, connectivity, and
other societal benefits. At the other extreme, one finds those who lament the harms and disadvantages of the Internet, and who consider it a grave danger to existing social structures and institutions, to culture, morality and human relations. In between one finds the majority, those who recognize both benefits and harms in the Internet as it currently exists and who recognize its usefulness while worrying about some of its negative impacts.
As an example of a positive appraisal of the Internet, consider what Esther Dyson, one of the early enthusiasts for the Internet, states in her book Release 2.0 . There, she claims:
‘The Net offers us a chance to take charge of our own lives and to redefine our role as citizens of local communities and of a global society. It also hands us the responsibility to
govern ourselves, to think for ourselves, to educate our children, to do business honestly, and to work with fellow citizens to design rules we want to live by.’ (Dyson, 1997). Dyson argues that the Internet offers us the chance to build exciting communities of likeminded individuals, enables people to redefine their work as they see fit, fosters truth-telling and information disclosure, helps build trust between people, and can function for people as a second home.
For a negative appraisal, consider the opinion of the Council of Torah Sages, a group of leading orthodox rabbis in Israel who in 2000 issued a ruling banning the Internet from Jewish homes. The Council claimed that the Internet is “1,000 times more dangerous than television” (which they banned thirty years earlier). The Council described the
Internet as “the world’s leading cause of temptation” and “a deadly poison which burns souls” that “incites and encourages sin and abomination of the worst kind.” The Council explained that it recognized benefits in the Internet, but saw no way of balancing these
with the potential cost, which they defined as exposure to “moral pollution” and possible addiction to Internet use that could quash the motivation to learn Torah, especially among children.
1.To understand the positive impacts of the internet in our country
2.To understand the negative impacts of the internet in our country
3.To determine the relationship between the internet and the development of the country
1.4 Research Questions
1.Does the internet have a positive impacts in our country
2.Does the internet have negative impacts in our country
3.Is there a strong relationship between the internet and the development of the country
4. Is there a weak relationship between the internet and the development of the country
1.5 Hypothesis
H0: The internet have negative impacts in our country
H1: The internet have positive impacts in our country
H0: There is a weak relationship between the internet and the development of the country
H1: There is a strong relationship between the internet and the development of the country
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Impact Of Total Quality Management On Production Cost Of An Organization
(A Case Study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc, Kaduna)
Abstract
This research seek to identify the impact of total quality management on production cost of an organization in Nigeria bottling company Plc, Kaduna Plant as a case study. Background of the study create awareness on total quality management as the hub for customers satisfaction quality become a primary source of global competitive advantages, and lead indicator for improved profitability. The statement of problem layered more emphasis on poor quality of product and personnel and the management behaviors towards the concept of Total Quality Management. The research work also attempted to identify the methods of quality control, cost of product, cost components that make up production cost and as Total Quality Management can reduce cost. The researcher went further to review related literatures on the project topic such as Evaluation and definition ofTotal Quality Management. The traditional vs Total Quality Management approach, as well as quality and product cost. The research methods use in the collection of data the justification for using the method as well as the statistical instrument used is established. These is one research hypothesis for which the questionnaire is drown and designed, administered to sample size of 25 respondents of the organization in question.
Table of contents
Title page. . . . . . . . . . i
Approval. . . . . . . . . . ii
Declaration . . . . . . . . iii
Dedication. .. . . . . . . . . iv
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . v
Abstract . . . . . . . . . vii
CHAPTER ONE: introduction
1.1 Background of the study . 1
1.2 statement of problem 2
1.3 Objective of the study 3
1.4 significance of the study 4
1.5 Scope of the study 4
1.6 Research Questions 5
1.7 Definitions of the Terms 5
CHAPER T WO: literature review
2.1 Evaluation of Total Quality Management 7
2.2 Conceptual Framework Quality 9
2.3 Cost of Quality 13
2.4 Quality Determinants 16
2.5 Dimensions of Quality 19
2.6 Responsibility for Quality 20
2.7 Quality Control 25
2.8 inspection 27
2.9 Cost of Quality Product 32
CHAPET THREE: Research Methodology
3.1 Area of the Study 39
3.2 Research Design 39
3.3 Population of the Study 39
3.4 Sampling and sampling Techniques 40
3.5 Instrumentation for Data Collection 40
3.6 Administration of the Instruments 40
3.7 Techniques for Data Analysis 41
CHAPTER FOUR: Data Presentation and Analysis
4.1 Data Presentation 42
CHAPTER FIVE: summary, conclusion, and Recommendations
5.1 Summaries of Procedures 47 5.2 Discussion Findings 48
5.3 Implication of Findings 49
5.4 Conclusions 50
5.5 Recommendations 51
5.6 Suggestion for further Study 53
5.6 Bibliography 54
Appendix
CHAPTER i: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Total quality management is known as the primary role of management to lead an organization in its daily operations and maintains it as a viable entity into the future. Quality has become an important factor in these. Although ostensibly always. an objective of business is customer in customer terms, because a specific goal in the late 1980’s provide higher quality are recognized as a key element for success, most large operations taking that path have document the success, first they survived the competitors that has set the higher quality levels and now have regained some of their former market. Total Quality Management is perhaps the leading management approach that compares employed to improve their product and services, quality with the aim of improving typical measures of business performance. (e.g profit, increased market share reduced cost). The Japans have capture more than 30% of the American and electronic markets. It was achieved by offering higher value products. In response to the boom in the competitor market, many American firms have implemented require the integration of Human resources, production engineering store and purchasing marketing, distribution, and planningis a continuous improvement process; it is much wider than the traditional quality view of incoming inspection and process control. It means that the entire organization is working as a team including the cooperate top managers and each an every employee, it is on innovative way of thinking that affect the culture, the strategy and technology of company. The organization needs a holistic approach so that every department in the organization should come together for cost reduction and improve products, approach will reduce cost and quality will be achieve for competitive advantage.
1.2Statement of the Problem
This Empirical research has identified some general problems that are associated with Total Quality Management which are listed below. One of the problems is the failure of organization to understand the importance of material quality control and often ignore its application. This has led to the receipt of low quality and substandard lots of materials into the in process, culminating in poor quality out put and increased cost for these organizations.
The problem of organization over-relying on suppliers ability as a result of trust thereby falling to check and/or monitor the incoming materials for any possible defect or deviations from specification.
Others are manpower related problems were also observed to be a major barrier for achieving a Total quality management program. Most organizations lack the service of specialists to handle materials quality control trained/retrained or lack of proper supervision due to top management neglect.
Facilitates related problem in organizations, there are inaccuracies in machineries, tools, fixtures, measuring instruments etc. that are required in managing quality and total quality control process which can be disastrous for decision making as a result of the unreliable outcomes. The existence of these problems brought about the head for the research work so as to proffer solutions that are workable at the end.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The primary objective of the study is to identify the impact of quality management on production cost of an organization.
1.4 Significance of the study
The study will be of immense benefit to the researcher, the organization under study in achieving its goal and objective, other researcher, and the general public. It is sincerely hoped that the result of the study will be applied in areas that need to be improved in the organization under study. The study will also widen the horizon of the research on the topic under study and it will serve as reference to the researchers.
Finally, the research is a pre-requisite for the award of Higher National Diploma (HND) in Purchasing and Supply of Kaduna Polytechnic.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The research is limited to the Nigerian Bottling Company Kakuri Kaduna Plant, but the research will look at the entire concept of Total Quality Management as well as the major cost component of production and finally the application of Total Quality Management on material cost of production and finished goods cost.
1.6 Research Questions
1.7 Definition of Terms
Quality: fitness for purpose at lowest cost
Management: the process of planning organizing coordinating directing and controlling.
Effectiveness: the ability to bring about the intended result in respective of cost
Quality management: this is the overall management function that determines and implements quality policy.
Specification: this is the detailed description of an item.
Scrap: this is defect, materials or staffs that cannot be repaired or used
Total Quality management: (TQM) this is a management approach to an organization centered on quality based on participation of all its members of the organization and society.
Inspection: To check incoming materials with specification so as to accept or reject based on evaluation.
Performance: performance means doing a job as per specification with efficient use of resources.
Reliability: the ability to yield an acceptable outcome consistently.
Materials: materials are resource used directly or indirectly to produce or incorporate finish goods.
Purchasing: the management function of buying the right materials from the right source, at the right quality, at the right price, at the right quantity and purpose as economically as possible.
Standard: A predetermined and accepted way of doing things or the accepted state of thins.
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THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION, PLANNING AND CONTROL ON PROFITABILITY IN SEVEN-UP BOTTLING COMPANY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Production is one of the most important function of management in every organization. The essence of production is to prepare or forecast into the future in terms of production in an organization. As such Baryoko (2002) opined that production planning is mainly concerned with the directing and controlling of production process of an organization in order foster optimum utilization of human and material resources use in production, which brings about increase productivity and consequently profit maximization.
Similarly Nwachukwu (2007) opined that production planning involves the establishment of the overall strategy and process design required for the realization of effective production in an organization.
As such, production planning’s particularly very important in a developing country where resources are relatively scarce. In Nigeria, where many of the manufacturing firms are inexperienced interms of technical know-how, production planning become very imperative in other to avoid waste of resources. This is so because production planning is a blue print for action. As such all manufacturing organization who are into production need to plan their production in order to gain an optimum utilization of their plant and raw materials use in production.
However, Ayo (2006) opined that failure to engage in production planning give rise to inefficiency and lack of direction. It make the organizations to constantly put off fire instead of preventing its occurrence. This implies that production planning entails the identification of what at business plans to do in terms of growth, development and survival or continuous existence. But inspite of this, over 48.6% of Nigeria indigenous organizations do not undertake a formal plan and do not have production budgets.
It is against this background that the researcher deemed it very imperative to investigate the subject matter of this research. The impact of production planning on productivity in seven-up bottling company Kaduna.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Production planning as earlier indicated is a very crucial aspect of any management process. Hence, efficient production planning becomes very imperative for the sustainability of an effective production system that would be cost effective and profitable.
But inspite of the importance of production planning and its positive impact on productivity, it is observed by Ayo (2006) that about 48.6% of Nigerian indigenous organizations do not undertake a formal plan and do not have production budgets. As such doubt is expressed about production planning in most organization in Nigeria. Hence the need to investigate the impact of production planning on the productivity of seven-up bottling company Kaduna become very imperatives and the subject matter becomes an empirical problem worthy of investigation.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The central objective of the study is to investigate the impact of production planning on productivity in seven-up bottling company Kaduna. Other sub-objectives are as follows:
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study examines the impact of production planning on seven-up bottling company Kaduna plant. The significance of the study of this magnitude cannot be overemphasized. The government corporation, corporate organization, small and medium enterprise involved in manufacturing will really find this study useful, especially as they utilize the findings of this study. The study will also add to the existing knowledge on production planning and would also be useful to student and researchers.
The government corporation and corporate organizations involved in manufacturing can use the finding of this research in policy formulation regarding production planning.
Small and medium enterprise may also find the findings of this study really significant as they utilize the finding as a guideline in formulating their production planning.
The study will also contribute to knowledge by being a good reference material to students, scholars, resources and individuals who may wish to undertake similar research. This research can be used as a spring board to undertake their own work.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
i. What are the production planed activities in seven-up bottling company kaduna
ii. What is the effect of production system in the manufacturing of seven up products?
iii. What is the meaning of production planning
iv. Is Production planning relevant to productivity.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study covers the effect of production planning in seven-up bottling company Kaduna plant a
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Every research activity has its constraints this particular one is however not an exception, certain factors limit the process of writing this research work, which include:
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERM
Production: this refers to an outline process that is aimed at satisfying human needs and wants. That is the only process that deals with the transformation of raw materials into finished good.
Planning: is a set of managerial function which prepares forecast into the future and ensure that decision regarding the use of human and material resources involved in production is effectively managed
Production planning: This is a managerial function concern with planning directing and controlling the method to be used in manufacturing a product.
Schedule: This is prescribing of when and where each operation necessary for the manufacturing of a product is to be performed or the establishment of time at which to begin or complete each event or activity.
Raw materials: this are the basic inputs required for productions.
Work-in-progress: There are semi-manufactured product. Product that is uncompleted and skill in the process of production.
Finished good: product that has been completed and ready for consumption.
Lead time: This refers to the expected time of delivery.
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THE IMPACT OF PLANT MAINTENANCE ON QUALITY PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIAN BREWERIES, KADUNA
ABSTRACT
This study examines the impact of plant and equipment maintenance on quality Productivity in Nigeria Breweries. The research questions that guided the study were: How does plant and equipment maintenance affect the standard of production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna? How does plant and equipment maintenance affect efficiency and speed of production in Nigeria Breweries? What is the effect of plant and equipment maintenance on quality production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna, and what are the problems militating against plant and equipment maintenance in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna? A survey method was used for this study. The population consists of all the staff in the Production department of Nigeria Breweries Kaduna. Out of the population 120 people, so was selected using the simple random sampling technique? A questionnaire developed by the researcher based on the five liker scale format must used as the sole instrument of data collection. Mean scores was used to analyze the data obtained from the field. Research result indicates that plants and equipment maintenance effect efficiency and productions speed by safe guiding plant and equipments against breakdown which could cause error in production and consequently affect quality. This enhances the quality and as well as productivity in production due to uninterrupted production. In spite of this plant and equipment maintenance is confronted with constraint arising from the used of substandard spare part due to improper inspection of such part by procurement officers constant power out age and regular use of generator which affect the health of plant and equipment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval Page – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study- – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the problem- – – – – – – 3
1.3 Objectives of the study- – – – – – – 3
1.4 Significance of the study- – – – – – – 4
1.5 Research Questions- – – – – – – – 5
1.6 Scope of the study- – – – – – – – 5
1.7 Limitation of the study – – – – – – 6
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 8
2.2 The concept of maintenance of plant and equipment in factory 10
2.3 The concept of quality production – – – – – 11
2.4 Fundamental requirement of plant and equipment maintenance 13
2.5 The technique used in plant maintenance – – – 16
2.6 The relationship between quality and production – – 20
2.7 The impact of plant and equipment maintenance on quality production – – – – – – – – – 22
2.8 The constraint of plant and equipment maintenance – 23
2.9 Summary of findings – – – – – – –
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction – – – – – – – 26
3.2 Research design – – – – – – – – 26
3.3 Area of the study – – – – – – – 26
3.4 Population of the study – – – – – – 27
3.5 Sampling size and sampling technique – – – – 27
3.6 Instrument of data collection – – – – – 27
3.7 Validation of instrument – – – – – – 28
3.8 Reliability of instrument – – – – – – 29
3.9 Method of data collection – – – – – – 29
3.10 Method of data analysis – – – – – – 30
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 31
4.2 Characteristic of respondents – – – – – 31
4.3 Data Analysis- – – – – – – – – 34
4.4 Summary of findings – – – – – – – 42
4.5 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – 43
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction – – – – – – – – 46
5.2 Summary – – – – – – – – – 46
5.3 Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 48
5.4 Recommendation – – – – – – – 48
5.5 Suggestions for Further Study – – – – – 49
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 51
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Plant maintenance is the comprehensive management of machineries and fool in a factory. This could take the form of preventing of breakdown through extensive lubrication of machine, detection of fault carryout minor repairs and replacement of obsolete spare parts at interval to enhance efficient production and consequently enhance quality and productivity (Edward, 2007).
Maintenance of plant and equipment use in production lead to the production of high quality product, increase speed of production and enhance the overall plant performance. The maximum utilization of maintenance resources enhance cost reduction or controls a substantial part of the total operating budget in most plants as well as reduction in total labour cost through increase speed of production and efficiency. The impact of maintenance of plant cannot be overemphasized sequel to it importance in enhancing the quality of production.
In recent years, a firm has given more attention to the quality of the product or services they produce. The act of monitoring and improving the quality of product and services produce is commonly referred to as total quality management. Which gives emphasis on production efficiency the ability to produce products at a low cost? This will consequently give a firm competitive advantage.
It is against this that most firms embark on plant maintenance in order manufacture high quality product efficiently to reduce cost and make high sales.
However, most firms use the wrong technique of maintenance sequel to cost reduction but incur such cost when breakdown interacts with production leading great loss.
It is against this background that the researcher sees the subject matter, the impact of plant and equipment maintenance on quality production as an issue worthy of being investigated. Putting a searchlight on Nigeria breweries Kaduna plant.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
The inability of an organization to effectively maintain its plant and equipment result in poor product quality, reduction in production speed, or affect other factors that limit overall plant performance. This subsequently leads to production failure in the market and could lead the collapse of an organization. It is against this, that researcher sees the subject matter, the impact of plant and equipment on quality production as an empirical problem worthy of investigation. Hence the researcher intends to study plant and equipment maintenance and their impact on quality production in Nigeria breweries P.L.C with search light on Kaduna plant and in particular their maintenance Department.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to examine the impact of maintenance of plant and equipment on quality production in Nigeria breweries Kaduna. The specific objective is to:
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study will contribute to policy formulation as regard plant and equipment in organization. As such Nigeria Breweries Kaduna will find the result of the research useful especially as they utilize the finding to enhance the maintenance of their plant and equipment.
The study will also contribute to existing body of knowledge on the subject matter.
It is worthy to know that the research will be a good reference material to incoming students who may wish to use the research as reference material or a springboard for further research.
1.5 Research Questions
1. How does plant equipment maintenance affect the standard of production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna?
2. How does plant and equipment maintenance affect efficiency and speed of production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna?
3. What is the effect of plant and equipment on quality production in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna?
4. What are the problems militating against plant and equipment maintenance in Nigeria Breweries Kaduna?
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study covers the empirical examination of the impact of maintenance on quality control to this end; empirical data will be collected from Nigeria breweries Kaduna. The study will equally cover an evaluation of how plant and equipment maintenance affect standard of production as well as well as its effect on efficiency and speed of production. The study equally identifies the problems militating against Nigeria breweries plc Kaduna. Data and information will be for a period of 5 years that is 2006-2010.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Plant: A factory where production process falls place (ponal, 2003).
Maintenance: The act of keeping plant machineries and equipment in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly (Paula, 2006).
Quality production: The degree to which production meet a require specification or standard (obodoeeh, 2006).
Quality control: This is a process determining whether the quality of a product or service meets the desire quality level (Lawal, 2003).
TQM: Acronym for total quality management (Eghe, 2006).
TPM: Acronym for total productive maintenance (okoh, 2003).
Productivity: The rate at which a firm produces good and the amount produced compare to how much time, labour and capital used in producing them (Donald, 2003).
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