BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
FACTORS MILITATING AGAINST THE MARKETING OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Table of Contents
List of Tables
Abstract
Chapter One
Introduction
1.1 Background Of The Study
1.1.1 Profile Of The Company
1.2 Statement Of The Problem
1.3 Objective Of The Study
1.4 Research Question
1.5 Research Hypothesis
1.6 Significance Of The Study
1.7 Scope And Limitation Of Study
1.8 Operational Definition Of Terms
Chapter Two
Review Of Literature
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Current Literature Review Of The Study
2.3 Physical Distribution
2.4 Consultation And Public Enlightenment
Chapter Three
3.1 The Design Of The Study
3.2 The Area Of The Study
3.3 Population Of The Study
3.4 Sample And Sampling Techniques
3.5 Method Of Data Collection
3.6 Method Of Data Analysis
3.7 Limitation Of Study
Chapter Four
Data Presentation And Analysis
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Analysis Of The Questionnaire
4.2 Testing Of Hypothesis And Interpretation
4.3 Discussion Of Findings
Chapter Five
Summary, Conclusions And Recommendation
5.1 Restatement Of The Problem
5.2 Summary Of The Findings
5.3 Conclusions
5.4 Recommendations
5.5 Suggestions For Further Study
References
Bibliography
Appendix 1
Questionnaire
LIST OF TABLES
1 Does NNPC have any distribution strategy by which its products are marketed?
2 If all the above questions are yes how will you describe its operation and implementation?
3 Which distribution strategy is being used in NNPC Aba depot?
4 Since the implementation of the strategies by NNPC has there been any change in consumer’s behavior?
5 If the above question is yes what type of change was it?
6 What do you think is responsible for the negative altitude of consumer towards the distribution strategies used in marketing petroleum product?
7 What do you think is the main objectives for introducing such strategies?
8 Are the distribution strategies used in the marketing of petroleum production by NNPC Aba depot acceptable to consumer?
9 What other factors affect the efficient distribution of petroleum products in Aba and its zones?
10 Will reduction in these factors help improve the effectiveness of the distribution of petroleum products Aba and its zones?
11 Has management made any provision for the improvement of the distribution strategies?
12 How would you assess the role of petroleum product marketers in the distribution chain?
13 Do you think some of the distribution personnel contribute in any way to the malfunctioning of the distribution strategies?
14 Should NNPC carry out consumer orientation (awareness) programmes and will it improve consumer’s attitude toward the scarcity of petroleum product should it arise?
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Over the years, Nigeria has experienced a boom in her economy especially in the oil industry. Her citizens depended much on imported goods, especially household products. Nigeria is a country is a country that is richly endowed mineral resources as a gift of nature. The inception of the petroleum industry in Nigeria can be traced back to the first decade of this country when a German company started prospecting for oil in the Ararow area of Ondo state, the first concrete indication that Nigeria is endowed with enormous resources of petroleum came in 1956 with the discovery of the Oloibir field, Nigeria’s first commercial oil find. At that time, there were no Nigerian involvement at all the oil will drilling sites, at government level, the only vehicle that could have been employed in the management of the nation’s oil resources was promulgated to regulate the right to search for, win and work mineral oils. It is interesting to note that the mineral oils act of 1914 was meant to regulate the right to search” for oil and not much else, because the 1948 edition of that law, effectively restricted the right to search for and win oil to British subjects as well as to companies which had their principal places of business in British or in its dominions and whose chairmen or majority shareholders and directors were British subject. This portion of the law (which was not repeated till 1958) was partly responsible for keeping out, American and other nationalities from our petroleum industry until after our independence. Thus, this piece of legislation contributed significantly to giving shell Bp a head start and a dominant role in Nigeria’s petroleum industry.
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Historically, having established that the Oloibiri field was commercially viable and that oil could be produced and exported from that field within two years, government responded with the enactment of the oil pipelines act of 1956, thus establishing a legal framework within, which shell. Bp could install and operate the pipeline network for evaluating crude oil from the Oloibiri field. Two years later, Nigeria’s first shipment of crude oil for export was made. Other crude oil exports followed steadily, as Nigeria’s petroleum industry develop rapidly with time. Meanwhile, with the growing warnings from petroleum that shell Bp was realizing from Nigeria’s crude oil exports, it was necessary to impose a special tax on petroleum that was different from the tax imposed on companies engaged in other activities in Nigeria. As a result of this, on 1st January 1958, the petroleum profit tax act was promulgated.
In addition, government established a petroleum unit within the ministry of Lagos affairs in reaction to the growing importance of the petroleum industry, which is improving rapidly. This unit had primary responsibility of all time it grew to become a full department in that ministry. Later it was transferred to the ministry of mines and power and by 1975; petroleum activities in the country as well as revenues had become so significant the department of petroleum was upgraded to a full-fledged federal ministry of petroleum. In the early sixties, for example, a large number of companies including calf (now chevron) Tenneco, Texaco overseas petroleum company Philips oil company, esso exploration, union oil and Nigeria petroleum scene.
In the year 1960, the year Nigeria gets its independence from British colony; the government negotiated an agreement with shell Bp to establish a refinery in Port Harcourt to carter for Nigeria’s petroleum needs. The Nigeria petroleum refinery company was established with 50% of its share owned by government, which shell Bp owned it balance shell p was appointed the operator and the refinery was commissioned in 1965. In response to the development, a laws known as the hydrocarbon oil refineries act of 1965 was enacted to take care of refining operations in the Nigeria oil industry. As petroleum continued to grow in its importance to the economy, it was to be expected that in the absence of a virile articulate and enterprising private sector, government with all its might would continue to work towards enacting laws and installing structures that would enable the nation benefit more and more form her growing petroleum resources, which is equally improving greatly.
A good example of the result of such efforts was the petroleum act of 1969 more popularly known in the industry as the petroleum decree 51 of 1969, which attempted to encompass a lot of necessary legislation for regulating a much wider span of petroleum operations them has been leveled by any previews legislation. For example the petroleum degree 51 of 1969 touched on issues like the ownership of petroleum licenses and leases, refining and distribution of petroleum product, power and duties of certain officers in government, payments of fees, rent royalty, as well as wide ranging aspects of petroleum exploration, development drilling and production etc.
OPEC INFLUENCE
Nigeria joined OPEC in the year 1971 at a period when the aspiration of most developing nations that had the clout was to take over commanding height of their economics. OPEC was then involved in deep negotiations to wrest a higher share of the rewards of their petroleum resources from the multinational oil companies who were operating in member countries. By a unanimous resolution OPEC members decided that each member state should take a minimum ownership stake in the oil operations in their countries, and even set out plans for gradually increasing the stake until a majority ownership was altered within a time frame of five years. OPEC member states adopted different strategies in implementing that resolution.
The government of Nigeria after considering all the available options ventures for a form of joint venture participation in which:
1. Total ownership and full control of all the petroleum resources in the ground is retained by the state.
2 Government and oil companies would jointly own (in undivided interest) all the assets created for conducting petroleum operations
3 The oil companies were appointed the operations on the behalf of both parties in oil prospecting and mining leases.
4 All funds required for petroleum operations would be contributed in the same ratio of ownership of the ventures.
5 The rewards would be taken in kind (i.e. in crude oil) and shared in the proportion of ownership of the ventures.
To manage the assets created through government’s joint ownership of all existing exploration and production companies the Nigeria national oil corporation degree no 18 of 1971. The degree empowered the corporation to acquire assets and liabilities in existing oil producing companies on behalf of the Nigerian government and authorized it (NNPC) participate likewise other major multinational oil companies in all phases of the petroleum industry.
1.1.1 PROFILE OF THE COMPANY OF CASE STUDY
The NNPC effectively took of in the year 1972, within three years, it was clear to the policy makers in government that the NNPC was not as efficient as it could be partly because officials of NNPC and the federal ministry of petroleum resources, (FMPR) were often engaged in unproductive bickering about who should do what, and also because both the NNPC and the FMPR were badly understaffed and glossy lacking in the right kind of expertise required to make the desirable impact on the nations petroleum industry to save the situation, government decided to merge both organization into the Nigeria national petroleum corporation (NNPC) by decree of 1977.
The new organization operated under a minister who was both minister of petroleum renounces and chairman of the corporation. The minister presided over the petroleum inspectorate, which inherited the purely regulatory functions of the former ministry and over the board of the rest of NNPC, which was responsible for all the commercial functions of the corporation. The petroleum inspectorate exercises a regulatory role over the entire arms of NNPC. On the other hand, the commercial arm of the corporation through the join venture department monitored and interview, as it deemed appropriate in the operators management of the assets in the oil producing ventures.
KEY PARTICIPANT IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
Taking a through observation of the activities in the petroleum industry over the past thirty years, one can observe the existence of four major players, in Nigeria petroleum industry. The first is government acting of administrative facts, which often carried the face of law.
OIL COMPANIES
The set of players who are directly responsible for managing our petroleum resources are the oil companies who have been appointed operators of the joint ventures. They are responsible for drawing up plans, work programmed and budgets, as well as for getting the work done either directly or through contractors and their sub-contractors. In other words, the operators are responsible for meeting the target and programme agreed upon between themselves and NNPC. The independent marketers, the transporters, dealers could be added to this group.
NNPC
The NNPC itself also serves as the next major player through its joint venture Organization National Petroleum Industry Management Service (NAPIMS). This arm of the corporation is responsible for monitoring and vetting all operators’ programmes, budgets, designs studies, contractors etc. NAPIMS is also responsible for providing government’s share of the funds required for executing the joint venture operations.
The NNPC carries out most of its distribution and marketing activities through its newly emerged subsidiary the pipelines and products marketing company (PPMC) its mission is to ensure adequate and secure supply of petroleum product to the domestic market at low operating cost, provide excellent customers service by effectively and transporting crude oil to the refineries and moving, while product to the existing and future markets through a network of pipelines and depots, costal wad and rail transportation.
The company carries out most of its activities around in different parts of the nation through its area offices depots and pump stations. PPMC performs its activities through four-area office, which are located in Port Harcourt, warrior, mosini and Kaduna. The Port Harcourt area office has four depots under its jurisdiction namely: Port Harcourt depot, Enugu depot, Markudi depot, and Aba depot. The NNPC Aba depot, which is located in Osisioma local government area in Abia state, was commissioned in 1976. Being one of the depots under the Port Harcourt operational area, it receives its petroleum product from Port Harcourt refinery. NNPC major and independent marketers peddlers and the directorate of petroleum resources carry out its marketing operation at the depot. The depot receives petroleum product namely PMS petrol, DPK kerosene, and AGO diesel. These products are brought by the marketers and taken to their various petrol stations or outlets for further production process or purchase by final consumers.
PETROLEUM INSPECTORATE
The petroleum inspectorate, which is now renames the department of petroleum resources (DPR) id the forth agent of management of the nation’s petroleum resources. In the first quarter of every year, every company searching for or producing crude oil in Nigeria mandatory submits to the DPR its work programme for the year, which the company must defend before experts of the DPR. Such programmes are specially scrutinized, interlard for the qualify of the operator’s oil field management and gas utilization programmes. Manpower training and development is a statutory responsibility, which come under the supervisor of the petroleum inspectorate, in paragraph 37 of schedule 1 (section 2) to the petroleum degree 51 of 1969, the law requires interlaid, that within ten years from the grant of an oil mining lease the lease shall ensure that the number of Nigeria employed in the managerial professional and supervisory grades is at least 75% of the staff strength in these cadres. Its major responsibility is to issue licenses and to monitor activities of all oil companies in the petroleum industry to ensure that petroleum operations are undertaken with good oil industry practices and standards.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. Consumer orientation is not taken into cognizance when applying distribution strategies in the marketing of petroleum products in NNPC Aba depots.
2. Distribution strategies used in the marketing of petroleum production are not efficient.
3 Factors such as vandalization of pipeline overhead cost increase etc. are responsible for the ineffectively and inefficiencies of the distribution strategies.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1 Investigating and identifying the problems militating against the smooth distribution and marketing petroleum products in NNPC (Aba depot)
2 To make recommendation on how to forestall future occurrence
3 To proffer solutions to those problems.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research question for the study were:
1 What distribution strategies are used in the marketing of petroleum products in NNPC and how efficient are they?
2 What factors are responsible for the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the distribution strategies in relation to the marketing of the petroleum products?
3 How and to what extent does consumer orientation influences the distribution and marketing of petroleum products in NNPC?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The following hypothesis were formulated and tested in the study:
Ho: consumer orientation does not have a significant and positive influence on the distribution and marketing of petroleum product in NNPC (Aba depots)
Hi: consumer orientation has a significant and positive influence on the distribution and marketing of petroleum product in NNPC (Aba depots)
HYPOTHESIS TWO
Ho: vandalization of petroleum pipelines does not have a significant effect on the distribution and marketing of petroleum product.
Hi: vandalization of petroleum pipeline has a significant effect on the distribution and marketing of petroleum product.
HYPOTHESIS THREE
Ho: increase in overview cost not affect the distribution and marketing of petroleum products in NNPC.
Hi: increase in overview cost affects the distribution and marketing of petroleum products in NNPC.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1 To enlighten consumers about the processes involved in the distribution and marketing of petroleum products so as to elicit understanding from them when the need arises.
2 It will be useful to the institution and individuals in the petroleum industry, highlighting some of the problem and the solutions.
3 To add to the body of knowledge in the academic institutions serve as a guide for further research work and to broaden and enlighten the knowledge of the researcher of this work.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
EFFECTIVENESS OF ADVERTISING ON PROFIT MAXIMIZATION, STUDY OF SOME SELECTED HOSTELS IN URBAN REGION
TABLE OF CONTENT
Table of Content – – – – – – – – vii
Background of the study – – – – – – 1
Statement of the problem – – – – – – 2
Purpose of the study – – – – – – – 6
Significance of the study – – – – – – 6
Assumption of the study – – – – – – 7
Research question – – – – – – – 7
Development of hypotheses – – – – – – 8
Scope of the study – – – – – – – 8
Definitions of terms – – – – – – – 8
CHAPTER TWO
Review of related literatures – – – – – – 10
Definitions of advertising – – – – – – 10
Types of advertising – – – – – – – 10
Objectives of advertising – – – – – – 12
Deciding on the advertising budget – – – – 13
Deciding of the advertising media selection – – – 15
Deciding on the advertising message – – – – 17
Evaluating advertising effectiveness – – – – 18
CHAPTER THREE
Research design – – – – – – – – 20
Area of the study – – – – – – – – 20
Population of the study – – – – – – – 21
Sample and sampling technique – – – – – 21
Instrument for data collection – – – – – 21
Validation of the instrument for data collection – – – 22
Reliability of the instrument for data collection – – – 22
Administration of instrument – – – – – 22
Method of data analysis – – – – – – 22
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and analysis of data – – – – – – 23
Proof of hypotheses – – – – – – – 31
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary – – – – – – – – – 44
Conclusion – – – – – – – – – 49
Recommendations – – – – – – – 52
Questionnaire – – – – – – – – 54
Reference – – – – – – – – – 58
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Advertisement is one of the four major tools that companies use to direct persuasive communication to target buyers and publics. It consists of non- personal or one-way forms of communication conducted through paid media under clear sponsorship. The advertisers included not only commercial firms but museums, fund raiser and various social action organisations seeking to advertise their causes to various target publics. As a matter of fact, the thirty four largest advertising spender in the Nigeria is the Nigerian government within the commercial sector, the top one hundred national advertisers account for approximate one-fourth (1/4) of all national advertising.
Although advertising is primarily a private enterprise marketing tool, it is used in all the countries of the world including socialist countries. Advertising is a cost effective way to dissemination messages, whether it is to build brand preference for coca cola all over the world or to motivate a developing nations consumer to drink milk or to practice birth control.
Organization obtains their advertising in different ways. In small companies advertising is handled by someone in the sales or marketing department, work with an advertising agency. Large companies set up their own advertising departments, whose managers report to the vice president of marketing. The advertising department job is to develop the total budget approve advertising agency advert and campaigns and handle direct mail advertising, dealer displays and other forms of advertising not ordinarily performed by the agency. Most companies use an out side advertising agency to help them create advertising campaigns and to select and purchase media.
In developing an advertising programme marketing managers must always start by identifying the target market and buyer motives.
The advertising Naira support various media magazine and newspaper space; radio television; out door displays (poster, billboards, signs, skywriting); direct mail; novelties (match boxes, pens, calendars); tear pads (carbus) catalogues; directories (yellow pages), and circulars. And advertising has many purposes; long term build-up of the organizations, corporate image (institutional advertising), long term build-up of a particular brand (brand advertising) information dissemination about a sale, or event (classified advertising), announcement of a special sale (sale promotional advertising) and advocacy of a particular cause (advocacy advertising).
1.2 Statement of the problem
Although, there has been a great deal of work directed at evaluating advertising effect on profit maximization, this has remain unsolved. Giles (1983) said “it is virtually impossible except in mail-order selling or certain direct mail campaign to quantify exactly the contribution of advert to profit.”
Stanton (1983), also said that its difficult to identify the result of any given advert or an entire campaign. He also said that one couldn’t attribute a given unit of sales to any specific advertisement or campaign.
Based on the above context, one can categorically say that its difficulty to trace the impact of advert to the success of a product.
1.3 Purpose of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
This work will provide a pedestal upon which a better and improved research work can be built upon.
To the employers and employees of the various soft drinks industry, some of the suggestion made in this write up will be of immense benefit to them in terms of strategies development and increase in sales volume and profitability through the various strategies that is suggested.
To other library users, this will be of immense benefit to them.
1.5 Assumptions of the study
The following assumptions are inherent in this study.
1. The researcher assume that irrespective of the amount of money that is spent on advertising, it will not yield an equal corresponding amount of increase in sales
2. However, it is generally assumed that a small amount of money spent on promotion (advertising) will yield a significant amount of increases
1.6 Research questions
The following research question will be raised by the researcher.
1. What’s the pattern of advertising message and how effective are these patterns?
2. What are the various types of advertising media and the factors to consider before choosing a particular type?
1.7 Research hypothesis
H0: There is no significance impact of advertising on profit maximization of selected hostels
H1: There is a significance impact of advertising on profit maximization of selected hostels
1.8 Definitions of terms
PROMOTION: – Is all that which is associated with the stimulation, inducing and persuading individuals or group of people towards a particular act, ideas, information, an object or product.
ADVERTISING: – this is any paid form of non-personal presentation of information, ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor.
ABOVE-THE-LINE-MEDIA:- it is advertising using conventional media such as radio, television, newspapers, cinemas etc.
BELOW-THE-LINE-MEDIA– advertising using other means other than the conventional methods. E.g free gifts and material.
APPROPRIATION:- this is the money budgeted for advertising campaign.
ADVERTISING MEDIA:- this is used to refer to the channels used in conveying the advertising message.
ADVERTISEMENT:- this is used to refer to the message being packaged and sent across to the customers or prospective customers.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
COMPUTER ANIMATION AND IT’S ROLE IN ADVERTISING
ABSTRACT
This research project COMPUTER ANIMATION AND IT ROLE IN ADVERTISING (FOCUS ON ONLINE BANNER ADVERTISING) looks deeply at the computer animation and most importantly the role these two places in advertising.
One can never know the value or importance of ones power of imagination unless its being to existence that moving images have the potentials to convey a lot much more information although images still convey a lot information because the human visual system is a sophisticated information processor.
Animated being recorded or produce for viewing is typically presented in film or video format and it cuts across advertising by recording a series of still images.
This research project also looks in the vital role animation and computer animation plays in advertising as mentioned in the first paragraph.
Animation got a big bit when it delved into television and television been one means which advertising can achieved effectively.
This was a turnover for animation. Initially animation was just art. Computer animations coming in to play, advert or commercials are now more interesting creating attention, talking of attention, ‘An animation banner ad will have greater attention- getting capacity than a static banner ad.’ This will be discussed later.
ABOUT ANIMATION
It’s very improper to state any exposition or revealing of computer animation and it role in advertising without having the knowledge of animation and its background.
Animation refers to the process, in which each frame of a film or movie is produced individually whether generated as a computer graphic, or by photographing drawn images, or by repeatedly making small changes to model and then photographing the result. When the frames are strung together and the resulting film is viewed at a speed of 16 or more frames per second. There is an illusion of continuous movement (due to the persistence of vision).
Generating such a film is very labour intensive and tedious, through the development of computer animation has greatly speed up the process. A graphic film format, which is called GLF, allows animation to be reviewed on a computer.
Another format called flash allows for animation to be viewed over on the Internet.
But basically, to ‘animate’ is to literally ‘to give life to’.
Animating is moving something, which cannot move itself.
Animation adds to graphics the dimension of, which vastly increases the amount of information, which can be transmitted. In order to animate something, the animator has to be able to specify, either directly or indirectly, how the thing is to move through time and space.
There are different styles of animation:
1. Traditional animation
2. Rote scooping
3. Computer Animation
4. Cutout animation
5. Analog computer animation
6. Stop- motion animation
7. Clay motion
8. Pixilation
9. Limited animation
10. Pinscreen animation
11. Drawn on film animation
The history film animation begins with the earliest days of silent film and continuous through the present day, the first animated cartoon was from French Emile Renaud, that created praxynoscope, animation system of pictures and films of about 500 pictures projected on its own theatre optique, system near from modern film projector, at Musee Gevin in pairs, French, in cartoon on standard picture film was Fantasomogorie by the French director Emile courted in August 17, 1908.
‘Animation should be art… what you fellows have done with it is making it into trade… not an act, but a trade… bad luck’ these were the word from Winsor Mccay, father of animation cartoon. As a then animation was just art.
The work of animation was no longer a one man work, it was a stream lined, assembly- line process in the best Henry Ford tradition.
SOME FAMOUS NAMES IN ANIMATION.
1. Tex Henry
2. Max Fleshier
3. Emile Counter
4. Walt Disney
5. Mel blance
6. Winsor Mc Cay
7. Hayao Miyazaki
8. Norman midaren and lots more.
Even before McCay had shown the world the true potential of the animated cartoon in his landmark film ‘Gertie the dinosaur’ (1914), the first animation studios were already, trying to exploit the medium for what they could.
Some animation studios are:
1. Aardman animation
2. Warner Brothers
3. Walt Disney studios
4. Small films
5. Flecscher studios
6. Filmation
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
I.1 introduction
i. Computer animation
ii. Computer animation’s
Role in advertising
1.2 Background Problem
1.3 Research Problem
1.4 Research aims/ objectives
1.5 Scope of study
1.6 Limitation/ delimitation
1.7 Operation definition of terminology
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
2.2 Relevance of a computer graphic
CHAPTER THREE – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Time/ approach
3.2 Source of data
3.3 Project development
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 Project analysis
CHAPTER FIVE – CONCLUSION
5.1 Achievement
5.2 Recommendation
Reference and bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 COMPUTER ANIMATION
This research project is basically to help undergraduates or even be handy for computer graphic programmers who want to learn and know more about the basis of computer animation programming and even go a step further to knowing it role in advertising because this research project gives some deep and explanatory as earlier stated.
As discussed earlier in animation itself, to ‘animate’ is literally to give life to ‘Animating’ is moving something, which cannot move itself and its concern with time so, computer animation is the art of creating moving images via the use of computers or the use of computer to create animations. It is a sub field of computer graphic and animation.
There are different method operate or make computer animations.
Increasingly it is created by means of 3D computer graphics or animation; through 2D computer graphics are still widely used. Sometimes the target of the animation is the computer itself sometimes the target is another medium, such as file. One way to create computer animation is to create objects and render them. This method produces perfect and three-dimensional looking animations.
To create the illusion of movement an image is displayed on the computer screen then quickly replaced by a new image that is similar to the previous image, but shifted slightly. This technique is clinical to how the illusion of movement is achieved with television and motion picture
i. SAMPLE EXAMPLE (CA)
The screen is blanked to a background color such as back. Then a filled red circle is drawn in the center of the screen. Next the screen is blanked; but the red circle is drawn slightly to the right of its original position. This process is repeated, each time moving the circle a bit to the right. If this process is repeated fast enough the red circle would appear to move smoothly to the right. This basic procedure is used for all moving pictures in films and television.
ii. TOOLS
Computer animation can be done on a variety of computers, simple cell animation requires nothing more than that a computer system capable of simple graphics with proper animation software. Unfortunately, most of the computer animation that you see on television and in other areas is done on extremely sophisticated workstation. This page is broken into two software and hardware,
There are some of the most popular software packages used by companies schools and individual all around the globe.
1.3D Studio Max
2. 3D Studio
3. Light ware 3D
4. Adobe PhotoShop
5. Animator Studio
EXPLANATION
To trick the eye and brain into thinking they are seeing a smoothly moving object the picture must be drawn at about 24 frames per second (FPS) or faster (a frame is one complete image). With rates above 70 FPS, no improvement in realism or smoothness is perceivable due to the way the eye and brain process images at rates below 24FPS, most people can detect Jerkiness associated with the drawing of new images which detracts0 from the illusion of realistic movement. Conventional hand-draw cartoon animation often used 12EPS in order to save on the number of drawings needed, but this is usually accepted because of the stylized nature of cartoons. Because it produces more realistic imagery computer animation demands higher frame rates to reinforce this realism.
The reason no Jerkiness is seen at higher speeds is due to ‘persistence of vision’ from movement to movement the eye and brain looking together actually store whatever you look at for a fraction of a second and automatically smooth out’ minor jumps movie film seen in a theater runs at 24FPS which is sufficient to this illusion of continuous movement.
(ii) COMPUTER ANIMATION’S ROLE ADVERTISING
Advertising is mass communication that advertising pays for in order to convince a certain segment of the public to adopt ideas or take actions of benefit to the advertisers.
In the 1950s the advert of television, which is one of the faster way of advertising, developed fast to the advertising medium #1.
Now advertising could demonstrate thee use of their products and present well know figures to praise it. They also arrange emotions through television.
One of the most popular uses for computer animation is in television advertising some of thee models that the commercial would see extremely difficult to animation in the past (i.e. saxophones, boxes of detergent, bathrooms, kitchen etc.) this is use or was discovered. The modeled objects would then be animated and incorporated with live video. The process involved in modeling and create the animation could take as many weeks.
In most case, advertising needs media to be inserted. Usually, animation is used images derived from live film.
Sometimes the animation detail is so high, that viewers can’t tell if what they are seeing is real or not.
In this context of computer animation in advertising, the effects of animation in Online Banner Advertising will be assess; Hierarchy of effects models.
This study/ research attempts to examine the effects of animation banner ads, as well as the moderating effects of involvement, on each stage of the hierarchy of effects model.
The result of this study/ research provide support for the notion that animated banner ads prompt better advertising has better attention – grubbing capabilities, and generates higher recall more favorable Ad.
While online advertising has grown dramatically during the past several years (low 2000) attracting individuals attention and persuading them remain one of the critical issues for the practitioner. The only way these practitioner can make a big hit is by the innovation of animation in the ads.
The also attempts to assess the effect of animation banner ads over status ads with the framework of the hierarchy of effects.
1.2 BACKGROUND HISTORY
Computer animation has been around as long as computer graphics. The University of Utah founded by DARPA. Was the easily pioneer in computer graphics and produced many of the well- know names in graphics. The first major sketchpad in 1962 by Ivan Sutherland. This system animates line drawings on a screen—based animation.
Also produced for the effort of the university of Utah were some early films hand and an animated face by such folks as Ed cat mill, break crow, Fred Parke, and Jim Blinn. It has been earlipsed.
In the late sixties chuks Csuri was doing some pioneering work in computer animation in the computer graphics Research Group at the Ohio state university. A
Major feature of that came out the Ohio State in the seventies was real time video play back from a digital disk.
In the early 80s the research group become the advance computing center for Art and Design and continues to produce computer animation.
Norm Balder, at the University of Pennsylvania, was one of the first researchers addressing the problem of human figure animation. He has continued this research and has established the center for human modeling and simulation.
Also in the mid-seventies, at Cornell university, the programmer for computer graphics, under the direction of Don
Green berg, generated some architecturally walk- through of Conrail’s Campus.
Computer animation has become regular and popular in special effect. movies such as ‘Jurassic Park’ terminator 2 judgement Day and ‘the Abyss’ have brought computer animated called Hunger was produced by Reine Jodin and directed animated by peter folders in 1974. This effort was a 2.5D system that depended heavily on object interpolation techniques.
A major part in integrating live film and computer animation, is to make absolutely sure that scale and perspective of the animation are light. The scale is important to making the animal beharable. The animators go through a greater deal work to make sure this is right.
In 1907 the HAUNTED HOTE is an animators film by James Stuart Blacktion. In this film the animated was created by stop motion and effects animated of 3Dobjects- wine
Poured into a glass, bread cut and a table set without a human present. The film was a success and introduced 3D animation at the world.
Storyboards play an important role in creating animation, but there would probably never be a storyboard for something as simple as a flipping logo or a bouncing ball.
For example the movie ‘terminator 2 judgement day’ produced in 19….. there was a scene in that movie when one of the characters walks through fire. The animators would have to perfectly model the character to the greatest detail. They would then make their model unimick the live character movement and make him walk through. The fire then they would the two images together.
In 1995, Disney and pixar released the very first, fall length, totally computer animation motion picture.
Just like conventional animation computer animation is also a form of art. This can be confirmed by the words of the father of animation should be art in 1911-21. An artist can control a magnitude of things in a computer animation with a few clicks of a mouse than he can do in the conventional animation methods. A light source can be moved very easily without re-doing the whole animation.
There is now a great industry in computer animation. There is a great need for more stunning animations for television to keep the watchers glued to the screen. There is also demand for computer animation in many fields because of this demand. There is also a growing number of computer animation companies.
They are to mention a few:
1. Adobe system Inc.
2. Alias/ wave front
3. Aula Desk
4. Bantering
5. Calgary
6. Computer vision
7. Electro Image
8. National Association of Broad Casters.
1.3 RESEARCH PROBLEM
This project is out to solve the idea of just having a stain banner advert, but giving importance of having an animated banner advert with the use of computer to achieve this.
Static banner advertising does not appeal to the eye- brain because of its usual nature, which is static. Animation comes in to change all that because it draws attended and the memory of it remains.
This project research is out to change the face of advertising and to through light on the importance of computer animation.
1.4 RESEARCH AIMS/ OBJECTIVE
An animated banner advertising will have greater attended- getting capability than a static banner ad and also images convey a lot information because the human visual system is a sophisticated information processor. So, it follows or it can be said that moving images have the potential to convey much more information.
The versatility of an artist in the society is the ability of being really creative and experimental especially in the field of animation in respect of adverting in the field animation and advertising. Meleis in 1890 using simple tricks and techniques of a camera to make inanimate objects appear to move. Art history has made it open to the artist about the style expressionism and mannerism to be more creative in expression design. The aim of this research is to make artist and computer graphics programmers see the important of been innovation in their thinking.
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
This project scope is basically based on animation production through computer and to know the important nature of animating in advertising because animation gives adverts a different status altogether. It creates more time than the old usual adverts.
And how these representations and creativity can be manipulated to produce this result through the user of computer with the use of full 3D computer animation and the techniques to move objects interesting ways.
1.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMINOLOGY
Animate: Denotatively mean to give life to.
Animating is moving something, which cannot move
It’s self.
Anthropomorphic: is an attributing human form to a god to or
animal.
Camera: An apparatus use to produce images
through light.
Computer: An electronic device with features that
enable the performance or acceptance of
input (Data/ instructions/ signals)
proceeds the input as directed by the
computer internal control operations store
information’s and yield a result (output) a
Consequence of the processing actions.
Constraint: A restriction in a strained manner.
Direct 3D Microsoft’s API for 3D graphics.
Flipbook: is a table of paper with an individual
drawing on each page so the viewer could
flip through them.
Film strip: A motion picture film made of a number of
still photographs shown in sequence.
Film A transparent photographic material
chemical treated to produce images when
exposed to light.
Film studio: A studio in which motion pictures film/ s
are recorded.
Frame: An organized shaped button for the finished
decoration of an art piece according to its
shape.
Fogging: Blending part of a scene with colour.
Interpolate: is acts inserts, or interject.
Raster Graphics: Computer graphics system which process
images, formed from raster of pixels.
Scene: the sequence of play, television or motion
picture show over a continues period of time.
Screen: the surface into which the image of a side
television or motion picture is projected.
Shot: A continues filming by a camera.
Sketch: To make an outline of a drawing such that the
Objects is recognizable.
Studio: the place where an artist works an origination
point for television and radio programmes.
An enclosure where pictures are taken.
Storyboard: A presentations panel comprising of
illustration’s of various shots, sequence, scripts
and notes regarding filming of a television
commercial.
Pixel: The smallest addressable element of a picture.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE USE OF INDIGENOUS LANGUAGE IN OUTDOOR ADVERTISING.
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses the use of indigenous language in outdoor advertising. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst sales and marketing agents of selected companies. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that the use of indigenous language has a significant positive effect in outdoor advertising. Also, there is a positive relationship between the use of indigenous language and outdoor advertising.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT OF VALUE ADDED TAX (VAT).A CASE STUDY OF OYO STATE
ABSTRACT
The work discusses the problems and prospect of value added tax (VAT).A case study of Oyo state. The topic value Added Tax, which was introduced in the year 1993, is a tax on consumption born by the final consumer by paying five percent (5%) on any valuable product whether local produced or imported.
The researcher data collection was on two bases, which include the primary, and secondary. The primary data was the information got by the researcher when the researcher conducted on oral interview with the officials of the federal in land Revenue service, the Accountant General of Oyo state and some of his office staff who are basically concerned with the collection and the disbursement of the money from value Added Tax.
The secondary data was got from the value Added Tax information circular No 93/ 04 dated 20th August 1993 and 93/ 05 dated 5th Nov. 1993. Other were value Added Tax Decree No. 102 of 1993 and principle and practice of Management by Breech E.F.L of 1975.
=n=( N (e)2
1+N
The data collected was presented and analyzed accordingly and the following findings were made; that there were, “Registered person” at the time of this project which in actual sense is a success; that the money collected by the federal inland Revenue service officers the “Registered persons” were promptly recorded and paid to the central Bank of Nigeria in on the importance of value Added Tax offices has not been established in the Government use the money as it suits them; and that the payment of value Added Tax rate through central Bank in each state to the central Bank in Abuja is a delay tactics which hinders the sharing at the appropriate time.
Based on the above findings, the following recommendations were made. That value Added Tax offices be established in all local government area to effect prompt payment and curb the value Added Tax rate evaders. By its establishment, it will become a household name in all the local government areas, that a specific project be mapped out by the federal Government for the utilization of the money realized from the Added Tax: that a specific account be opened into which the money realized will be paid instead of through the central Bank; and that a special Board be established for the sharing of the money realized.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page
Approval page
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Table of content
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the study
1.2Statement of the problems
1.3Purpose of the study
1.4Research questions
1.5Significance of the study
1.6Scope and limitations
1.7Definition of terms
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1Definition of value added tax (vat)
2.2Contribution of vat
2.3Offences and penalties
2.4Method of collection and allocation
CHAPTER THREE:
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
3.1Methods of research
3.2Source of data secondary/primary
3.3Population and sample size determination
3.4Description of respondents
3.5Treatment of data
CHAPTER FOUR:
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0Presentation, analysis of data
4.1Summary of results
CHAPTER FIVE:
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1Findings
5.2Conclusions
5.3Recommendations
Appendices
Bibliography
References
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE IMPACT OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE TO THE PERFORMANCE OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS IN NIGERIA(A CASE STUDY OF COCA COLA COMPANIES IN NIGERIA).
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses the impact of competitive advantage to the performance of business organizations in Nigeria(A case study of coca cola companies in Nigeria). A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst employees and managers of coca cola companies in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that competitive advantage has a significant positive impact on the performance of business organizations in Nigeria. Also, there is a strong and positive relationship between competitive advantage and the performance of business organizations in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
EFFECTIVENESS OF PERSONAL SELLING STRATEGIES ON MARKETING OF INSURANCE POLICIES
ABSTRACT
This work discusses effectiveness of personal selling strategies on marketing of insurance policies. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst people from selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that personal selling strategies have a significant impact on marketing of insurance policies. Also, there is a strong relationship between personal selling strategies and the marketing of insurance policies.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE EFFECT OF GOOD PUBLIC RELATION AND ORGANIZED PROMOTIONS ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF MARKETING OBJECTIVE, CASE STUDY OF COCA COLA PLC
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses the effect of good public relation and organized promotions on the achievement of marketing objective, case study of Coca Cola plc. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst employees, sales and marketing agents of Coca Cola plc. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that good public relations and organized promotions has a significant positive effect on the achievement of marketing objectives. Also, there is a positive relationship between good public relation, organized promotions and the achievement of marketing objectives.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
THE STOCK MARKET CAPITALIZATION AND INTEREST RATE IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This work discusses The Stock Market Capitalization and Interest Rate in Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst managers from selected banks in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that stock market capitalization has a significant effect on interest rate. Also, there is a relationship between stock market capitalization and interest rate.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
TREND IN THE USE OF HUMAN MODELS IN THE NIGERIA ADVERTISING INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
This research focused on Trends in the use of Human Model in the Nigeria Advertising Industry. This study consists five chapters, the first chapter cover and introduction of study. The research problem, objectives of the study, formulation of hypotheses, the significance, the limitations and the scope of the study was also tested in this chapter.
Chapter two described the theoretical framework and related literature review. In chapter three, Research methodology was covered while chapter four dealt with Analysis and presentation of Data Besides Hypothesis Testing. The summary, conclusion and Recommendations for further study were made in chapter five.
The research is carried out through the method of survey research. The empirical aspect of the work is carried out using information obtained from both sample of consumers age groups and five advertising agencies in Enugu and Lagos they use model in advertising products or services.
The core of this study is to analyse the effectiveness of using models in advertising and its ethical implications.
Based on these, three hypotheses were formulated.
1. H: Modeling is a very effective advertising strategy in Nigeria
NH: Modeling is not an effective advertising strategy in Nigeria.
2. H: Models used in advertising is seen as ethical by Nigerians.
NH: Models used in advertising is seen as unethical by Nigerians.
3. H: Models influence prospective buyers on the purchase of products.
4. Television and bill-boards are the best among the models.
5. Television is the best vehicle to use models in advertising.
Based on the above findings, some recommendations made are
1. Advertising agencies should incorporate modeling service on their organization so that such models used could be specifically, and efficiently trained for the specific product to suit the marketing objection
2. Greater emphasis should be made on the use of local models in advertising product especially cigarette.
3. Since modeling has been found to be effective as advertising strategy, efforts should be made to increase the rate paid to models in order to encourage people to go into professional modeling schools to train the young ones is recommended.
4. It has been found that use of models in cigarette advert significantly affect consumers below twenty years, therefore, efforts should be made to restrict cigarette advert to such programmes which will not attract the ago groups below twenty, since they are more influenced by the models used in cigarette advertisement.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 FORMULATION OF THE HYPOTHESES
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.9 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
1.10 REFERENCE
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 CONCEPT OF ADVERTISING IN NIGERIA
2.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF ADVERTISING
AGENCIES IN NIGERIA
2.3 MODELS, MODELING AND MODELING AGENCY IN NIGERIA
2.4 MODELING AS AID TO EFFECTIVE ADVERTISING
2.5 ADVERTISING AND MARKETING PSYCHOLOGY
2.6 CIGARETTE ADVERTISEMENT
IN ELECTRONIC MEDIA
2.7 REFERENCE
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.2 RESEARCH METHOD
3.3 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZED
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS
3.5 EXPECTED RESULT
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1 PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.2 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIXES
LIST OF TABLES
1. Advertising Agency Organization
2. Rates approved for Artistes /models by APN member Agencies
3. Hierarchy of effect model.
4. Consumer questionnaire distribution
5. Management Questionnaire Distribution
6. Age classification of consumer Respondents.
7. Education Status.
8. Sex classification
9. Media commonly carrying models cigarette Advertisements
10. Influence of model to increase buying Habit
11. Agencies Questionnaire Distribution
12. The Effectiveness of model in Advertising
13. Factors Responsible for the Effectiveness
14. The media selection for model used in Advertising
15. Questionnaire survey table.
16. The Age groups of consumers that considered Advertising as Ethical.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Advertising is any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of persons, institutions, ideas, goods or services, by an identified sponsor using appropriate medium or media of communication. According to the Cable news network (CNN), advertising gives us the right to choose, in the market place. It induces immediate sales and builds sustainable image for a product.
Advertising also informs buyers about products that ate new in the market as well as remind them about old ones almost forgotten due to lack of publicity on them. It tells about names of such new products and where to get them. Using well know models to advertise products or services creates arousal of interest if viewers identify such products or services with the models.
Advertising practitioners/advertisers hold the view that when celebrity models are used for promotion of goods or services, the loyalty of the garget audience is won. The use of models in advertising stem, from the marketing concept and also emanates from the fact that advertisers and advertising agencies realized the power influence and importance of associating notable personalities or even good looking people with product identity in order to achieve the following reasons:
1. To attract the attention of prospective buyers.
2. Improve the sales of the products by associating it with such models.
3. To get buyers to be favourably disposed to the products.
4. To propagate the brand
5. To improve on the brand image
6. To add value to advertising and communications industry.
World wide use of model in advertising has remind a remarkable instrument of increasing business activities because the appeals drawn will be very effective in advertising and will attract much concern where attitude change is involved. As a result, some developments have been with eased in the advertising industry within the least twenty years in the area of supportive services as radio and television production, research and out door services. These are activities and ventures where modeling services are required.
To day, advertising industry use models in several ways either on television or advertisement on the pages and covers of various magazines, newspapers, journals calendars, bill-boards, and posters.
Hogarth (1968) asserts that there are many different ways in which models are used in advertising and further stated how complex the world of advertising can be if one stops to think about models used in advertising. The models could be trained, untrained, celebrities, seductive and non-deductive. But of all the models used. Celebrity models seem to be the most effective in advertising.
White Hooper (1946) sees celebrity endorsements as finding either an authority star personality, or entertainer, who will associate himself/herself with your product, in some positive fashion, that will enhance its popularity with the television audience”. This study which was conceived out of a sense of strong interest in models used in advertising, coupled with the fact that too little was known about models used in advertisements by the modeling agencies or advertising agencies is intended to find out the influence of these models in advertisements. Most of the advertising firms operate through modeling agencies and majority of the models are represented by these agencies with their contracts being established by their representatives. But no rule exists that model must be represented by an agent, as some companies have been incorporated to provide and train models for modeling.
The purpose of a modeling agency is to avail advertisers/advertising agencies the services of trained and experienced models required for advertising of goods or services, since modeling seems to play important roles in the advertising industry, especially in accelerating appeal for goods and services as well as improving sales of influence models now have no the audience in promoting of goods and services .
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In Nigeria today, use of models in advertising has become one of the sophiscated marketing strategies employed in advertising operations. Watching the televisions, one sees and listen to an innumerable number of advertisements of products and services like peps, cola, Elephant blue detergent, lux toilet soap, star lager beer, jik bleach etc. Each of these products were advertised by models, mostly celebrities, it is important to remember that modeling has now reached a highly competitive stage, and huge efforts and finance are being invested yearly by the industry. Whether these efforts are justifiable or not depends on the effectiveness and the ethical implication of modeling.
The problem, however, is that in Nigeria there s a poverty of studies on the effectiveness and ethical dimensions of modeling in advertising. This study is geared towards helping to solve this problem in the Nigerian context.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are as follow
1. To provide an indepth understanding of meaning of models and modeling in advertising
2. To examine the ways models are being used
3. To find out people that are required to be models
4. To find out whether models have any influence on prospective buyers
5. To find out if the use of models in adverting is very effective
6. To find out if the use of models is considered ethical or unethical.
HYPOTHESES
Hypotheses are tentative supposition put forward to determine facts and give solution to problems. Based on the problem definition and the objectives of the study previously stated, the following hypotheses are to be tested or investigated to find out whether models help in the advertising industry or not.
1. H Modeling is a very effective advertising strategy in Nigeria.
2. HO: Modeling is not an effective advertising strategy in Nigeria.
3. H2 Use of models in advertising is seen as ethical by Nigerians.
HO Use of models in advertising is seen as unethical by Nigerians.
H3 Models influence prospective buyers on the purchase of products.
Ho models do not influence prospective buyer on the purchase or products.
RESEARCH QUESTION
The research question of this study is as follow
1. Do human models have effects on the advertising industry?
2. Do Human model tend to prompt the Advertising industry in Nigeria?
3. Which class of the Human models is most preferred?
4. Do Human models Advertising have negative or positive effect on them?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study depends largely on the set of objectives of the research. Based on this, it will help to bring out the influence and effect of models on the prospective buyers and their influence could be anything ranging from negative to positive or neutral. It will also aid in deciding whether model enhance the creditability of the advertisement, and the product or service advertised or worse still, whether it detracts from the creditability of the advert.
There is need for modeling services (support personnel) in the promotion of goods or services. Given that some of the advertising problems that plague the industry are being models and modeling agencies used, it is hope that the study will no doubt help the advertiser and advertising agency to adopt improved modeling services as a strategy which would enhance the overall advertising performance in the industry.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study will cover selected Advertising agencies in Enugu and Lagos, especially Lagos because Lagos is a commercial center in Nigeria that has a large population. It will have a good representations of the consumers that will be surveyed to find out how effective and how ethical modeling is in Nigerians, Advertising industry .
OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
ADVERTISING: Is any past form of non presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor. Advertising can be run both in the print or electronic media using the basic visual audio communication materials eg. In the newspaper using photographs, etc. or radio/TV using voicing or sound effect.
AGENCY: Is an organization that creates communication messages and they gets them exposed via the various media, to the audience with the objective of receiving its commission.
MODEL: A person called upon or employed to be photographed, or to display or demonstrate certain products or services to possible buyers in order to compel action. An acclaimed model must operate within the known standards, rules, regulations, or procedures of the profession.
MODELING: It is an art of making models working as a model, take up a career in modeling agency.
EFFECTIVE: Making a strong impression or influence on the intended result.
ETHICAL: It describes ethic which is a system of moral principles or rule that govern or influence a person’s behaviour.
CELEBRITY: They are star or role used in adverting products or services, it could be television stars, actors actresses, sport figures or entertainers whose appearance in the advertisement of such goods or services sustains the interest of his /her audience on the goods or services so advertised.
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS
1. Advertising: Making generally or publicly known persuade publicly in order to encourage people to buy or use it.
2. Agency: The means fore or substance that produces an effect or changes.
3. Model: A person use to display or demonstrate certain produces or services to possible buyers in order to compel action.
4. Modeling the act of making a model.
5. Effective: Producing the result that was wasted or intended.
6. Ethical : Connected with principles of what is right and wrong.
7. Celebrity: A famous person specially some one in the entertainment business.
CONCETPUAL DEFINITIONS
RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
1. What are the effects of human model in the Advertising industry in Nigeria?
2. Is modeling an effective advertising strategy in Nigeria?
3. How does Human model effect the consumer a perception of the particular product?
4. Does Nigerian accept modeling advertising as a profession?
5. Can model advertising in Nigeria be compare to what is obtained in the advertising industries in the foreign countries?
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>