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INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND SPORT FANS ENGAGEMENT-A CASE STUDY OF KWARA STATE NIGERIA
Abstract
Social media has revolutionized the way sports fans engage with teams, athletes, and events, providing a platform for real-time interaction, information sharing, and community building. This study examines the influence of social media on sports fan engagement in Kwara State, Nigeria. It explores how platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp affect fan loyalty, participation, and overall experience. Using a mixed-method approach, the study collects data from sports enthusiasts, clubs, and digital marketers to assess the role of social media in shaping fan behavior. The findings reveal that social media enhances fan engagement by providing access to live updates, interactive discussions, and direct communication with teams and athletes. However, challenges such as misinformation and digital divide are also highlighted. The study concludes that social media is a vital tool for enhancing sports fan experience in Kwara State and recommends strategies for optimizing digital engagement in the local sports industry.
Keywords: Social Media, Sports Fan Engagement, Digital Interaction, Kwara State, Nigeria, Online Communities.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
The rise of social media has transformed the way people engage with sports, providing fans with instant access to news, live updates, and direct interactions with athletes and teams (Billings et al., 2017). Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp have significantly influenced how sports enthusiasts consume content, participate in discussions, and express their loyalty (Kumar & Natarajan, 2020). In Nigeria, social media has become an essential tool for sports engagement, allowing fans to follow their favorite teams, watch highlights, and participate in online debates (Ogunleye & Salawu, 2019).
Kwara State, like many other regions, has witnessed a growing reliance on social media among sports fans. Local sports teams, clubs, and organizations use digital platforms to communicate with their audience, promote events, and enhance fan experience (Adewale & Yusuf, 2021). The shift from traditional media, such as television and newspapers, to digital engagement has redefined the sports landscape, making fan interaction more dynamic and participatory (Pedersen, 2022).
Despite the benefits of social media, challenges such as misinformation, cyberbullying, and digital exclusion still exist. These issues raise concerns about the effectiveness of social media in fostering meaningful fan engagement (Nwankwo & Akinwale, 2020). Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of social media on sports fan engagement in Kwara State, Nigeria, assessing both its opportunities and challenges.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The traditional methods of sports fan engagement, such as attending live matches and consuming content via television and newspapers, have been supplemented by digital interaction through social media (Wang & Zhou, 2021). While social media has provided new avenues for engagement, the extent to which it influences fan loyalty, participation, and satisfaction in Kwara State remains unclear.
Many sports clubs in Nigeria, particularly in Kwara State, struggle to leverage social media effectively due to limited digital literacy, inadequate infrastructure, and the prevalence of fake news (Odeyemi & Olagunju, 2018). Additionally, the overreliance on social media engagement raises concerns about the diminishing value of physical attendance at sporting events. Given these gaps, there is a need to investigate how social media impacts sports fans’ engagement in Kwara State and identify strategies for optimizing its use.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study seeks to:
Examine the role of social media in sports fan engagement in Kwara State.
Identify the most commonly used social media platforms among sports fans in the region.
Assess the impact of social media on fan loyalty and participation.
Evaluate the challenges associated with social media engagement among sports fans.
Recommend strategies for improving social media engagement in sports.
1.4 Research Questions
How does social media influence sports fan engagement in Kwara State?
Which social media platforms are most popular among sports fans in the region?
What impact does social media have on fan loyalty and participation?
What are the challenges of social media engagement in sports?
What strategies can be adopted to enhance social media engagement in the sports industry?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H₀: Social media has no significant impact on sports fan engagement in Kwara State.
H₁: Social media has a significant impact on sports fan engagement in Kwara State.
H₀: There is no significant relationship between social media usage and fan loyalty.
H₁: There is a significant relationship between social media usage and fan loyalty.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant as it provides insights into the role of social media in sports engagement, particularly in Kwara State. It benefits sports clubs, organizations, and policymakers by offering data-driven recommendations on optimizing digital engagement. Additionally, the study contributes to existing literature on sports marketing and digital communication, helping researchers understand evolving fan behaviors in the digital era (Hutchins & Rowe, 2019).
For sports fans, the findings will help improve their interaction with teams, clubs, and fellow enthusiasts, fostering a more engaging and informed sports community. Furthermore, the study will guide sports administrators on how to leverage social media for increased fan participation and revenue generation (García & Welford, 2021).
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on sports fans in Kwara State, Nigeria, examining how they use social media for engagement. It covers various social media platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp, analyzing their impact on fan interactions, loyalty, and event participation. The study also explores challenges such as misinformation, internet accessibility, and the digital divide.
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
Social Media: Online platforms that allow users to create, share, and interact with content (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2019).
Sports Fan Engagement: The level of interaction, loyalty, and emotional connection that fans have with a sports team or event (Wakefield, 2020).
Digital Interaction: The process of engaging with content and individuals through online platforms (Miller & Slater, 2018).
Fan Loyalty: The commitment and continuous support of fans towards a sports team or athlete (Beech & Chadwick, 2020).
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NIGERIA PRESS IN A DEPRESSED ECONOMY(A CASE STUDY OF KAFTAN TV)
Introduction
The Nigerian press plays a critical role in shaping public opinion, holding government officials accountable, and fostering transparency. However, the media industry, like many other sectors, has been deeply affected by the country’s prolonged economic downturn. The economic challenges in Nigeria, including high inflation, unemployment, and dwindling revenues, have put immense pressure on media organizations to survive while maintaining journalistic integrity (Adedokun, 2020). This synopsis aims to analyze the impact of a depressed economy on Nigeria’s press, with a specific focus on Kaftan TV, a privately owned television station, and how the station navigates these economic challenges.
Background of the Study
The economic recession in Nigeria, which started in 2016, continues to pose significant risks to various sectors. The press is no exception, as it depends heavily on advertising revenue and government patronage, both of which have been negatively impacted by the economic slowdown (Akinwale & Idowu, 2019). With reduced income, media houses are forced to downsize staff, reduce content quality, or, in extreme cases, shut down operations (Omoera, 2021). Kaftan TV, like many other private broadcasters, has had to develop innovative strategies to stay afloat while continuing to provide reliable news coverage.
Statement of the Problem
The research problem revolves around how economic depression affects the operations of private media organizations in Nigeria. Specifically, the study will examine how Kaftan TV manages to balance the financial constraints posed by the economy while maintaining its role as a credible news source. The research seeks to understand the operational challenges faced by the station, including cost-cutting measures, revenue generation strategies, and the impact on content production.
Objectives of the Study
To assess the impact of Nigeria’s depressed economy on the operations of Kaftan TV.
To examine the revenue-generation challenges faced by Kaftan TV in the current economic climate.
To evaluate how the economic downturn has influenced the quality and quantity of content produced by Kaftan TV.
To identify strategies adopted by Kaftan TV to maintain sustainability during economic hardship.
Research Questions
How has Nigeria’s depressed economy affected the financial operations of Kaftan TV?
What revenue generation challenges is Kaftan TV facing in the current economic climate?
How has the economic downturn impacted the content production and journalistic integrity of Kaftan TV?
What strategies has Kaftan TV adopted to navigate financial constraints while maintaining quality?
Literature Review
The media industry in Nigeria, like in many developing nations, is heavily reliant on advertising as a major source of revenue (Adeyemi, 2018). However, in a depressed economy, companies cut back on advertising expenses, leading to reduced income for media outlets (Olayiwola, 2020). Additionally, the high cost of operation—particularly the purchase of modern broadcasting equipment and maintaining a digital presence—adds to the financial strain (Ibrahim & Adejumo, 2022).
Studies indicate that the Nigerian press has adopted various survival strategies, including reliance on digital platforms for audience reach and collaboration with international organizations to fund investigative journalism (Nwabueze, 2019). Despite these efforts, many media houses struggle to maintain a balance between financial survival and maintaining editorial independence, often resorting to sensationalism or reliance on political patronage to stay operational (Udoakah, 2021).
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THE USE OF STATE BROADCAST MEDIA AS PROPAGANDA MACHINERY BY STATE GOVERNMENT
ABSTRACT
In several quarters, there have been allegation making round, that state governments use their state Broadcast media as propaganda machinery. The focus is to investigate such allegation using Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) radio/TV as a case study. The study was based on critical theory by staurt Hall. The theory views the means by which the “haves of society gain the willing support of the “have nots” to maintain the status quo. The study uses empirical method observing the five chapters structural arrangement, with each chapter assigned a specific role to play for the overall success of producing a reliable result. The researcher consulted relevant literature to raise secondary data while survey method was used to generate primary data for analysis. The data generated using questionnaire techniques were tested using chi-share goodness of fit test formular. Data were presented in tables and extensively discussed to enable the researcher draw his conclusion and make some recommendations. The researcher though did not find Enugu state government using it’s broadcast outfits as propaganda machinery, but strongly recommends that the management of the broadcast stations should overhaul it’s programmes in order to drop those perceived by the media audiences as sycophantic, wherein presenters use them to sing praises for the state government unnecessarily.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
1.2 Statement of the study
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Significance of the study
1.5 Research questions
1.6 Research hypotheses
1.7 Definitions of terms
1.8 Assumptions of the study
1.9 Limitation of the study
References
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of literature
2.2 Review of the literature
2.3 Theoretical framework
2.4 Summary of the literature reviewed
References
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 The research design
3.2 Area of the study
3.3 Population of the study
3.4 Research sample and sampling techniques
3.5 Instrument used for data collection
3.6 Data collection
3.7 Data analysis
References
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
4.1 Data presentation and analysis
4.2 Hypothesis testing
4.3 Discussion of findings
References
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON FURTHER STUDIES.
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations on further studies
Bibliography
Appendix
Questionnaire.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Broadcasting, according to Robert White (1999:485) was introduced as a form of military communication in the 1920’s, the apogee of nationalism and government propaganda. Dominick (1990:175) one of the striking facts about broadcasting is that it was invented by young people for example, Marconi who developed wireless transmitter was only twenty-three when he did that and Reginald Fessenden made his first radiophone broadcast when he was thirty-four. But, can the adult misuse or abuse broadcasting media because it was the brainchild of the young people? So it could be misused by the powers that be. Quoting Aiyetan (2002) Galadima (2003:260) “public office holders believe they can do anything and get away with it as long as they can control media, or get a good journalist to do the dirty job of lying with facts”.
Odumegwu Ojukwu, also observed thus:
When a public office holder does something outlandish,the media sing his praises instead of condemning him than concentrating on more important national or state issues. (cited by Gdadima, 2003: 261)
In a vehement support of Ojukwu’s Observation, Ternakur (2003:236) Citing Nwankwo (1987), describes the Nigerian mass media as “government said” media is not out of place. Government reflects the will and interests of the class that controls the existing mode of production, power bloc and political machinery in their media outfits.
Neither the government nor their media workers ever agree that they misuse the media. Every journalist disassociates himself or herself from the term “propaganda”. But Casey (1960:232) “the problem every media of communication faces is separating news from propaganda”. Under a free system, one can distinguish between journalist and a propagandist. Both are interested informers. But, journalists seek news and serve the producers of news and not the consumers of news. In the Nigerian government – owned media, journalists are propagandists. They use all known propaganda devices to achieve the aim of their pay-masters.
According to Junhao Hong, (1997:223), “Chinese government uses broadcast media to conduct propaganda campaigns”. The question is, is propaganda bad? In answer to this question, Ebeze (2003: 219) “Propaganda is not composed of lies and tell stories. It operates with many different kinds of truth, half-truths, limited-truths and truth out of context.”
The author quoted Braque (1999) “modern propaganda introduces new dimensions which tend towards education and enlightenment.
Broadcasting media started in Nigeria in the 1930s. Ebo (1994:43) by 1936, radio made its debut when the first Radio Distribution Service through rediffusion sets became operational in Lagos, Nigeria. But, what is today known as Enugu State Broadcasting Service (ESBS) was first opened on October 1, 1960 when it was called Eastern Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation (ENBC). Having operated for forty-eight years now, it will be proper for a study of this nature in order to ascertain from an independent source whether government has used it as propaganda machinery or other wise.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
All over the world, especially third world countries with less degree of free press, government has manipulated the masses using broadcasting media. Broadcasting is volatile and its potentials are unending satisfaction, as in print media. It has great potentials in information dissemination, education enlightenment, political socialization, and socio-cultural orientation. Most people form their opinions based on what they learned from the mass media. Regrettably, observed schramm (1971), quoted by Ebeze (200:221)
Forming an opinion becomes more difficult when a person does not have access to adequate information ……… this information will help individual to form an opinion.
When the masses are disinformed, or uninformed due to excessive censorship or punitive control measures of state owned media by the government, the public might react and take law into their hands. For instance, between 2000 and 2002, there were instances when aggrieved media audiences in Anambra, Imo and Abia states resorted to jungle justice by invading and attacking Anambra Broadcasting Service (ABS) Awka, Imo Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) Oweri, and Broadcasting Corporation of Abia (BCA) Umuahia. The attacks on the broadcasting media stations were as a result of unprofessional reportage of election news. The three mentioned broadcast stations are not alone in unprofessional broadcasting.
Since ESBS is one of the state governments – owned broadcasting media stations, it could be involved in state government propaganda machinery, like others. Therefore, the problem of this study is what the use of state broadcast media as propaganda by state government can cause to opinion formation, information need, education and political socialization of those who expose themselves to state broadcast media. The tendency of disinformation and propaganda, the type defined by Lasswell (1937) “Propaganda are techniques of influencing human actions by the manipulation of representation” are prone to exist in a society where government misuses the media.
Moguluwa (2004:159). Government must avoid any form of deceit and misleading information. But, government often prefers negative propaganda while seeking support from the masses to good public relations practice.
Propaganda machinery in information dissemination has a lot of negative consequences on the media audience especially if it comes from state government via its media, so a study of this type can not be ignored at this time
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Sycophancy flattery and praise singing have been promoted to higher disturbing levels, more especially in political broadcasting ……. State owned broadcast media stations have perfected the crude and irritating art of praise singing for governors and their officials (Umechukwu, 2000:13).
Infact, a sycophant journalist is a source of irritation to media audiences who often see them through the falseness of the media content packaged by the unethical singer. Sycophancy, in every ramification, kills the spirit of investigative journalism, especially among young reporters, who meet praise-singing and see it as the mainstream in journalism practice.
Based on this seemingly observation, the objectives of this study includes.
1. To determine whether ESBS is involved in sycophantic formalism.
2. To find out whether its audiences have ever risen to attack its premises and stations for unethical reporting.
3. To determine the level of government censorship of the broadcast media outputs.
4. To find out how friendly is the station to state ruling political party’s opposition groups.
5. To determine the pattern of recruitment of journalists into the organization.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The benefits of this study are numerous. The Use of state Broadcast media as Propaganda Machinery by State Governments, demands serious empirical investigation because of it’s significance. For example.
a. The study result will confirm whether state governments use state broadcast media as propaganda machinery
b. The study will expose the level of state government involvement in the management, and staff recruitment in the stations.
c. The study will expose the level of sycophantic practise in the state broadcast media.
d. The result of the study will serve as reference materials for further studies in management, government and mass communication
e. Both state government and management of ESBS will find the study useful in many aspects
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
A number of questions have been raised and answers to such questions definitely shall provide solution to the problem of state government misuse of state broadcast media organizations. The belief of this researcher is that the following research questions will provide focus and direct his attention to major issues in the identified problem, and the questions are.
A. Do the respondents observe ESBS as practicing sycophantic broadcasting?
B. Whether the respondents can remember any time ESBS audience rose against its unprofessional reportage of state matters?
C. Are the respondents aware that state government do censor their broadcast media news items?
D. Can the respondents recall any time state broadcast media ever showed equal and balanced coverage and reportage of opposition groups activities with state government own activities?
E. Do the respondents know the method and pattern of staff recruitment in ESBS organization?
1.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
Ho: Respondents do not observe that ESBS practice sycophantic broadcasting.
H1: Respondents do observe that ESBS practice sycophantic broadcasting.
Ho: Respondents cannot remember when the aggrieved ESBS audience rose against it’s unethical broadcasting.
H2: Respondents can remember when the aggrieved ESBS audience rose against it’s unethical broadcasting.
Ho: Respondents are not aware that state government do censor their broadcast media news items.
H3: Respondents are aware that state government do censor their broadcast media news items.
Ho: Respondents cannot recall when ESBS was balancing event coverage between the state government and its opposition groups.
H4: The respondent can recall when ESBS was balancing event coverage between the state government and its opposition groups
Ho: Respondents do not know very well how media workers are recruited in ESBS organization.
H5: Respondents know very well how media workers are recruited in ESBS organizations.
1.7 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
In order to avoid the readers misinterpretation of certain words or terms contained in the title of this work, the researcher defined the terms conceptionally and operationally. Such words and terms are:
1. State broadcast media
2. Propaganda
3. State government
A. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITIONS
i. State Broadcast Media: They are very potent mass media which combine audio, vision and motion in transmission of news and programmes.
ii. Propaganda: This is an expression of opinion or action by individuals or groups deliberately designed to influence opinions or actions of other individuals or groups with references to predetermined ends
iii. State Government: A type of government, according to the Nigerian constitution, described as the second. tier of government.
B OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS.
i. State Broadcast Media: broadcast media of the Enugu state of Nigeria which comprises Enugu state broadcasting service [radio station and television station] ie ESBS Fm radio and ESBS UHF television.
ii. Propaganda: It is any process in which the government of Enugu state, military or civilian, uses to manipulate information and news via its broadcast media to the audiences.
iii. State Government: This is the government of Enugu state of Nigeria, with its capital in Enugu.
1.8 ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
The researcher’s interest in carrying out this study at this time is informed of the fact of mounting criticisms against state governments misuse of state government broadcast media. Infact between 2000 and 2005 across South East Geo- Political Zone the state broadcast media audiences had cried foul of unprofessional broadcasting. In Abia, Anambra and Imo aggrieved media audiences rose against unethical political broadcasting and attacked both the media workers and stations’ property in several occasions. Also at Ebonyi, it was observed that state broadcast media was on extension of the state governor’s wife kitchen. It was alleged that the governor’s wife could sit down in her kitchen and give order for any presenter to be punished for saying what she did not like.
Therefore, this researcher assumes that:
i. That ESBS, being a state broadcast media outfit cannot be exempted from state government manipulation.
ii. That the station must be involved in sycophantic broadcasting in order to please state government.
iii. Staff recruitment in the station may has strong political undertone or biases.
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THE INFLUENCE OF MOBILE PHONES ON THE PRACTICE OF JOURNALISM AMONG JOURNALISTS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Child labor is an important global issue associated with poverty, inadequate educational opportunities, gender inequality, and a range of health risks.1 Child labor is defined by the relevant international conventions (UNICEF’s Convention on the Rights of the Child,2 International Labor Organization [ILO] Convention 138,3 and especially, 1824) not by the activities performed by the child, but by the consequences of such activities (exceptions are the so-called unconditional worst forms of child labor such as prostitution and bondage, as noted in ILO Convention 182). For instance, work affecting a child’s health and schooling should, according to these conventions, be eliminated.5 Identifying the health effects of child labor is essential because it enables policymakers to decide which types of child labor to target for eradication.
The ILO estimates that there are approximately 250 million child laborers worldwide, with at least 120 million of them working under circumstances that have denied them a childhood and in conditions that jeopardize their health and even their lives. Most working children are ages 11 to 14 years old, but as many as 60 million are between the ages of 5 and 11.6 Although the exact numbers are not known, available statistics indicate that approximately 96% of child workers reside in developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America; there are also pockets of child labor in many industrialized countries.5,7,8 In spite of a reported decline in child labor during the period 1995 to 2000,9 child labor remains a major concern.
Most child laborers begin working at a very young age, are malnourished, and work long hours in hazardous occupations; frequently they do not attend school. They receive very low wages or are unpaid, and their income or help is usually essential for family survival. They are mainly employed in the informal sector, with agriculture accounting for more children workers than any other sector. It is estimated that, in developing countries, at least 90% of economically active children in rural areas are employed in agriculture.10 Recent ILO statistics from 20 developing countries categorized the proportion of economically active children aged 5 to 14 years as employed in agriculture, animal husbandry, and related work at 74% (73.3% of boys and 78.8% of girls).11
Short term, the most obvious economic impact of child labor at the family level is an increase in household income. Long term, the underaccumulation of human capital caused by low school attendance and poor health is a serious negative consequence of child labor, representing a missed opportunity to enhance the productivity and future earnings capacity of the next generation.12 Child laborers grow up to be low-wage–earning adults; as a result, their offspring will also be compelled to work to supplement the family’s income. In this way, poverty and child labor is passed from generation to generation.13,14
Although child labor is recognized as a global health problem, research on its health impact on children has been limited and sometimes inconsistent. In 1998, Graitcer and Lerer published the first comprehensive review of the effect of child labor on children’s health by extrapolating data from the Global Burden of Disease Study.15 The occupational mortality rate among children matched the adult occupational mortality rate, such that the occupational mortality rate indicates mortality associated with child labor. In another study, in 2000, Graitcer and Lerer did not find any differences in the health status of working and nonworking Egyptian children in the short run (the children were not followed to adulthood).16 A 2003 report on children’s work in Morocco,17 Yemen,18 and Guatemala,19 and a review developed under the aegis of Understanding Children’s Work Project20 provide an overview of the nature and extent of child labor, its determinants, and its consequences for the health and education of children in these countries. Several case–control and cohort studies have reported on the association of child labor, impaired growth, and malnutrition.21–26
Urban centres which have degenerated from centres of excellence to centres of squalor which are further characterized by inadequate social services, deplorable living conditions, high risk of disease outbreak, deprived land use planning, exposure to violence and other social vices.
Studies have shown that there has been an annual incremental formation of slums in Nigerian cities [1,2] Rivers State plays a major role because of its strategic economic importance to the country as the hydrocarbon hub and a centre of attraction for all and sundry. Slums formation in Nigeria are wrought with hasty urbanization, poverty, substandard urban housing stock, near non-existence of enforcement of urban development guidelines by city management authorities, lack of proper housing stock and maintenance. [3] asserts that slums have been theorized as collection of structures or an area encumbered by overcrowding, deterioration, unhygienic surroundings, absence of basic and essential facilities like potable water, standard educational and health facilities, drainage system, leisure centres, post office, markets and the like.
However, one sure way of coming out of this quagmire biased on town planning orientation is the application of the appropriate development control tools by the relevant authorities, especially the local planning authorities. These planning authorities when established will be saddled with the responsibility of enhancing the quality of the environment, improve the conditions of the housing stock, encourage ordered development and improve liveability within the cityscape. Notwithstanding the strategic importance of the application of these development control measures in the balancing of the physical environment, there exist other factors encumbering the effectiveness of this notion and thus made the entire process a mirage and a mismatch to the capacity of development control process to city growth management.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in awareness of professions in business education among secondary schools
H0: There is no relationship between students’ orientation levels and their choice of profession in business education
H1: There is a relationship between students’ orientation levels and their choice of profession in business education
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THE IMPACT OF TELEVISION ON THE LEARNING HABITS OF PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN
ABSTRACT
Television has been an instrument of learning. Its roles cannot be underestimated for children, who are developing learning habit in school and at home. This research project examined the influence of television on children learning habit in Agbor. Instrument of data gathering uses sampling techniques. Sample size for the study was one hundred and eighty participants and the result showed that there is significant relationship between television programme and children’s learning habit. Television Stations should train and retrain their programme presenter so that they can also present good educational progarmmes for the children. It therefore recommended that television Stations should train and retrain their programme producers and presenter so that they can also produce good educational progarmmes for the children. Daily timing of the children educational programme should be allow children to watch television programme schedule. Indecent contents in some of the programmes that are for children and adult like in soap opera should be excluded. Parents should know the time of the programme for their children with relationship to education and remind them for the programmes.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background to the Study
Mass media have the capacity to educate mass audience especially children in primary and secondary school. Ocharo and Karam (2015) noted that several researches on the impact of mass media as educational channels made mass media relevant in children learning ability.
Mass media play a major role in enhancing positive development through various educational programmes shown on television aims at increasing children knowledge and understanding of various aspects of life.
Apart from being a channel for educational learning, mass media play a major role in enhancing socialization among children. With the advanced technology, children easily access the mass media channel is for their educational utilities (Mumi, 2010). Mass media have great influence on children and as they enhance media professionalism in the content productions. These programmes are packaged in such a way that will influence children’s learning ability. Page and Extra (2004) stated that mass media intend to dictate various aspects including the ideal image. Children start to imitate the characters and contents portrayed in mass media without being careful to differentiate between wrong and right.
One of the power channels of the mass media is television. Television has become popular and commonly used by children. Syed (2010) noted that television is considered as an electronic carpet which seems to transport millions of person each day to far off places. It is reported that television made its visibility some more than sixty years ago. People were not skeptical about it, but were also jealous, unkind and even hostile. Over a short span life, however, it emerged as a remarkable medium of communication, entertainment and education of (Syed and Mohammed (2010).
Television is an important tool most people, young or old, as of today most information are delivered to the public via this technology. It can also be accessed easily via cables, satellite, which could provide consumers with every type of information that they need, either for work, education, leisure. With the emergence of this media and the production of various programmes, television has caught the attention, of most people. Comparable to other media, television is the most accessible media to most people, including children, where is their most favourite media.
There is a close relationship between television programmes and the learning ability of children in primary and secondary schools. This is formed in the characteristics of television medium as agent of enhancing school curriculum for young people. It is consequently on the children’s listening and watching characteristics and as such act in line with what they watch.
Uwen, Udeze and Asogwa (2014) explained that television influence children through communication of communicators in learning. Eastman and Ferguson (2009), argued that the broadcast personnel has the task of exercising inflecune on the audience and this depends on the ability of novelty and entertainment value. Children want fresh stories, fresh lessons and programmes. Uwe et al., (2014) posit that television contents are expected to contribute to the building of the child in all spheres of life, including his educational upliftment. The broadcast medium, particularly the television is sometimes described as a teacher, often complementary and at times attempting to supplant the classroom. Fully aware of such broadcast potentials, programmers intentionally take advantage of the medium to contribute to and make an impact on the educational development of the child.
Educational development of children is the process of learning. Learning is the acquisition of knowledge per time in child’s development process. Syed and Mohammed (2012) argued that television as a very powerful medium influence the learning and social habit of children. It is a stronger agent for children, adolescents and other family members. Especially with its combined effects of audio and visual. It is now readily apparent that television can have a profound impact on children as well as adolescent educational development. Television programmes are used to assist children in different subjects and curriculum with other teaching materials. Moses (2008) avers that television programmes on education are success story of how children literary prefer learning visual content at early age, because it is beneficial of reading and the promotion of literacy in children.
Learning habit means the ways of studying, whether systematic or unsystematic, efficient or otherwise. Learning habits that an individual may have formed with respect to his learning activities. Adebiyi (2013) raja and Reddy (2013) stated that in the process of learning habitual way of exercising and practicing their abilities for learning especially children learns character and knowledge by habit. It is also a form of monitoring. Most often, children come out to mimic the very television instructor or classroom instructor because they might have positive or negative understanding of the instructor. Raja and Reddy (2013) stated that children generally study their supervisor or guardian. This is done through their desire to learn, willful working abilities and talents. All these are fulfilled in his assignment work, in classroom interaction, for examination purpose or form television self assigned a duty.
The possible way of learning by children is the use of memory. Both short term and long term memories are useful. They help a child to assimilate what they watch, listen to and adopted form their teachers, Raja and Reddy (2013) stated that the child must have good memory, self-discipline in studying and skill in assimilation. The skill of finding what you want will develop and increase as long as you nourish it. Skill of fixing it up in one’s mind requires the development of good study.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Children are naturally active, playful and demand answers to unlimited questions Ngwoke and Ibiam (2009:3) Kondo (2005:1) opine that children do not perceive televisual skills step-by-step in line with their cognitive development. Age and linguistic maturity determine how a child will respond and engage with television.
The impact of television on children’s learning habit is been in the content of television prorgammes and the choice of programmes by the children. Television has contributed more to children learning. Daramola (2009:3) stated that television production, when effectively utilized can present information in adverse forms so much that it can aid learning.
Television viewing can cut into family time; hinder reaching and academic performance of children and achievement. Anatsui and Adekanje (2014:2) stated that the media constructs a reality for itsaudience, and so its audience eventually adopts the symbols. Negative outcomes have been observed in today’s school, which appears to be related to how much of the wrong kind of media exposure. Such as an; attention deficit disorder, behavioural problems, faltering academic abilities, language difficulties which extend to reading comprehension as well as oral expression and weak problem solving skills are reported by teachers across the globe.
Therefore, the study seeks to investigate the level of impact of television on the primary school children in Agbor.
1.3 Objectives
1. To examine the level of awareness of the influence of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor.
2. To ascertain influence of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor
3. To find out the impact of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor.
4. To determine the factors that affects the effectiveness of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor.
1.4 Research Question
1. What is the level of awareness of the influence of television in the learning habits of children in Agbor?
2. What is the influence of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor?
3. What is the impact of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor?
4. What are the factors that affect the effectiveness of television on the learning habits of children in Agbor?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study will make important contribution to the study of media influence on children’s learning skills. It will also be a correlation study between learning, academic achievement and television exposure by children in Agbor. The study will contribute to children’s understanding of the impact of television in education through television educational broadcasting. Educational television programmers will utilize the findings and this will open to further research on relevant study topic.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of the study covers Agbor as a geographical location. It also centers on children resident of Agbor. The age bracket of children of this study falls between 6 years to 18 years which covers both primary and secondary schools age. The period of the study shall be for three months from January 2016 to March 2016. As regard to television, all channels are within the scope of the study.
1.7 Definition of Terms.
Television: This is a mass communication channel that transmits information through combination of audio and visual.
Impact: The level of effect of a thing on another.
Learning: The art and act of acquiring new ideas for skills acquisition or human development.
Habit: The attitude that is predominance to a person which the person has little or no control of.
Children: The age group that depends on parental guide.
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THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CONSUMER BUYING BEHAVIOUR
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
New technological inventions can have a great impact in organizations through its contributions to change the social environment while expediting sharing of knowledge and the development of new ideas. (Kling et al, 2005). Social Media will come in handy as a good example of new technological innovation that is making a great impact in the organizations of today.
In time past, the social media inspired technologies were seen as a chapter. But time has proven that wrong. We have seen the world being transformed daily by these new collective technologies, which is giving a new hope to organizations with impacts which were never considered to exist initially.
Today, most organizations are mainly interested in incorporating social media into the business structures of their organization, but do not have a proper know-how of what social media is all about. They also don’t have a tangible channel to ascertain the gain that these technologies hold for them. In a survey carried out in 2009 by McKinsey and Company, it was discovered that with the appropriate use of the social media a lot of organizations were able to benefit from each other in ways such as sharing of ideas, communication becoming better and the workplace environment becoming enhanced. The value that social media adds in organizations is huge as an increasing number of organizations are already endorsing and exploiting the various opportunities in social media technological innovation. This is to enable them find support for their various organizational and business practices (Starmark, 2008;).
Social media hold a lot of interesting opportunities, but it is important to understand how to utilize it with its accompanying impact in an organizational context beside where it is applicable in real‐life projects. The present day organizations should ask questions like how can employees use social media technologies to do their work and what impact these have on employees. These should be pivotal questions for modern day organizations. These questions can help organizations to understand how social media technologies work effectively at workplace. Thus, it affords them the opportunity to review and understand how to utilize what it offers with its impact on how people interact and work among them as earlier discussed.
Hill (2009) portrayed Globalization as the deviation towards a more unified and co-dependent economy which is historically merging different national markets into one global enormous marketplace. The Economic Intelligence Unit (2009) announced that, the global market place was overwhelmed by variations in exchange rates, the purchasing behavior of consumers and inflation in the course of the recession that started in 2007. These economic developments have ended up compelling organizations to redesign their business strategies so they can be able to communicate their brands more effectively. Davis (2001) writes that brand is one of an organization’s most prized assets which simply imply that there is a demand on the present day organization to understand that it is important for them to capitalize on their brand. This can help them maintain a profitable growth and achieve sustained profitability objectives.
There are various means of building brands, which can come in form of advertising, meeting specific needs of customers, attaching a particular image to a service or product, identifying and meeting a need that competitors are to identify, combative communication and strategizing price (Burger et al, 2009). As recessions is towering in recent times of high, it became very imperative for organizations to maintain honest, clear medium of communication and retain a good image in a cost effective means (Unit for Economic Intelligence, 2009). Social media marketing was one of the popular channel organizations used to communicate their brands during the recession. Some of those mediums are; online electronic media which helps facilitates participation, responsiveness, consultation, connectivity and networking amongst online end users (Mayfield, 2008).
Social media channels like Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn etc are some of the dynamic tools that have helped facilitate online rapport (Golden, 2011). Relatively, it is a low cost pattern of marketing which allows organizations to engage direct end-users through their contacts (Heinlein and Kaplan, 2010).
Brands and consumers have a changing role to play in the organization’s strategy given the choices made available to consumers and the prominent role of social media marketing being that they now have an impact on the economy (Mayfield 2004, Lindeman, 2008). Brands have huge influence on customer choice and customers influence other customers. Affecting repurchases are these series of events, which goes on to affect earnings in the future and long term organizational continuity (Oliveira and Sullivan, 2003).
Thus, consumer’s buying behavior is often influenced by a leading brand. This value is created by generating demand (via repurchases) and securing of future earnings for the organization (Sullivan and Oliveira, 2003). Therefore social media marketing serves as opportunities for communication and depends upon new and unusual thought patterns (Heinlein and Kaplan, 2010; Kweskin, 2008). This helps customer’s product and brand experience.
This new era of digital communication and social engagement is preeminent for strategizing in business. Therefore as organizations are becoming more competitive globally, it is pertinent for them to explore marketing strategy in a more compelling and innovative way so as to attract larger number of customers (Rockendorf, 2011).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
The coming of the Internet and its acceptance by the public, have altered quite a lot in the way organizations promotetheir services and products as well as the channels of communication between them and theircustomers. This is seen in the way they market and communicatetheir brands and products nowadays which is becoming a challenging project.
Customers are overwhelmed by marketing commercials and promotional events. The sensitivity of customers to get excited is fading out on promotional events and consumers are beginning to resist the efforts of some companies at marketing them.
Basically, the promotional focus of some organizations is on the conventional mass media advert style which includes commercials on TV, radio jingles and advertisements in print formats such as newspapers and magazines along with billboard placements. It is now on record that as the Internet is fast advancing across the global marketplace, the effectiveness of traditional mass media is fast on the decline.
1.3 Objectives of the research
The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of social media on buying behavior of consumers. Specific objectives of the study are:
To examine students’ perception towards shopping online.
To examine factors that motivate student buyers to shop through social media platforms.
To examine how social media channels have affected buying behavior of Lagos state university students.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What perception do students’ have towards shopping online?
What factors motivate student buyers to shop through social media platforms?
How have social media channels affected buying behavior of Lagos state university students?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
1. HO: Students have negative perception towards online shopping.
Hi: Students have positive perception towards online shopping.
2. Ho: There is no significant relationship between social media channels and buying behavior of consumers.
Hi: there is a significant relationship between social media channels and buying behavior of consumers.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE RESEARCH
With regard to the objectives, conducting the research from the perspective of consumers would be a considerably suitable approach. The researcher realizes that there are many available reports and studies which rather aims to help businesses to gain a better understanding in social media marketing but not to help consumers to identify reasons that social media has changed their decision making process. Since the purpose of marketing is, in sum, about consumer; therefore, by having the starting point from the perception of consumer, and by collecting data from consumers’ point of view, fresh insights can be gathered. The research also aims to serve as an indicator to potential readers (companies) of how they can tab into the decision making process via social media sites. The research focuses on the behavior of end consumers (individuals) and particularly within the retailing industry, for instance clothing, food, consumer electronics, and so on.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
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Bank: FIRST BANK
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PRESS AND POLITICS IN NIGERIA, 1980 TO 1990
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The development of Nigerian politics is interwoven with that of the press. The early press, notably Townsend’s Iwe Irolin fun awon oti Egba Yoruba, the Nigerian first newspaper was used as a political progranda tool to fight the colonial administration in Lagos during the struggle for Independence. Idowu (2001:55) reports that the newspaper was so effective that the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in England found it necessary to caution Townsend over his “excesses” in 1963. he further comments that a year later, governor freeman complained to the home government that Iwe Irohim was “aggravating problems of foreign policy”. This explains why the press is viewed as a very powerful weapon in the hands up both the government and the governed. It is the seeming efficacy of the media that Ngene (2001:1) writes that “As an institution, the press has been described variously”. Some people see and perceive it as the “watch dog of the society”, some describes it as a “mirrow” through which society sees itself as it is.
In similar vein, others describe the press as “the unrecognized fourth arm of government”. This later description of the press gave rise to the tag on the press all over the world as the “fourth estate of the realin”, thus being accorded the fourth position on the hierarchy of leadership in a democratic society. The other arms of government being referred to include the executive, judiciary and legislature.
As the fourth estate of the realm, press enhances not only the smooth operation, performance and interactions between the various arms of government in the service of the people, but also prevents any operation of the people by these arms of government.
Similarly, the press in performing its “watch dog role”, Edeani (1993:80) posits that press the press is supposed to keep a watchful eye on what the government is doing and has the obligation on behalf of the public to criticize the government whenever it thinks that the government has not performed in the public interest.
This not withstanding, the pen profession, like any other profession can also affect a society – negatively or positively. On the positive side, the press (mass-media) appear to possess unequalled and unparallel capacities and capabilities to unveil, portray and reflect the society in which it operates.
On the negative aspect, Kenneth Kaunda, a Former Zambian President explains “given appropriate conditions, the press can cause war or create peace. It can promote development or create difficulties in ways of development”.
What the above statement by Kaunda simply means, is that it is counter productive for any society to create conditions that would provide the press the opportunity of exhibiting its negative traits since the consequences are always far-reaching.
Mahatma Ghandi acknowledges this much when he said “the press is a great power but as an unchained torrent submerges the whole country side and devastates crops, even so an uncontrolled pen serves but to destroy”.
Okunna (2001:75) supports the press for its roles in politics when she says the history of the press in many societies shows that journalists have always been in the forefront of the struggle for freedom. The best journalists, that is, those who distinguish themselves and stand out among their peers are journalists who speak for the people/or grant people access to the media.
1.2 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLME
This work sets out to determine the role of the press in Nigerian politics particularly its patterns of reporting and analysing political issues, crises and struggle since their pre-independence era. For quite a long time now, as could be observed from the preceding studies, the press have proved to be a potent tool used in shaping, altering, perceptions and causing attitude change. The press (radio, television, newspapers, and magazines) are used to lend credence, support, and authenticity to certain political issues, political office holders and parties yet, little or no effort has been made to find out the impact of continuous press participation in the nations politics.
Based on the above, the researcher therefore deem it expedient and purposeful to investigate the role of the press in politics. A historical analysis of issues and patterns of news coverage.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main objectives of the study is to find out whether or not the Nigerian press is selective in its report of similar political issues that affect the progress and functioning of the nation or not.
The study will also find out the circumstances and the reasons for the performances of the press especially in periods of political crisis. This study will further strive to ascertain what was responsible for the dearth of investigative reporting during the period and the in updating of the payes of newspapers and magazines with personalities who hold and support similar views as the newspaper organizations they work for.
Similarly, this study will determine the implications of using the press for pure sectional, ethnic and religions biased coverage’s of events.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
For the purpose of carrying out this study effectively, the following research questions have been formulated to guide the study.
1. Do Nigerians thinks that the press was selective in its coverage of similar political issues in the country?
2. Does ownership and location of a media organisation affect its patterns of news coverage on politics, events, and political issues?
3. What implication does investigative reporting and a high preponderance of views/opinions in the press holds for the Nigerian press?
4. Is sectional, ethnic and religious bias glaringly observe in the pattern of news coverage and analysis of issue by the Nigeria press?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H1: The Nigeria press is selection in its coverage of similar political stories and issues.
H0: The Nigeria press is not selection in its coverage of similar political stories and issues.
H2: Ownership and location of a media organization affect its pattern of news coverage on political issues and events.
H0: Ownership and location of a media organization does not affect its pattern of news coverage on political issues and events.
H3: Absence of well-investigated reports and stories have adverse effect on the image of the Nigerian press.
H0: Absence of well-investigated reports and stories on political message does not affect the image of the Nigerian press.
H4: The patterns of news coverage and analysis of issues by the Nigerian press do manifest incidents of sectional, religions and ethnic bias.
H0: The patterns of news coverage and analysis of issues by the Nigerian press do not manifest cases of sectional, ethnic and religion bias.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
OPERATIONAL AND CONCEPTIONAL DEFINITIONS
At this point, it is necessary to define concepts under study both operationally and conceptionally. To this effect, the following concepts have to be defined: press, politics, analysis, issues, pattern, coverage.
PRESS
CONCEPTIONAL DEFINITION: Radio, Television, Periodicals – including newspapers, magazines, book, leadlets, that are used in Nigeria for the dissemination and transmission to widely dispersed audience.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: In this study, press refers to the use of organs of mass-communication like radio, and television.
POLITICS
CONCEPTIONAL DEFINITION: The art of science with guiding or influencing government policy, winning and holding control over a government.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: The struggle for power and dominance, sharing and allocating of the country’s resources.
ANALYSIS:
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: An examination of issues, events, and topics that are complex so as to elucidate and make its meaning clear.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: In this study, it is the manner in which the media reports or packages political news to aid the struggle and quest for power and control of the nation.
ISSUES
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: These are important topics for discussion and argument.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: These refer to policy, options or programmes put in place by media organization for the over-all purpose of advancing the country and politics.
PATTERNS
CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION: This is a design or reliable and systematical style or packaging news coverage’s.
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION: Here, pattern is the way and manner the press/media organisation treats position and slant stories to favour a cause.
NEWS COVERAGE
Conceptually, this means gathering and presentation of happenings, events peoples and places on newspapers, magazines, radio and television. Operationally, the actual style, language, positioning and slant given to a story in any of the various organs of mass-communication in Nigeria.
1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
The following assumptions are made:-
The critical, pungent and vocal posture of the Nigerian press on political happenings, events, and politics in Nigeria as well as its patterns of news coverage are responsible for the advancement of the nation.
That print and electronic channels as well as political messages and advertising have helped Nigeria to become a democratic nation.
Professional and credible discharge of functions by the press could lead to sustenance of democracy.
That the respondents are aware that the media of communication affect and reflect social, economic and political forces and processes.
1.8 SIGNIFICANS OF THE STUDY
Circumstances have assigned the press (mass-media) in many countries the unique function of presenting and clarifying the goals and values of society.
The mass media are also expected to give the citizens of any country full access to the day’s intelligence. As a result of this role of the press, the greatest significance of this study lies in the provision of an insight into what the Nigerian news media’s sojourn and participation in politics holds for the country.
In this regards, this study will ascertain whether or not the press fulfilled their social responsibility role of providing access to the days intelligence. This study will also show the extent political news, a vital information and educational needing the society, receives coverage in Nigerian print and electronic media.
The study when completed, would have succeeded in providing a validly rich data on which further studies on this and related areas will be based.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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PERCEPTION OF JUNIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL BROADCASTING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Education is one of the key functions of the broadcast media. The fact that it takes the form of any language and combines the power of words and visuals makes it even more potent. Ike (2005) argues that the media contribute a lot to the society, by informing and educating the populace on what they need to know. The broadcast media aids education through educational broadcasting. The post-independence Nigerian government understood that education was the key to a better future for Nigerians, so they strategically used the mass media in educating its citizen.
The broadcast media have also developed several educational programmes to enable her serve the interest of programme consumers. These educational programmes have taken different formats. Some come in the form of drama, comedy, music, film and cartoons. These programmes of the broadcast media are used to complement other government or non-government-sponsored programmes. The people are expected to benefit from these programmes. However, the way that they are fashioned can take away the intended learning inherent in the programme. People may be consuming media programmes without noticing that they are expressly being educated. This does not take away the educational function from the media. This is why Nworgu (2016) argued that the broadcast media play the same roles school play as agent of education because schools are formal places for education.
The broadcast media play certain roles in positively affecting the educational sector.
Harold Lasswell stated this when he drafted the functions of mass media by stating that, “when we inform, we educate” (Laswell, 1948 cited in Nworgu, 2017). The government has tried and is still trying to uplift Nigerian educational sector by investing more in making school environment conducive, providing necessary amenities for learning. However, it has neglected the broadcast media’s role as an agent of education. One of the potent ways the broadcast media can educate the populace is through entertainment education. This is because it allows for the use of entertainment while educating the people. Population Communication International (PCI) media impact (2016) had an insightful slogan: “tell a story, change the World.” Human nature appreciates telling and hearing stories, stories that are well told accomplish much in our African setting and are important to the world at large. African culture and history are preserved from generation to generation through story telling. Africans enjoy oral literature.
Sighal & Rogers (2008) as cited by Nkwam-Uwaoma & Onu (2017) opine that Entertainment Education (EE) is a process of purposefully designing and implementing media message to both entertain and educate. This is done to increase audience members’ knowledge about an educational issue, create favourable attitude and influence behaviour and cultural norms as PCI media impact (2016) observed. According to Nkwam-Uwaoma (2017), the history of Entertainment Education can be traced to Bible stories, the great Bible lessons like the story of Zaccheous which was used to teach Sunday schools and other lessons taught by songs. The essence of gospel music and hymns is to evangelise, establish Bible doctrines and to reinforce teachings. The current entertainment education is traced to the “supplement Maria” hit drama 1969 in Lima, Peru (PCI Media Impact, 2016). This indicates that the broadcast media can achieve huge success in the area of education if she focuses on it. This study, therefore, sought to find out the influence of educational broadcast programmes on residents who are studying in different institutions of learning within Owerri Municipal and as well find out whether educative programmes complement class room learning in institutions of higher learning.
Statement of the Problem
Not minding the type of educational programmes floated by most media houses, the issue is whether people expose themselves to these programmes for the benefit of acquiring knowledge and learning new things. It is a truism that with the privatisation of the broadcast media, most media houses resort to cost effective programmes like music, which prevent people from seeing the educative programmes needed or the education inherent in this music. Most media houses seem not to also produce educative programmes modeled after the classroom curriculum. Hence, the people seem not to see express education in most of these media programmes. This study, therefore, sought to find out the influence of educational broadcast programmes on the students of select tertiary institutions in Owerri, Imo State.
Objective of Study
The study sought to:
1. Determine the level of exposure to educational broadcast programmes by students of select tertiary institutions in Owerri, Imo State.
2. Ascertain the knowledge level on educational broadcast programmes by students of select tertiary institutions in Owerri, Imo State.
3. Determine the influence of educational broadcast programmes on the learning quotient of the students of the select tertiary institutions in Owerri, Imo State
CHAPTER TWO
Review of Related Literature
Nkwam-Uwaoma & Onu (2017) opined that educational contents were enshrined in the inception of television broadcasting in Nigeria. This has remained an important part of the Nigerian television broadcasting. The Nigerian Television Authority inherited this as part of its public services. Hence, educational broadcasting is one of the objectives of the NTA. Educational broadcasting entails using the broadcast media in educating the masses and complementing the educational sector in its curriculum which covers day-care up to University level. The broadcast media, according to Babalola (2012), has been used as a catalyst in propagating education for easier understanding and comprehension among both students and those who were not opportune to partake in formal education. Broadcast media in propagating education packages good and retentive programmes with which to aid the presumed student listeners/viewers in their studies and as well inform them properly. The informative and educative functions of the broadcast media are a crucial development for developing and changing the society, so broadcast media organise educational programmes, properly planned with every requisite detail that will attract and retain the attention of its viewers/listeners (Nwabueze, 2014).
An interview done on broadcast media in Owerri municipal including: IBC Orient FM and TV; NTA Owerri; Hot FM; Zanders FM, Megaband FM shows that there are specific programmes, which were included in their programme schedule that tend to educate the populace and students on: health, entrepreneurship, child rights, fundamental human right, security measures, debates, politics, students participation, international updates (current happenings), brain puzzles (teasers), youths as leaders of tomorrow, exercise measures, healthy living, citizenship education, proper pronunciation (phonics) and spellings, educative drama, cartoons, movies, etc. and all other necessary information that concern the students and the measures to take to be guided properly.
The implication of these programmes is that students and the entire populace can access any needed information at their beck and call. In Developed and developing countries, students need not to bother on their homework because the broadcast media there has programmes that are strictly in line with students’ scheme of work and curriculum, so as to aid the students to understand, retain better and learn in a stress free and conducive learning environment (Field survey, 2018). The challenges perceived to have caused this low level of educational broadcasting is basically Fund; the necessary funds that when accessed can bring out quality and professionalism in the planned educational programmes that will complement class work. Another challenge is on the part of the government, lots of bills were enacted on education yet these funds are being delayed unnecessarily. Recommendations were made by the government to establish community/campus media in all communities/institutions in Nigeria, but this proved abortive (Konkwo, 2012).
Usha Vyasulu Reddi (2003) conducted a study on educational broadcasting in the Common Wealth with special reference to educational television; it was revealed that audiovisual media is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world today; it is backed up by technological progress, especially the ICTs and digitalisation and consumers worldwide have access to a multiplicity of entertainment and information channels. Through the invention of new technologies, the government of the nation can no longer control the entry of foreign contents into their country. Similarly, Adegbija, Fakomogbon & Adebayo (2013) in their study entitled ‘role of broadcast media for instructional delivery in open and distance learning; Nigeria as a case study.’ It was observed that as a result of rapid exponential technological development across the globe, many radio and television broadcast equipment and facilities are rapidly being replaced to conform to the digital age. In a related study by Agbamuche (2015) entitled use of electronic media in educational system; findings showed that there are two ends of any e-media based education: the source and the receiver. Nord (2015) carried out a study on teaching in a digital age: Understanding technology in education, which they argued that it is appropriate to recognise that the predominant top-line effect of television viewing on academic achievement appears to be negative. In terms of viewing content, there is a clear differentiation between educational and entertainment material. The research suggests that viewing educational content can lead to positive achievement effects whereas viewing entertainment content yields a negative (or no) effect on achievement. Educational programmes may also increase students’ motivation to read, knowledge of subject domains and problem solving in mathematics and science. Interestingly, this content effect may vary with age, with relatively stronger effects for younger children receiving high quality content (Schmidt & Vandewater, 2008).
Another related study by Mahreen Hasan (2010) entitled mass media’s impact on educational outcomes on developing countries: Evidence from Pakistan, showed that children in households with access to mass media obtained slightly lower knowledge scores. Tahir & Busha Shafi (2015) that the media play a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge to the masses as it works as catalyst in upbringing and brings the latest information to the society at large. Orole (2014) argued that in addition to formal education, the non-formal education and lifelong learning through the media can be a catalyst of information in a communication relationship between the transmitter and the receiver.
Theoretical Framework
This study was anchored on the information processing theory. Brown (2015) posits that the information processing theory approach is based on the idea that humans process information they receive instead of simply responding to external stimuli. According to the theory, the mind is often compared to a computer. The computer, like mind, analyses information and determines how the information will be stored. There are three components of the information processing theory: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory is all of the things that you experience through your five senses: hearing, vision, taste, smell and touch. The capacity of sensory memory is about four items and the duration is limited to 0.5 to 3 seconds. Short-term memory, also called working memory, is the temporary storage, lasts about 15-30 seconds, holds about 7 items of information and includes the thinking part of applying what come out of the sensory memory. Long-term memory is memory that can be accessed at a later time, is long lasting and can hold infinite information.
Humans need to do something with new information; so they store this information in their brains so that they can recall it when needed. They create a similar pathway so as to make sure their brain knows not to discard the newly learned information. This process is called encoding. It is very important to keep cognitive load in mind when trying to learn, recall and remember new information. This theory is relevant because it looks at how people view their environment, how they put that information into memory, and how they retrieve that information later on. The mind processes the information passed through the broadcast media to be meaningful and comprehensive, allowing the audience to practically learn the information passed thereby increasing learning.
CHAPTER FIVE
Recommendations and conclusion
5.1 Recommendations
The researchers conclude that majority of the factors militating against educational broadcasting are internal problems such as: inadequate fund, poor programme quality, production of more entertainment programmes than educational programmes, production of programmes that are not in line with school curriculum. Thus, the following recommendations are given:
1. Given that there are not strictly packaged programme complementing the educational sector, the broadcast media should endeavour to produce well-packaged and specific programmes that would be designed to accommodate classroom work, reflect educational curriculum, educate the masses and aid all round learning.
2. Considering production of more entertainment programmes, the broadcast media should produce less entertainment programmes; they should produce entertainment educational programmes that will not only entertain their viewers/listeners but also increase their learning and morality.
3. Since students listen to broadcast stations in the morning before work/school and late in the evening after the day’s work/school, the broadcast programmes timing should be modified by the stations to suit the students and the entire residents, to aid learning.
4. Broadcast stations should take out time and plan trainings aimed at improving educational programmes that would strictly compliment classroom work at all levels.
5.2 Conclusion
This finding is gainfully explained by the information processing theory which posits that human beings process information they receive instead of simply responding to external stimuli. It means that the mind is often compared to a computer. The computer, like mind, analyses information and determines how the information will be stored. There are three components of the information processing theory: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Humans need to do something with new information, so they store this information in their brains so that they can recall it when needed. They create a similar pathway so as to make sure their brain knows not to discard the newly learned information. This process is called encoding (Brown, 2015).
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MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES AND ROLES IN IMPROVING AND RECOVERING OF NEWSPRINT SECTOR PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The newspaper sector has been a vital component of the media landscape, serving as an essential source of information, news, and analysis in Nigeria for decades. However, in recent years, the sector has faced numerous challenges that have significantly impacted its profitability. These challenges include changes in consumer behavior, digital disruption, declining advertising revenues, and economic instability. The decline in profitability within the newspaper sector not only affects the financial sustainability of media organizations but also has broader implications for democratic discourse, the dissemination of information, and public access to reliable news.
To address these challenges, it is essential to adopt a management perspective that recognizes the evolving nature of the newspaper sector and the roles of key stakeholders in improving and recovering profitability. This study focuses on the strategies, perspectives, and roles of management in the context of Nigeria’s newspaper industry, aiming to provide valuable insights into revitalizing this critical sector.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The newspaper sector in Nigeria, like many others globally, is grappling with challenges that have led to declining profitability. The problems include:
Digital Disruption: The rise of digital media has altered how news is consumed, affecting print newspaper circulation and advertising revenues.
Economic Challenges: Economic instability and inflation have reduced disposable income, impacting newspaper sales and advertising budgets.
Changing Consumer Behavior: Readers are increasingly turning to digital platforms for news, resulting in a decline in print subscriptions.
Advertising Revenue Decline: Traditional sources of newspaper advertising revenue have dwindled as advertisers allocate budgets to online channels.
The interplay of these factors has put significant pressure on the profitability of newspaper organizations. This study aims to explore management perspectives and roles in addressing these issues.
1.3 Research Objectives
The primary objectives of this research are as follows:
To analyze the current state of profitability in the Nigerian newspaper sector and its associated challenges.
To explore the perspectives of newspaper industry management regarding the challenges and opportunities for improving profitability.
To identify the key roles and strategies that newspaper industry management can employ to enhance profitability.
To provide recommendations for stakeholders, including media organizations, policymakers, and investors, to support the recovery of newspaper sector profitability.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research holds significance for various stakeholders:
Media Organizations: Understanding the management perspectives and roles that can enhance profitability will be critical for the survival and growth of newspaper organizations.
Policymakers: Insights from this study can inform policies aimed at supporting the newspaper sector and the broader media industry.
Investors: Investors in media and newspaper organizations will benefit from understanding the strategies and management perspectives that can lead to higher returns on investments.
Academics and Researchers: This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on media management and profitability, particularly within the Nigerian context.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This research focuses on the newspaper sector within Nigeria, examining the challenges to profitability and the perspectives and roles of management in addressing these challenges. It does not encompass the entire media industry or address other forms of print media. The study will include both national and regional newspapers.
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MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE, ROLE AND STRATEGY TO IMPROVE AND RECOVER NEWSPRINT SECTOR AND ITS PROFITABILITY IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA TRIBUNE.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The newspaper industry, a crucial pillar of the media landscape, has undergone transformative shifts in recent years. The dynamics of the newsprint sector, the primary material for newspaper production, have become increasingly challenging, impacting the profitability and sustainability of newspapers globally. Nigeria, with its diverse media landscape, is not exempt from these challenges. This study focuses on the management perspective, roles, and strategies to improve and recover the newsprint sector’s profitability in Nigeria, using the Nigeria Tribune as a case study.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The newsprint sector in Nigeria, crucial for the newspaper industry, faces multifaceted challenges ranging from rising production costs to global fluctuations in the prices of raw materials. These challenges, coupled with the digital transformation affecting the media industry, pose a threat to the profitability of newspapers, including the Nigeria Tribune. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive understanding of the management perspective, roles, and strategic interventions to enhance the newsprint sector’s viability.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
To analyze the current state of the newsprint sector in Nigeria with a focus on the Nigeria Tribune.
To assess the management perspective and roles in navigating challenges within the newsprint sector.
To identify and evaluate strategic initiatives aimed at improving the profitability and recovery of the newsprint sector in Nigeria.
To provide recommendations for enhancing the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of the newsprint sector, using insights from the case study of Nigeria Tribune.
1.4 Research Questions
What is the current state of the newsprint sector in Nigeria, particularly concerning the Nigeria Tribune?
How do management perspectives and roles contribute to navigating challenges within the newsprint sector?
What strategic initiatives have been implemented or can be implemented to improve the profitability and recovery of the newsprint sector in Nigeria?
What recommendations can be drawn from the case study of Nigeria Tribune to enhance the sustainability and competitiveness of the newsprint sector in Nigeria?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study holds significance for media practitioners, newspaper industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers. By delving into the challenges and opportunities within the newsprint sector, it seeks to provide actionable insights that can inform strategic decisions, policies, and practices to ensure the continued vitality of the newspaper industry in Nigeria.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the newsprint sector within the Nigerian context, with particular attention to the operations and challenges faced by the Nigeria Tribune. While the findings may have broader implications, the scope is deliberately narrowed to provide a detailed and context-specific examination of the issues at hand.
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