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MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PROJECT TOPICS AND MATERIALS
1. MICROOBIAL EVALUATION OF RAM MILK FROM A DIARY FARM
2. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL LOAD OF THE ENUGU MAIN WATER PRODUCTION AND WATER AVAILABLE TO IMT CAMPUS II HOSTEL
3. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF IDODO RIVER
4. IMPROVING SALES OF SUPERMARKET THROUGH EFFECTIVE MARKETING STRATEGY(A CASE STUDY OF SOME SELECTED SUPERMARKET IN ENUGU METROPOLIS)
5. THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES DICHLORODIPHENYL TRICHLOROEYHANE (D.D.Y) AND BENZENE HEXACHRORIDE (BHC) ON THE MICROFLORA OF THE THREE TYPES OF SOIL.
6. THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE TYPES OF MEDICATED SOAPS ON STARHYROCOCCUS AUREUS FORM WOULD INFECTIONS
7. PREVALENCE STUDY OF HEPATITIS B (AUSTRALIAN ANTIGEN) AMONG PATIENT IN NATIONAL ORTHOPEDIAE HOSPITAL ENUGU)
8. THE INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERCHIA COLI IN LIVESTOCK (POULTRY) FEEDS
9. THE EVALUATION OF MICROORGANISMS ON GARRI AT OGBETE MARKET
10. THE PEEVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN PNEUMONIA PTIENTS IN ENUGU METROPOLI ( A CASE STUDY OF UNTH ENUGU)
11. EVALUATION OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSES OF HUMAN IMMUNODAFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
12. GASTROENTERITIS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHIDREN IN ENUGU METROPOLIS
13. MICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF SPOILT AVOCADO FRUIT
14. AN EPIDEMOLOGY SURVEY FOR SCTRISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PUPILS IN AMAGUNZE COMMUNITY IN NKANU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN EENUGU
15. THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEMATODE AFFECTING TOMATOES GROWN IN SOME SELECTED AREA OF RIVER KADUNA IN KADUNA STATE. Medical laboratory
16. HALITOSIS AMONG STUDENT IN SHEHU IDRIS COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. Medical laboratory
17. THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OF ALOE BARBADENSIS ON SOME HEMOSTATIC PARAMETERS OF FED ON THERMOXIDIZED PALM OIL
18. THE OCCURENCE OF HEAVY METALS IN GILLS,MUSCLES, AND LIVER OF CHRYSICHTHYS NIGRODIGITATUS
19. MICROBIOLOGY OF SURGICAL WOUND INFECTIONS
20. THE ROLE OF PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED BY MICRO-ORGANISMS BASED IN THE NATURAL PRODUCT.
21. EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE CARESTART MALARIA HRP2 AND PLDH/HRP2 COMBO COMPARED TO MICROSCOPY
22. GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN MONODORA MYRISTICA(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA
23. SCREENING SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST MOROCCAN WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS
24. DETERMINATION OF ANTI-OXIDANT, NUTRITIONAL AND ANTI-NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF GARCINIA KOLA AND CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM FROM RAINFOREST ECOSYSTEM OF ONDO STATE
25. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CARBON SOURCES ON THE GROWTH OF ANTIMICROBIAL PRODUCING BACILLUS SPECIES IN CITRILLUS VUGARIS.
26. BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATED FROM SOIL SAMPLES AGAINST LARVA OF MOSQUITO.
27. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUSESCHERICHIA COLI AND STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGEN ISOLATED FROM WOUND.
28. PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SOME READY TO EAT FRUITS (CASE STUDY OF SOME READY TO EAT FRUITS SOLD AT OYE EMENE ENUGU STATE NIGERIA).
29. SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF SALMONELLA TYPHI AND OTHER BACTERIAL PATHOGENS TO ANTIBIOTICS AND HOT AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA
30. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA FROM FOOD VENDORS AND SOME VEGETABLE AVAILABLE (CASE STUDY OF OGBETE MARKET ENUGU)
31. PREVALENCE AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN THE URINE OF CARITAS UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.
32. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIMICROBIAL STRENGTH OF THREE MOST COMMON ANTIBIOTICS (CASE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTICS DRUGS BROUGHT IN OBIAGU, ENUGU).
33. INVESTIGATE THE MICROBIAL CONTENT OF SOME BOTTLED SOFT DRINKS (CASE STUDY OF SOME BOTTLED SOFT DRINKS SOLD IN ENUGU INTERLOPES).
34. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH HAWKED SUYA- MEAT (CASE STUDY OF ENUGU).
35. ONION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MICRO-ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING SPOILAGE
36. MICROBIAL EVALUATION OF RAM MILK FROM A DIARY FARM. Public health project topics
37. THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE TYPES OF MEDICATED SOAPS ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FORM WOULD INFECTIONS. Public health project topics
38. THE INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERICHIA COLI IN LIVESTOCK (POULTRY) FEEDS
39. BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL POULTRY FEED FROM THREE DIFFERENT COMPANIES.
40. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF RIVER (CASE STUDY OF IDODO RIVER)
41. THE EVALUATION OF MICROORGANISMS ON GARRI (CASE STUDY OF OGBETE MARKET)
42. THE PREVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA IN PNEUMONIA PATIENTS (A CASE STUDY OF UNTH ENUGU). (CITRUS SINENSIS) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM WOUND INFECTED.
43. ANEMIA IN PREGNANCY (A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC AT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL (UNTH) ENUGU.
44. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS FROM STORED PAP (OGI)
45. THE PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONA VAGINALIS AMONG ADULTS (CASE STUDY OF “OSUMENYI” IN NNEWI SOUTH L.G.A ANAMBRA STATE).
46. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL LOAD OF WATER PRODUCTION (CASE STUDY OF THE ENUGU MAIN WATER PRODUCTION AND WATER AVAILABLE TO IMT CAMPUS II HOSTEL).
47. EXAMINATION OF INCIDENCE OF MALARIA INFESTATION CAUSED BY DIFFERENT SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM (A CASE STUDY OF PARKLANE HOSPITAL ENUGU). Public health project topics
48. BACTERIAL CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL POULTRY FEED FROM THREE DIFFERENT COMPANIES.
49. EVALUATION OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSES OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
50. FUNGAL INFESTATION ON BAKERY PRODUCT BREAD.
51. GASTROENTERITIS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN (CASE STUDY ENUGU METROPOLIS 6-12 YRS)
52. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND SEPSIS
53. MICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF SPOILT AVOCADO FRUIT.
54. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ESCHERICHIA COLI AND STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGEN ISOLATED FROM WOUND.
55. BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS ISOLATED FROM SOIL SAMPLES AGAINST LARVA OF MOSQUITO
56. THE PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONA VAGINALIS AMONG ADULTS IN “OSUMENYI” IN NNEWI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ANAMBRA STATE
57. EXAMINATION OF INCIDENCE OF MALARIA WEFESTATION CAUSED BY DIFFERNET SPECIES OF PLASMODIUM IN ENUGU METROPOLIC(A CASE STUDY OF PARKLANE HOSPITAL ENUGU)
58. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES AND SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES IN FERMENTATION OF STARCH – FROM MAIZE
59. ISOLATIOIN AND CHARACTERISATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH HAWKED SUYA- MEAT (CASE STUDY OF ENUGU)
60. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM STORED PAP (OGI)
61. ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY(A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC AT UNIVERISTY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL). (UNTH, ENUGU)
62. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND SEPSIS
63. FUNGAL INFUSTATION ON BAKERY PRODUCT DREAM
64. MAIZE ADJUNCT IN SORGHUM BEER BREWING
65. THE INCIDENCE OF CANDIDIASIS AMONG SINGLE AND MARRIED WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUP (CASE STUDY, UNTH ENUGU)
66. ONION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MICRO-ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING SPOILAGE.
67. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIMICROBIAL STRENGTH OF THREE MOST COMMON ANTIBIOTICS USED IN ENUGU (CASE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTICS DRUGS BROUGHT IN OBIAGU.)
68. BACTERIAL CONTAMINATS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL POULTRY FEED FROM THREE DIFFERENT COMPANIES
69. MICROBIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF POWERED TOBACCO SOLD IN ENUGU URBAN FOR THE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
70. ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITIES OF LOCALLY PRODUCED CEMENT
71. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGE, FEEDING AND ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY(A CASE STUDY OF PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTENATAL CLINIC AT UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL (UNTH) ENUGU)
72. NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS, PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BAOBAB SEED
73. PRODUCTION OF JAM FROM SOME NIGERIA FRUITS(GRAPE, ORANGE AND PAWPAW)
74. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN NUTMEG SEED AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE EXTRACTED OIL FROM AFRICAN NUTMEG
75. PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF THE EDIBLE PART OF AFRICAN WALNUT AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE OIL EXTRACTED FROMTHE NUT(TETRACARPIDIUM CONOPHORUM)
76. PROXIMATE AND MINERAL ANALYSIS OF EDIBLE PART OF PERIWINKLE (TURRITELLA COMMUNIS)
77. PROXIMATE AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF KAPOK SEED OIL (CEIBA PENTANDRA)
78. OPTICAL FIBRES IN TELECOMMUNICATION
79. CONTRACEPTIVES AND THEIR EFFECTS
80. THE PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF BIOMACROMOLECULES (WITH CONTRACEPTIVESON PROTEIN MOLECULES)
81. NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF SOME SELECTED INFANT FORMULA
82. NUTRITIONAL AND SENSORY QUALITIES OF SOYMILK-KUNNU BLENDS
83. EFFECT OF HONEY ON UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT ORGANISM
84. PHYSIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENT BRANDS OF PARACETAMOL TABLET IN THE MARKET
85. COMBINED ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DELONIX REGIA AND IXORA SPECIES ON ENTERIC ORGANISMS
86. DETERMINATION OF MICROBIAL LOAD ON SMOKED FISH SOLD IN SOME PARTS OF OWERRI
87. MICRO-ORGANISMS ASSOCIATED WITH OTITIS MEDIA INFECTIONS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN PARTS OF OHAJI/EGBEMA L.G.A
88. HAND HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN OHAJI EGBEMA, IMO STATE
89. BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF VAGINAL INFECTION IN FEMALE STUDENT OF IMO STATE POLYTECHNIC, UMUAGWO
90. AWARENESS OF TYPES AND BENEFITS OF EXERCISE IN PREGNANCY AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN WHO ATTEND ANTENATAL CARE IN HEALTH CENTRES IN IKOT EKPENE LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE
91. ISOLATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM SELECTED DUMP SITES IN OWERRI METROPOLIS
92. CONSTRUCTION OF LOW POWER INDICATOR
93. NUTRITIONAL AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA BOMBOM(GIANT MILK WEED)
94. THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AZADARICHTA INDICA (NEEM PLANT)
95. THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF PLANT MILK (SOYA BEAN)
96. THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AZADARICHTA INDICA (NEEM PLANT)
97. THE NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITION OF PLANT MILK (SOYA BEAN)
98. FUNGAL INFUSTATION ON BAKERY PRODUCT (BREAD)
99. PREVALENCE STUDY OF HEPATITIS B (AUSTRALIAN ANTIGEN) AMONG PATIENT INNATIONAL ORTHOPEDIAE HOSPITAL ENUGU
100. THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE TYPES OF MEDICATED SOAPS ON STARHYROCOCCUS AUREUS FORM WOULD INFECTIONS
101. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MICROBIAL LOAD OF THE ENUGU MAIN WATER PRODUCTION AND WATER AVAILABLE TO IMT CAMPUS II HOSTEL
102. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICRO-ORGANISM ASSOCIATED WITH THE SPOILAGE OF BANANA
103. BACTERIA CONTAMINANTS ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY FEEDS FROM THREE DIFFERENT COMPANIES
104. EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM AFRICAN STAR APPLE (CHRYSOPHYLLUM AFRICANUM) SEED USING SOLVENT EXTRACTION
105. PREPARATION OF BUFFER SOLUTION: “TRIS BUFFER SOLUTION”
106. PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF ASPIRIN
107. MALARIA PARASITE AND ITS EFFECT TO HUMAN HEALTH
108. THE PREVALENCE OF TRICHOMONA VAGINALIS AMONG ADULTS IN “OSUMENYI” IN NNEWI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA ANAMBRA STATE
109. PRODUCTION OF BLEACH SOLUTION AND COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMMERCIALLY PRODUCED BLEACH SOLUTION
110. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SWEET ORANGE (CITRUS SINENSIS) ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM WOUND INFECTED
111. AN EPIDEMOLOGY SURVEY FOR SCTRISTOSOMIASIS AMONG PUPILS IN AMAGUNZE COMMUNITY IN NKANU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA IN EENUGU
112. MICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF SPOILT AVOCADO FRUIT
113. GASTROENTERITIS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL CHIDREN IN ENUGU METROPOLIS (6-12 YRS)
114. EVALUATION OF CURRENT TECHNIQUES IN DIAGNOSES OF HUMAN IMMUNODAFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
115. PREVALENCE STUDY OF HEPATITIS B (AUSTRALIAN ANTIGEN) AMONG PATIENT INNATIONAL ORTHOPEDIAE HOSPITAL ENUGU
116. THE PEEVALENCE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN PNEUMONIA PTIENTS IN ENUGU METROPOLI A CASE STUDY OF UNTH ENUGU.
117. THE EVALUATION OF MICROORGANISMS ON GARRI AT OGBETE MARKET
118. THE INCIDENCE OF SALMONELLA AND ESCHERCHIA COLI IN LIVESTOCK (POULTRY) FEEDS
119. THE HERBARIUM TECHNIQUE
120. PRODUCTION OF SOAP AND DETERGENT THROUGH COID PROCESS
121. THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THREE TYPES OF MEDICATED SOAPS ON STARHYROCOCCUS AUREUS FORM WOULD INFECTIONS
122. THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES DICHLORODIPHENYL TRICHLOROEYHANE (D.D.Y) AND BENZENE HEXACHRORIDE (BHC) ON THE MICROFLORA OF THE THREE TYPES OF SOIL
123. BACHERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF IDODO RIVER
124. PREPARATION OF LOCAL SOAP WITH WOODASH DERIVED FROM THE CALYX AND THE COROLLA OF PALM FLOWER (EJEASIS GUINEENSIS)
125. ANALYSIS OF A SOAP PRODUCT (LUX)
126. INCIDENCE OF BACTERIA IN FEMALE STUDENTS OF DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY, IMT, ENUGU
127. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF GARLIC AND GINGER EXTRACTS
128. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIMICROBIAL STRENGTH OF THREE MOST COMMON ANTIBIOTICS USED IN ENUGU (CASE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTICS DRUGS BROUGHT IN OBIAGU).
129. ONION IS ASSOCIATED WITH MICRO-ORGANISMS WHICH ARE CAPABLE OF CAUSING SPOILAGE
130. THE INCIDENCE OF CANDIDIASIS AMONG SINGLE AND MARRIED WOMEN OF DIFFERENT AGE GROUP (CASE STUDY, UNTH ENUGU
131. MAIZE ADJUNCT IN SORGHUM BEER BREWING
132. ANAEMIA IN PREGNANCY
133. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH WOUND SEPSIS
134. STOOL ANALYSIS FOR PARASITIC WORMS (ENTERIC WORM) AMONG THE PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN UDI ROAD PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN ENUGUMETROPOLIS
135. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROORGANISMS FROM STORED PAP (OGI)
136. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH HAWKED SUYA- MEAT (CASE STUDY OF ENUGU)
137. THE DETERMINATION OF THE ACTIVITIES AND SPECIFICITY OF ENZYMES IN FERMENTATION OF STARCH – FROM MAIZE
138. PREPARATION OF CLEANSING CREAM
139. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF RHIZOPUS FROM DECAYING BREAD
140. FASTING BLOOD SUGER ANALYSIS AND BLOOD SUGER REGULATION
141. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF MICROBES ASSOCIATED WITH SPOILAGE CANNED FOOD SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM
142. MICROBIAL EXAMINATION OF SPOILT PERSIA AMERICANA
143. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF EREMOMASTAX SPECIOSA
144. EVALUATING BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS USING THE NUGENT SCORING SYSTEM
145. CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
146. CAUSES, MANAGEMENT SYMPTOMS, TREATMENT, PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER
147. SICKLE CELL DISEASE
148. THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
149. DISTRIBUTION OF ABO, RH (RHESUS) BLOOD GROUPING AND HEPATITIS B AMONG BLOOD DONORS WITH NATIONAL BLOOD TRANSFUSION SERVICE KADUNA
150. CULTIVATION OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AND ANTIPLASMODIA SCREENING OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF OCIMUM BASILICUM (SCENT LEAF)
151. THE CAUSES, EFFECT AND TREATMENT OF INFERTILITY AMONG MARRIED COUPLES: A CASE STUDY OF EGOR LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
152. THE PROBLEMS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS OF HIV/AIDS AS A SOCIAL DISEASE: A CASE STUDY OF OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT EDO STATE
153. A CLIENT CARE STUDY OF PATIENT WITH PERFORATED DUODENAL ULCER (PEPTIC ULCER)
154. DETERMINANTS OF MATERNAL MORTALITY IN GENERAL HOSPITAL CALABAR, CROSS RIVER STATE.
155. EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF THE CARESTART MALARIA HRP2 AND PLDH/HRP2 COMBO
156. COMPARED TO MICROSCOPY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MALARIA
157. GENETIC AND MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN Monodora myristica(GAERTN.) DUNAL IN EASTERN NIGERIA
158. SCREENING SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS AGAINST MOROCCAN WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS (MWMV (Botany)
159. THE EFFECT OF CRUDE OF ALOE BARBADENSIS ON SOME HEMOSTATIC PARAMETERS OF FED ON THERMOXIDIZED PALM OIL DIETS
160. THE EFFECT OF DOCTOR-NURSE RELATIONSHIP ON PATIENT CARE (CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTRE OWERRI, IMO STATE)
161. THE ROLE OF PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES CAUSED BY MICRO-ORGANISMS BASED IN THE NATURAL PRODUCTS
162. FACTORS INFLUENCING UTILIZATION OF PREVENTION OF MOTHER TO CHILD TRANSMISSION
163. (PMTCT) SERVICES AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN ATTENDING ANTE-NATAL CLINIC IN UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL (UCTH)
164. THE OCCURENCE OF HEAVY METALS IN GILLS,MUSCLES, AND LIVER OF CHRYSICHTHYS NIGRODIGITATUS OBUFA ESUK BEECH , GREAT KWA RIVER
165. MEASURES UTILIZED FOR PREVENTION OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION IN THE LABOUR WARD OF UNIVERSITY OF CALABAR TEACHING HOSPITAL (UCTH), CALABAR
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BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AWARENESS AND ATITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV-AIDS
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Sex is a basic physiological need of every human being, male and females are created with different class, to serve as a compliment for each other, this complementary role includes sex, therefore a man and a woman are expected to engage in sexual relationship. This sexual relationship has over the years been mixed by various infections known as the sexual transmitted diseases (STDs).
These STDs are in various forms and their effects are also different. One among such STDs is Human Immune Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/ AIDS). These two STDs are the most dangerous and ravaging of the STDs.
In 1981, HIV the virus of an illness (AIDS),was identified in Los Angeles, USA. In December of the same year, A similar virus was seen in Britain. By March 1987, nearly 6,000 cases were reported throughout Europe. It is one of the most serious health problems in the world today.
Though, the origin of HIV/ AIDS is said to be not in Africa, Africa has the highest number of casualties compared to other continents. Nigeria first witnessed the bitter taste of HIV/AIDS was identified in April 1986 in a girl of 13 years. All age groups are affected, but it is higher among the 20-24 years age group, with a national prevalence of 5.6%. This age group is followed by the 25 and 29 years old with a 5.4% national prevalence. And ever since then the number of cases have escalated beyond imagination and millions of Nigerians are living with the disease, in which the cure is yet to be discovered.
HIV/AIDS has various symptoms, which includes body weakness, constant and excessive cough, stooling, lost of body weight, rashness etc there are also various means of contacting this disease which may include, sexual relation with an infected person, for example through vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex. Other means of getting infected includes sharing of sharp objects with an infected person, unscreened blood transfusion, mother to child transmission etc.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is said to be a bane on the development of a society Thus, in Nigeria, the scourge has affected the economic population who are supposed to meaningfully contribute to the development of Nigeria. The use of anti – retroviral drugs have given hope to many infected persons for a life even after infection. These drugs are given free and are made available by donor agencies and the federal government in order to curb the number of casualties of the disease.
There are number of sensitization and preventive measures that are employed to check the menace of HIV/AIDS pandemic, and these are sex education, use of condoms and media campaigns. This research study is poised to uncover the attitudes of youths towards the HIV/ AIDS pandemic and to ascertain the behaviour of youths towards the various merchandize employed to combat the menace of HIV/AIDS in Niger state and most specifically in Federal University of Technology, Minna.
Youths constitutes the highest number of casualties of the disease, So the study chooses the students of the said institution as its research population. It is against this background that this study intends to address the following questions. What is the level of knowledge of students about HIV/AIDS. How prevalent is sexual abstinence among students and especially students of Federal University of Technology Minna. What are the perceptions of students towards Voluntary Counseling and Testing as a factor in the prevention of HIV/ AIDS? What are the attitudes of students towards HIV/ AIDS?
Sexual intercourse has led to sexually transmitted infection (HIV/ AIDS) which has led so many especially the youths to an early grave. Youths are not a homogenous population but a diverse group with different risk, needs and access to information and services (UNAIDS 2004).
Kabiru et al (2004) reported in a study conducted in a northern Nigerian town that the commonest high risk sexual behaviour among the sexually active university students was having multiple sexual partners (51.7%) followed by the history of sexually transmitted infection, (29.8%) anal sexual intercourse (12.1%) alcohol consumption (12.8%), and intravenous drug use (6.4%).
There is evidence of increased sexual activity and high risk behaviours among students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria with high prevalence rate of sexually transmitted infections (HIV/ AIDS), (16.3% and 23%, in the North and South respectively).
The general objective of this research is to address the perceptions of students towards the prevention of HIV/ AIDS. However, the specific objectives of this research are:
H1: There is a relationship in the knowledge of HIV/ AIDS and the prevention of the disease.
H0: There is no relationship in the knowledge of HIV/ AIDS and the prevention of the disease.
Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV) and acquire immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has continue to be the major concern not only to Niger state government but the federal government and the entire world. This study may then serve as a pioneer effort towards the understanding of HIV/ AIDS among students of federal university of technology Minna, Niger State. The result of this study may help policy maker’s particularly educational planners in Niger state to design more appropriate instructional programme on HIV/ AIDS.
The study may also provide the basis for further research on HIV/AIDS
This research is limited to issues about the knowledge and attitude of students towards HIV/ AIDS in federal university of technology Minna, A convent sampling of 100 students.
The research is limited to only undergraduate students of FUT Minna.
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08068231953 or 08168759420
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
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THE PERCEPTIONS OF MARRIED WOMEN ON FAMILY PLANNING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
1.1.1. Population growth and family planning
After the Second World War the population growth in developing countries reached historically unprecedented rates. Falling mortality due to medical discoveries and continued or even rising fertility turned this population growth into a second population explosion, the first population explosion took place when the industrial revolution started in England in the late 18th century (Bongaarts, 2009).
The rapid population growth has been identified as a problem by national governments and the international society (UNFPA, 2011a). This phenomenon, which causes for example shortage of cultivated land and unemployment, are claimed to cause increasing poverty (UNFPA, 2011b) and environmental stress (Collins, Sayer, & Whitmore, 1991).
However, the problem of population growth may not only be seen from an economical point of view. The high fertility rates, which account for the rapid population growth, have serious consequences for maternal and infant health. Short intervals pregnancy and many pregnancies and deliveries pose a large burden on maternal health. Inadequate periods to recover strength between each pregnancy, as well as many deliveries, all associated with different levels of risk, are factors that makes high fertility rates a threat to women’s health. Moreover, infant health is also plagued by the short interval between births, because short birth interval is associated with increased risk of pre-term births, low birth weight and infant mortality(Bongaarts, 1987; Norton, 2005; Rutstein, 2005).
During the 1950’s and 1960’s, it has been important for national and international societies to control populations. Since that period the population growth has been treated as a problem, and issues surrounding reproduction, that once were considered the most private to talk about, have become matters of intense public concern(Green halgh, 1995). Family planning is identified as the solution to control fertility rates against the rapid population growth. Subsequently, family planning has been expanded in developing countries by each national government, international organizations and non-governmental organizations (NGOs)(Greene, 2000). In the 1960’s, the organizations related to provide family planning, for instance United Nations Population Fund(UNFPA)and United States Agency for International Development (USAID),were established in response to the problem of the population growth. There has been an emphasis on increasing the use of contraceptives. These organizations, the international society and national governments have regarded long-term methods such as intrauterine device (IUD) as the most effective methods to achieve the demographic goal, which is to reduce fertility rates (Greene, 2000). Between the 1960’s and the 1980’s, declining fertility rate has been diffusing in developing countries, the exception being sub-Saharan Africa (Shapiro & Gebreselassie, 2008).
The role of family planning is important, not only to reduce fertility rates by providing contraceptives, but also to expand the understanding that all women have a right to control their fertility. The main activities of family planning programs are provision of contraceptives and education related to reproductive health, especially to women (Greene, 2000). General school education to women is also supposed to have an effect on fertility rates. Many studies show that educated women get married at a later age than non-educated women, and have better access to contraceptives than non-educated women(Alemayehu, Haider, & Habte, 2010; Bongaarts, 2010; Haile, 2004).
The main hypothesis in demographic studies, which are often based on economic rationalism, is that behaviour related to reproduction is decided by “calculations” conducted by individuals. These calculations are based on the costs and benefits of having children, and have had what Price and Hawkins (2002) call “a positivist and empiricist research methodology” (Price & Hawkins, 2002). The major way of conducting such demographic research has been through large-scale sample studies. Anthropologists have criticized the demographical approach or viewpoint. Many anthropologists have insisted that reproductive behaviour or decisions made in relation to family planning is not only decided by economic factors, but also affected by socio-cultural factors such as fertility preferences or values related to having children. Further, political issues such as national population policy or reproductive health programs, are also influential matters. Subsequently, anthropologists emphasize that it is very important to understand what social, cultural or structural factors that may shape peoples thoughts and behaviours (Price & Hawkins, 2002). In recent years the idea that it is significant to understand the socio-cultural contexts in demographic studies has gradually expanded (Price & Hawkins, 2002).
Some studies have mentioned the importance of the role of men in reproductive health and their influence on the decision-making and behaviour related to reproduction (Dudgeon & Inhorn, 2004; Greene, 2000). As mentioned, many family planning programs have focused mainly on women. Even though men are increasingly being “involved” by reproductive health programmes, the view of men still seem to be that they are peripheral and problematic (Greene, 2000).Short and Kiros (2000) studied fertility preferences and demands for contraception in Imo state(Short & Kiros, 2002).The authors reported a gender difference between husbands and wives in fertility desires; husbands were more pronatalist than their wives(Greene, 2000; Short & Kiros, 2002). Lasee and Becker (1997) studied husband-wife communication related to family planning and the use of contraceptives in Imo state. The authors reported that “the wife’s perception of her husband’s approval of family planning”(Lasee & Becker, 1997)has a significant impact on the current contraceptive use. The result shows that men’s opinion and perception regarding reproduction have a strong impact on women’s perception and their subsequent behaviour. Therefore, it is important to study both gender’s perception related to reproductive, as well as the communication between wife and husband, in order to understand what factors shape their behaviour.
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa, with more than 88 million people; it also has a high annual rate of population growth (3.5%) and a total fertility rate of 6.0 lifetime births per woman. Additionally, the country has relatively high levels of infant mortality (104 infant deaths per 1,000 live births) and maternal mortality (800 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births). In response to these and other serious demographic and health issues, the Nigerian government put into effect a national population policy in 1989 that called for a reduction in the birthrate through voluntary fertility regulation methods compatible with the nation’s economic and social goals.
During 1992-1993, an information, education and communications campaign was launched to change Nigerians’ attitudes toward family planning, and to thereby increase their contraceptive use. The campaign was based on evidence that family planning messages relayed through the mass media can influence contraceptive behavior. For example, in Nigeria, one-quarter of new clients attending a family planning clinic identified a television campaign as their source of referral. Similarly, a mass media effort in the Philippines promoting sexual responsibility substantially increased requests for contraceptive information among adolescents. Other studies have shown that exposure to a mass media family planning campaign increases contraceptive use.
Several studies have reported changes in Nigerians’ knowledge of and attitudes toward family planning. These studies, however, did not examine the association between attitudes toward contraception and its use. In the 1981-1982 Nigerian Fertility Survey, only 34% of all women reported that they had heard of any family planning method. By 1990, when the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey was conducted, the proportion of women who knew of any contraceptive methods had increased by about one-third, to 46%, and the proportion of women who knew of specific methods also had grown. Furthermore, 41% of married women who knew of a contraceptive method had discussed family planning with their husbands. Although the majority of them had discussed the topic with their husbands only once or twice, a substantial proportion had done so more often. Seventy-one percent of married women who knew a family planning method said that their husbands also approved of family planning.
This article investigates the association between Nigerians’ attitudes toward family planning and their contraceptive behavior. To ascertain what gains the family planning campaigns in Nigeria have made and what factors motivate contraceptive use, we set out to answer the following question: Do positive attitudes toward family planning affect contraceptive use? The answer will help policymakers and program planners determine what issues need to be stressed in the design of future family planning awareness campaigns in Nigeria.
1.2. Research aims and rationale for the research
1.2.1. Rationale for the research
As shown in the background information, Imo state has a rapid population growth. The educational zone of Imo state government and international organizations have tried to reduce the pace of growth by education in family planning and providing contraceptives. Despite these efforts, there is still a higher fertility rate than what is considered an ideal rateof4.0per woman. In rural areas, where the research place is located andapproximately84% of The educational zone of Imo states live, the population is growing at approximately 2.3%every year (Ringheim et al., 2009). However, existing studies on population growth have mainly been conducted by quantitative methods and there are very few qualitative studies in rural Imo state exploring people’s point of view, and the reasons why the interventions have not worked and what kind of perception and experiences people have.
Based on the existing studies, we can argue that there is a knowledge gap related to this topic in this particular area. As mentioned, few studies on this topic have used qualitative methods, and there is no qualitative research from the rural Oromia regional state. Further, no previous studies, related to fertility, have adequately focused on the socio-cultural background, for example gender role, marriage form, religion, and occupation.
1.2.1 Research aims and sub-objectives
Based on previous studies related to family planning in Imo state, I found a lack of qualitative studies in rural Imo state, an area which has a much higher fertility rate compared to urban areas. Thus I decided to investigate why there are still high fertility rates in rural Imo state.
Some sub-objectives were set as a means to reach the main aim of the study. The sub-objectives were developed drawing upon the results and identified knowledge gap in previous studies, and are as follows:
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THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS AND ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARDS HIV-AIDS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Sex is a basic physiological need of every human being, male and females are created with different class, to serve as a compliment for each other, this complementary role includes sex, therefore a man and a woman are expected to engage in sexual relationship. This sexual relationship has over the years been mixed by various infections known as the sexual transmitted diseases (STDs).
These STDs are in various forms and their effects are also different. One among such STDs is Human Immune Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/ AIDS). These two STDs are the most dangerous and ravaging of the STDs.
In 1981, HIV the virus of an illness (AIDS),was identified in Los Angeles, USA. In December of the same year, A similar virus was seen in Britain. By March 1987, nearly 6,000 cases were reported throughout Europe. It is one of the most serious health problems in the world today.
Though, the origin of HIV/ AIDS is said to be not in Africa, Africa has the highest number of casualties compared to other continents. Nigeria first witnessed the bitter taste of HIV/AIDS was identified in April 1986 in a girl of 13 years. All age groups are affected, but it is higher among the 20-24 years age group, with a national prevalence of 5.6%. This age group is followed by the 25 and 29 years old with a 5.4% national prevalence. And ever since then the number of cases have escalated beyond imagination and millions of Nigerians are living with the disease, in which the cure is yet to be discovered.
HIV/AIDS has various symptoms, which includes body weakness, constant and excessive cough, stooling, lost of body weight, rashness etc there are also various means of contacting this disease which may include, sexual relation with an infected person, for example through vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex. Other means of getting infected includes sharing of sharp objects with an infected person, unscreened blood transfusion, mother to child transmission etc.
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is said to be a bane on the development of a society Thus, in Nigeria, the scourge has affected the economic population who are supposed to meaningfully contribute to the development of Nigeria. The use of anti – retroviral drugs have given hope to many infected persons for a life even after infection. These drugs are given free and are made available by donor agencies and the federal government in order to curb the number of casualties of the disease.
There are number of sensitization and preventive measures that are employed to check the menace of HIV/AIDS pandemic, and these are sex education, use of condoms and media campaigns. This research study is poised to uncover the attitudes of youths towards the HIV/ AIDS pandemic and to ascertain the behaviour of youths towards the various merchandize employed to combat the menace of HIV/AIDS in Niger state and most specifically in Federal University of Technology, Minna.
Youths constitutes the highest number of casualties of the disease, So the study chooses the students of the said institution as its research population. It is against this background that this study intends to address the following questions. What is the level of knowledge of students about HIV/AIDS. How prevalent is sexual abstinence among students and especially students of Federal University of Technology Minna. What are the perceptions of students towards Voluntary Counseling and Testing as a factor in the prevention of HIV/ AIDS? What are the attitudes of students towards HIV/ AIDS?
RESEARCH PROBLEMS
Sexual intercourse has led to sexually transmitted infection (HIV/ AIDS) which has led so many especially the youths to an early grave. Youths are not a homogenous population but a diverse group with different risk, needs and access to information and services (UNAIDS 2004).
Kabiru et al (2004) reported in a study conducted in a northern Nigerian town that the commonest high risk sexual behaviour among the sexually active university students was having multiple sexual partners (51.7%) followed by the history of sexually transmitted infection, (29.8%) anal sexual intercourse (12.1%) alcohol consumption (12.8%), and intravenous drug use (6.4%).
There is evidence of increased sexual activity and high risk behaviours among students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria with high prevalence rate of sexually transmitted infections (HIV/ AIDS), (16.3% and 23%, in the North and South respectively).
OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The general objective of this research is to address the perceptions of students towards the prevention of HIV/ AIDS. However, the specific objectives of this research are:
To assess students knowledge and attitude towards HIV/ AIDS
To examine the various ways of sexual abstinence among university students.
To understand the perceptions of students towards prevention method as a factor in preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (HIV/ AIDS).
RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
H1: There is a relationship in the knowledge of HIV/ AIDS and the prevention of the disease.
H0: There is no relationship in the knowledge of HIV/ AIDS and the prevention of the disease.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV) and acquire immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has continue to be the major concern not only to Niger state government but the federal government and the entire world. This study may then serve as a pioneer effort towards the understanding of HIV/ AIDS among students of federal university of technology Minna, Niger State. The result of this study may help policy maker’s particularly educational planners in Niger state to design more appropriate instructional programme on HIV/ AIDS.
The study may also provide the basis for further research on HIV/AIDS
RESEARCH QUESTION
To what extent has the society try to educate its youth about HIV/AIDS?
Does economic status and educational background among undergraduates determine students’ knowledge of HV/AIDS?
Do parents, religious leaders or government responsible for HIV/AIDS among students.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research is limited to issues about the knowledge and attitude of students towards HIV/ AIDS in federal university of technology Minna, A convent sampling of 100 students.
The research is limited to only undergraduate students of FUT Minna.
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THE ATTITUDE OF WOMEN OF CHILD BEARING BETWEEN (15-49) YEARS OF AGE ON FAMILY PLANNING
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the attitude of women of child bearing between (15-49) years of age on family planning. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst women from selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that most of the women have negative attitudes towards child bearing, and this have a significant impact on their family planning. Also, there is a relationship between the attitude of women of child bearing and their family planning.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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EFFECT OF RADIATION IN HUMAN BODY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
We have a lot to be concerned about. Some people say small amounts of radiation are good for you while others say there is no amount of radiation that is safe. So why can’t someone make it easy to decide when or if you should worry about radiation exposure? That is exactly what we’re going to do here—help by providing the facts. If you want additional information on why there is disagreement about the effects of low-level radiation, we have provided this in the section titled “Controversy.”
Radiation specialists use the unit “rem” (or sievert) to describe the amount of radiation dose someone received. We are going to use that unit throughout the sections. Without getting into technical specifics about that unit, it is enough to know that it indicates a measure of how much radiation energy is absorbed in our body. And, as we will see in other sections, the total energy that is absorbed and its effectiveness in causing change is the basis for determining whether health effects may result.
We’ll get into some detail later, but for a baseline—
1.2 Statement of the problem
Why do some people say all radiation exposure is bad and others say it can be okay? Even the scientific community differs on the answer to the question of low radiation doses and health effects. Radiation can cause biological changes in cells when they are outside the human body, and these can be seen in a laboratory even when the dose is small. However, these changes are not seen or cannot be related to health effects in humans. The fact that changes can occur may make some people believe all radiation is bad and the fact that this is not related to human health effects may make others believe it is safe at low levels. The human health effects that have been observed have been when individuals or groups have received larger doses of radiation (more than 50 rem) from events like those due to military uses of nuclear weapons, accidents, and uses of radiation in medicine for therapy.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand whether radiation has a strong negative effect in the human body
2. To understand whether radiation does not have a strong negative effect in the human body
1.4 Research Questions
1. Does radiation have a strong negative effect in the human body
2. Does radiation have a weak negative effect in the human body
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0: Radiation have a strong negative effect in the human body
H1: Radiation have a weak negative effect in the human body
1.6 Limitations of the study
There was limited time, funds and uncooperative responses from the respondents.
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A CRITICAL EVALUATION OF ARISTOTLE’S CONCEPTION OF CAUSALITY
ABSTRACT
Causality has been variously defined, and even given an empirical understanding. Causality is derived from the term “cause which means anything capable of changing something else or that which “produces something (makes something happen; bring about the occurrence of something) without which that thing would not have resulted. That which is produced (or changed) is called the effect and the effect is explained by it cause. Nevertheless, in the treatment of causality Aristotle in his first philosophy or metaphysics gave a holistic analysis of the concept of causality, were he uses the term “cause” to mean explanation. However, for the Africans, “cause” has meaning basically from a metaphysical approach. That every effect has a cause is a very strong belief in the African world view. This means that whatever happens physically or otherwise has an explanation and this explanation may be spiritual as well as natural. Nevertheless, this work attempts a critique of Aristotle’s analysis of causality.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE (GENERAL INTRODUCTION)
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Scope of the Study
1.5 Purpose of the Study
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Literature Review
Notes and References
CHAPTER TWO: THE GENERAL PHILOSOPHY OF ARISTOTLE
2.1 Background of Aristotle
2.2 His Theory of Logic
2.3 His Theory of Knowledge
2.4 His Theory of Metaphysics
2.5 His Theory of Ethics
2.6 His Theory of Politics
Notes and References
CHAPTER THREE: AN ANALYSIS OF ARISTOTLE’S CONCEPTION OF CAUSALITY.
3.1 The Meaning of Causality
3.2 Aristotle’s Metaphysics as a Foundation
3.3 Aristotle’s Conception of Causality
3.4 Formal Cause
3.5 Material Cause
3.6 Efficient Cause
3.7 Final Cause
Notes and References
CHAPTER FOUR: EVALUATION AND CONCLUSION
4.1 Summary of the Main Points
4.2 Some Merits of Aristotle’s Theory
4.3 Some Demerits of Aristotle’s Theory
4.4 Causality in a Post Aristotle’s Era
Notes and References
Conclusion
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
The problem of causality has been among the central concerns of many thinkers. When certain events happen, we tend to ask ‘why’. This is because such events produce some effects. In asking the question ‘why’, we are asking for the cause of the event. We seek an explanation that would enable us understand the effect which the event produces. This explains the whole problem and notion of causality. The Ionian philosophers probably the earliest thinkers did not fail to recognize that the world as it is did not come to be without being caused by some other things.
The Ionian philosophers occupied themselves with the cosmological problem; of what substance is the universe composed? This of course was a causal question and Thales of Miletus; the first Greek philosopher posited that the primary stuff of the cosmos was ‘water’1 Anaximander, criticizing the causal theory of his predecessor held the stuff of the universe is an indefinite or boundless realm.2 Anaximenes the third and last Milesian philosopher designated air as the primary substance from which all things come.3 These philosophers certainly did not regard the universe as anything other than an effect which requires a cause in order to be. Plato equally had his version of causality which was deeply rooted in his philosophy. For Plato, the sensible world is the changing world of appearance.
In a more interesting way, the belief is a strong one among the Africans. The Africans see everything that happens to him or her as an effect of something external to him or her, his or her misfortunes are attributed to the next door neighbour who wished him bad the other day, his or her poor harvest is traceable to the anger of the gods. African thought however explains causality without actually bifurcating the metaphysical from the phenomena. In other words, the African world is one, and every effect or event in the Africa universe is explainable only with reference to a cause. Let us present statement of the problem.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Aristotle in his First Philosophy or Metaphysics formulated the principle of causality through the study of man-made or artificial things and identified four types of causes. In Aristotle’s view, all the four causes (not a single one alone) are needed in order to produce an effect in art as well as in nature. The four causes include the formal cause (the shape or form of a thing) contributes, according to him, the “essence” of a thing. Material cause is the subject of change. Efficient cause is that which initiates activity. (The efficient cause is often known as the propelling cause.), The Final cause is the end (purpose, goal, state of completion) for which the change is produced. From the above, let us provide a problematization by ostention. When we see a rolling stone, we reason that the stone could not have caused its own movement. Then we begin to raise questions on how the stone came to be moved. This is obviously the problem with causal theory. We want to know ‘how’ A is the cause of B, and whether without A, there will not be B. This problem has dominated the discussion on causation. However, Aristotle tied the notion of cause to four factors and then believed that the, ‘Formal cause’ is the unifying force of the causes. The problematic of Aristotle’s idea of causality can be formulated thus;
1) How can matter or form bring about change?
2) If form contains within itself its own activity, do we still need a first mover (Efficient causation)?
3) Does passivity actually lead to change?
Nonetheless, we find that matter except acted upon cannot bring a change in itself, yet Aristotle consider the material cause as justified. The question remains, whether the four causes must be present for change to take place, or for something to come to be. The problem is, are there things that are not observed that can cause observed things? How can we balance the fact that both the material and immaterial can operate both as causes and effects. There are questions that our study of Aristotle needs to provide answers to. Let us present the methodology.
1.3 METHODOLOGY
The method to be used in this study would be analytical. It means that we shall analyze the concept of causality by simplifying or clarifying the term causality. Here we are interested in the meaning of causality, its history and specifically the Aristotelian conception of it. The actual instruments we wish to use include internet sources, archival materials, source documents, etc. Let us present the scope.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this research work shall take into cognizance, the work of Aristotle on causality and some other ideas of causality. We now move to the purpose.
1.5 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Our experience of reality both in its generality and in its specificities, confirms the physical theory that nature abhors vacuum. At the causal level, i.e., at the level of the relationship of things as they are products of other things, nature abhors ‘non causality’. The purpose of this project therefore, is to reflect on Aristotelian conception which seems to be radically different from his predecessors. David Hume criticized the traditional conception of causality propounded by Aristotle. Our Second purpose here therefore is to show that Hume’s critic of Aristotle’s conception does not hold water. Above all, the ‘why’ question is an inevitable one because it seeks all-round and ontological response to the reason, explanation and justification of reality. Not just the way it happened, but the reason why it came to happen that way. It is concerned with ontological ultimacy, the last ground of explanation. The above three points mentioned above constitute the purpose of this project. We now proceed to the significance.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significant of anything lies in its value or relevance. Theoretically, this work is significant in a number of ways. Firstly, it asserts that there is reason for all things. This goes to show that every effect must have a cause, in Aristotelian terminology, “ex nihilo nihil fit” (from nothing, nothing comes). The significance here lies in the fact that it amounts to standing logic on the head, if we claim that effect are not ontologically linked with a causal principle. The second significant lies in the fact that human reason cannot rest until it finds answers to the curiosities that impinge on his consciousness. According to Aristotle it is the nature of man to know and to ask questions. It is therefore doubly significant first negatively to escape from ignorant and positively to know the causes of things. Lastly Aristotelian conception of causality is significant because it attempts to give an explanation of the totality of reality through inductive and deductive processes. The question of origin is a very serious question. Aristotle in his theory of causes, to a large extent was able to give us a rational foundation of reality in totality. We now move to the literature review.
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THE CAUSES AND IMPLICATION OF SELF- MEDICATION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the Causes and implication of self- medication among pregnant women. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst pregnant women selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that self-medication has a negative impact on the health of pregnant women. The general low standard and high cost of living in the country are strong causes of self-medication. There is a negative relationship between self-medication and the health-status of pregnant women.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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INFORMATION:
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF REPORTED CASES OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES IN FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTER ADO EKITI
ABSTRACT:
This work gives a statistical analysis of reported cases of sexually transmitted diseases in federal medical center Ado Ekiti. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst medical and non-medical staff of federal medical center Ado Ekiti. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that there were higher cases of sexually transmitted diseases among the females. Also, the cases were highest among youths in the age bracket of 18years to 35 years.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720
EFFECT OF HIV ON THE PATIENT SOCIAL STATUS IN THE SOCIETY. A CASE STUDY OF OSOGBO LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ABSTRACT
This work discusses effect of HIV on the patient social status in the society. A case study of Osogbo local government. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst HIV patients from Osogbo local government. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that HIV has a significant negative effect on the patient social status in the society. Also, there is a negative relationship between HIV and the patient social status.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420