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ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF HELMINTH PARASITES OF PUBLIC HEALTH IMPORTANCE FROM COMMERCIAL ACQUACULTURE PONDS WATER
Abstract
Aquaculture is a rapidly growing sector that contributes significantly to global food security. However, the intensification of aquaculture practices has raised concerns about water quality and the potential transmission of helminth parasites, which pose risks to both aquatic organisms and human health. This study aimed to isolate and identify helminth parasites of public health importance from the water of commercial aquaculture ponds. Water samples were collected from 10 commercial aquaculture ponds in [specific region] over a six-month period. Parasites were isolated using sedimentation and filtration techniques, followed by microscopic examination and molecular identification using PCR and sequencing. A total of [X] helminth species were identified, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Schistosoma spp., all of which are known to cause significant human diseases. The prevalence of these parasites varied across ponds, with higher concentrations observed in ponds with poor water management practices. The findings highlight the potential health risks associated with contaminated aquaculture water and underscore the need for improved water quality monitoring and management in commercial aquaculture systems. This study provides critical insights into the presence of helminth parasites in aquaculture environments and emphasizes the importance of adopting sustainable practices to mitigate public health risks. Recommendations include regular deworming of fish stocks, improved waste management, and public health education for aquaculture workers and consumers.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background and Context
Importance of Aquaculture in Global Food Security
Public Health Concerns in Aquaculture Systems
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Risks of Helminth Parasites in Aquaculture Water
Gaps in Knowledge and Monitoring Practices
1.3 Research Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Structure of the Study
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Overview of Helminth Parasites
Classification and Life Cycles of Helminths
Zoonotic Potential of Helminth Parasites
2.2 Public Health Importance of Helminth Infections
Common Helminth Infections in Humans (e.g., Schistosomiasis, Ascariasis)
Transmission Pathways from Aquaculture to Humans
2.3 Factors Influencing Helminth Contamination in Aquaculture
Water Quality and Management Practices
Fish Stocking Density and Feeding Practices
Environmental and Climatic Factors
2.4 Previous Studies on Helminth Parasites in Aquaculture Systems
2.5 Gaps in the Literature
Chapter Three: Methodology
3.1 Study Area and Sampling Sites
Description of Commercial Aquaculture Ponds
Selection Criteria for Sampling Sites
3.2 Sample Collection
Water Sampling Techniques
Sediment Sampling Techniques
3.3 Isolation of Helminth Parasites
Sedimentation and Filtration Methods
Microscopic Examination Techniques
3.4 Identification of Helminth Parasites
Morphological Identification
Molecular Identification (PCR and Sequencing)
3.5 Data Analysis
Prevalence and Abundance Calculations
Statistical Analysis of Environmental Factors
3.6 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Results and Discussion
4.1 Prevalence and Diversity of Helminth Parasites
Identified Helminth Species and Their Public Health Significance
Variations in Parasite Load Across Sampling Sites
4.2 Factors Influencing Helminth Contamination
Correlation Between Water Quality and Parasite Prevalence
Impact of Aquaculture Practices on Parasite Load
4.3 Public Health Implications
Risk of Zoonotic Transmission to Humans
Potential Impact on Fish Health and Productivity
4.4 Comparison with Previous Studies
4.5 Limitations of the Study
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Implications for Public Health and Aquaculture Management
5.3 Recommendations
Improved Water Quality Monitoring and Management
Regular Deworming of Fish Stocks
Public Health Education for Aquaculture Workers and Consumers
5.4 Areas for Further Research
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ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL BIODEGRADERS FROM A POLLUTED DUMPSITE AT LAGOS STATE,NIGERIA
Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by the improper disposal of waste at dumpsites poses significant ecological and health challenges. This study focused on the isolation and identification of potential biodegraders from a polluted dumpsite in Lagos State, Nigeria, with the aim of identifying microbial species capable of degrading organic and inorganic pollutants. Soil samples were collected from various depths and locations within the dumpsite and subjected to microbiological and biochemical analyses.
Microorganisms were isolated using enrichment culture techniques and identified based on their morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics. The biodegradation potential of the isolates was assessed by evaluating their ability to utilize hydrocarbons, plastics, and other pollutants as sole carbon and energy sources in controlled laboratory conditions.
The findings revealed the presence of diverse microbial species, including Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Aspergillus spp., and Penicillium spp., which demonstrated significant biodegradation capabilities. Notably, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited a high degradation rate for hydrocarbons, while Bacillus subtilis was effective in degrading plastics. These isolates present a promising avenue for the development of bioremediation strategies aimed at mitigating pollution in dumpsites.
The study highlights the potential of native microorganisms in waste degradation and emphasizes the need for further research to optimize their application in large-scale bioremediation projects. By harnessing these natural biodegraders, sustainable solutions to environmental pollution in Lagos State and beyond can be achieved.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Pollution from improperly managed dumpsites poses significant environmental and health challenges, particularly in urban areas like Lagos State, Nigeria. Dumpsites are often repositories of diverse waste materials, including organic, inorganic, and hazardous substances, which may lead to soil and water contamination (Akinola et al., 2018). Biodegradation, the natural process by which microorganisms break down complex pollutants into simpler, less harmful compounds, offers an eco-friendly solution to mitigating this environmental crisis (Atlas & Bartha, 2016). This study focuses on isolating and identifying microorganisms from a polluted dumpsite in Lagos State that have the potential for biodegradation, which can form the basis for sustainable waste management strategies.
Urbanization and industrial activities in Lagos State have resulted in increased waste generation, much of which ends up in open dumpsites. These sites serve as sources of pollution, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, leachate contamination of groundwater, and the spread of diseases (Adedeji et al., 2020). However, microbial communities in polluted environments often adapt to degrade contaminants, turning these organisms into valuable tools for bioremediation (Okerentugba & Ezeronye, 2017).
Microbial biodegraders, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, are capable of breaking down complex pollutants, including hydrocarbons, plastics, and heavy metals (Das & Chandran, 2011). Research into identifying and isolating such microorganisms can enhance the development of bio-based technologies for pollution control and environmental restoration. Lagos State’s dumpsites provide a unique opportunity to explore the diversity of microbial communities thriving in polluted environments and their potential applications in waste degradation.
Statement of the Problem
Dumpsites in Lagos State are often characterized by improper waste disposal practices, leading to severe environmental pollution and associated health risks (Akinyemi et al., 2019). Existing waste management strategies, such as incineration and landfilling, are often unsustainable due to their high cost, energy requirements, and contribution to secondary pollution (Singh et al., 2018). Bioremediation, utilizing native microorganisms with biodegradative potential, offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. However, limited research has been conducted to isolate and identify these potential biodegraders in Lagos State dumpsites, creating a gap in knowledge that this study seeks to address.
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to isolate and identify potential biodegraders from a polluted dumpsite in Lagos State, Nigeria. The specific objectives are:
To collect and characterize soil samples from a polluted dumpsite.
To isolate microorganisms with potential biodegradative properties.
To identify the isolated microorganisms using morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques.
To assess the biodegradation potential of the identified microorganisms under laboratory conditions.
Research Questions
This study aims to answer the following research questions:
What types of microorganisms are present in the polluted dumpsite soil?
What are the morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics of the isolated microorganisms?
How effective are these microorganisms in degrading pollutants such as hydrocarbons and plastics?
Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will contribute to the body of knowledge on microbial biodegraders and their role in pollution control. It will provide baseline data for developing bioremediation strategies tailored to the environmental conditions of Lagos State. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of indigenous microbial species in addressing environmental challenges, supporting the global shift toward sustainable waste management practices (Abatenh et al., 2017).
Scope of the Study
The study focuses on isolating and identifying microorganisms with biodegradative potential from a polluted dumpsite in Lagos State. Soil samples will be collected at varying depths and analyzed for microbial content. The study is limited to laboratory-based evaluations of biodegradation potential, and further field applications are outside its scope.
Definition of Terms
Biodegradation: The process by which microorganisms break down pollutants into simpler, non-toxic compounds (Atlas & Bartha, 2016).
Bioremediation: The use of living organisms, particularly microorganisms, to remove or neutralize environmental contaminants (Das & Chandran, 2011).
Polluted Dumpsite: A location where waste materials are improperly deposited, leading to environmental contamination (Akinola et al., 2018).
Microbial Biodegraders: Microorganisms capable of breaking down complex organic and inorganic pollutants (Okerentugba & Ezeronye, 2017).
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CURRENT STATUS OF GASTRO-INTESTINAL PARASITES IN SOIL SAMPLE ACROSS NIGERIA
Abstract
Gastro-intestinal parasites pose significant public health challenges, especially in regions with inadequate sanitation and limited access to clean water. This study examines the current status of gastro-intestinal parasites in soil samples collected across various regions in Nigeria, focusing on prevalence, distribution, and potential health risks. Soil samples were analyzed from urban, rural, and peri-urban environments using standard parasitological techniques to detect common parasitic forms such as helminth ova and protozoan cysts. The findings reveal a high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths, including Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworm species, particularly in areas with poor waste management practices and insufficient hygiene. Regional disparities in parasite prevalence were observed, with higher concentrations in rural settings compared to urban areas. Contributing factors such as environmental conditions, socio-economic status, and community-level sanitation practices are discussed. This study underscores the urgent need for public health interventions, including mass deworming campaigns, improved sanitation infrastructure, and community education on hygiene practices, to mitigate the risks associated with soil-transmitted gastro-intestinal parasites in Nigeria. The findings provide critical data to inform policies and strategies for controlling parasitic infections and improving public health outcomes.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Gastro-intestinal parasites (GIPs) are a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where they contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality (WHO, 2020). These parasites, which include helminths and protozoa, are commonly transmitted through soil contaminated by human or animal feces. Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale), are among the most common GIPs affecting humans globally (Hotez et al., 2021).
In Nigeria, gastro-intestinal parasitic infections remain endemic due to factors such as poor sanitation, lack of access to clean water, and inadequate public health infrastructure (Akinbo et al., 2019). The warm and humid tropical climate prevalent in Nigeria creates an ideal environment for the survival and propagation of parasitic eggs, larvae, and cysts in the soil (Omowaye et al., 2020). Despite various intervention programs, including mass deworming campaigns and sanitation improvement efforts, GIPs continue to pose significant public health challenges across the country.
Gastro-intestinal parasites are associated with a range of adverse health effects, including malnutrition, anemia, growth retardation, and impaired cognitive development, particularly among children (Bethony et al., 2020). Nigeria, with its rapidly growing population and significant rural demographic, faces an increased burden of these infections due to inadequate environmental sanitation and insufficient awareness about preventive measures.
Soil contamination by parasitic eggs and larvae serves as a key transmission pathway for many GIPs. However, there is limited up-to-date data on the extent and distribution of soil contamination by gastro-intestinal parasites in Nigeria. Without a comprehensive understanding of the current status, it is difficult to design targeted intervention programs to reduce the burden of these infections (Anyanwu et al., 2021).
Soil-borne gastro-intestinal parasites (GIPs) are a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where environmental and sanitary conditions are often poor. The study of soil-borne GIPs is crucial due to their significant impact on human health, environmental sustainability, and socioeconomic development.
1. Public Health Significance
Soil-borne GIPs, such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms, affect nearly 1.5 billion people globally, with the highest prevalence recorded in tropical and subtropical regions (Hotez et al., 2020). These parasites contribute to malnutrition, anemia, stunted growth, and impaired cognitive development, particularly in children (Bethony et al., 2021). Infected individuals are often trapped in a cycle of poor health and reduced productivity, exacerbating poverty and inequality (WHO, 2020).
Studying soil-borne parasites provides insights into their prevalence, transmission dynamics, and health effects. This knowledge helps public health professionals develop effective intervention strategies, such as mass deworming programs, education campaigns, and improved sanitation measures (Anyanwu et al., 2021).
2. Environmental Health Implications
The presence of GIPs in soil is a direct indicator of environmental contamination with fecal matter, often due to poor waste management and sanitation practices (Omowaye et al., 2020). Investigating these parasites helps identify regions with inadequate sanitation infrastructure, enabling targeted investments in community hygiene programs. Moreover, understanding the environmental factors that influence the survival and distribution of parasitic eggs and larvae—such as soil type, temperature, and moisture—can inform strategies to limit their spread (Adeyemo et al., 2020).
3. Role in Sustainable Development
Addressing soil-borne GIPs aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 3 (Good Health and Well-being) and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation). By studying these parasites, researchers contribute to efforts aimed at reducing the global disease burden and improving living conditions in affected regions (UNDP, 2022). For instance, better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of these parasites can guide policies for sustainable sanitation and safe agricultural practices.
4. Agricultural and Economic Impacts
Soil contamination with GIPs affects agricultural productivity by reducing the quality and safety of food crops (Chammartin et al., 2020). Farmers exposed to contaminated soil are also at risk of infection, leading to reduced workforce productivity and increased healthcare costs. Studies on soil-borne GIPs provide essential information for designing integrated pest and parasite management strategies in agriculture, promoting healthier farming communities and economic stability (Akinbo et al., 2019).
5. Development of Preventive Measures
Research on soil-borne GIPs plays a key role in developing preventive measures and innovative solutions. For instance, studies on soil contamination can inform the design of affordable and effective sanitation technologies, such as ecological latrines or waste management systems (Ahmed et al., 2021). Additionally, monitoring soil-borne GIPs can support the early detection of outbreaks, enabling timely responses to mitigate public health crises.
Conclusion
Studying soil-borne gastro-intestinal parasites is essential for understanding their impact on human health, the environment, and socioeconomic development. This research provides critical insights needed to address the root causes of infections, enhance public health interventions, and promote sustainable development. By investing in the study of soil-borne GIPs, policymakers and researchers can create healthier communities and more resilient ecosystems.
1. Introduction
Gastro-intestinal parasites (GIPs) are a significant public health issue in Nigeria, particularly among populations with limited access to proper sanitation and healthcare. Soil serves as a primary reservoir for the eggs, larvae, and cysts of several parasitic species, facilitating their transmission to humans and animals (Hotez et al., 2021). Despite various efforts to control parasitic infections, GIPs remain endemic in many parts of Nigeria, highlighting the need for an objective review of their current status in soil.
2. Prevalence of Gastro-Intestinal Parasites in Soil
Several studies have documented the widespread contamination of Nigerian soils with GIPs, particularly in rural and peri-urban areas. A study conducted by Akinbo et al. (2019) reported a high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms in agricultural and residential soils. Similarly, Omowaye et al. (2020) identified significant levels of protozoan parasites, including Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, in soil samples collected from urban slums.
The prevalence rates vary across regions, influenced by factors such as climate, soil type, and socio-economic conditions. For instance, higher infection rates have been observed in the humid southern regions compared to the arid northern regions, likely due to the favorable environmental conditions for parasite survival in the south (Anyanwu et al., 2021).
3. Sources of Soil Contamination
Soil contamination with GIPs in Nigeria is largely attributed to poor sanitation and improper waste disposal practices. Open defecation, which is prevalent in many rural areas, directly contributes to the contamination of soil with parasitic eggs and larvae (Adeyemo et al., 2020). Additionally, the use of untreated wastewater and animal manure in agriculture increases the risk of soil contamination and subsequent human exposure (Chammartin et al., 2020).
4. Environmental Factors Influencing Parasite Survival
The survival and transmission of GIPs in soil are heavily influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and soil composition. For example, Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are known to remain viable for several years in warm, moist soils, making them a persistent public health challenge (Hotez et al., 2021). In contrast, dry and sandy soils, more common in northern Nigeria, are less conducive to the survival of parasitic larvae (Omowaye et al., 2020).
5. Regional Disparities in Soil Contamination
The distribution of GIPs in soil varies significantly across Nigeria. Urban areas, despite better access to sanitation facilities, often experience higher contamination levels in slums and informal settlements where hygiene practices are poor (Ahmed et al., 2021). In contrast, rural areas are more affected by open defecation and inadequate waste management, which directly increase soil contamination (Anyanwu et al., 2021).
6. Health Implications of Soil-Transmitted GIPs
Soil contamination with GIPs has profound health implications for communities, particularly for vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women. GIPs are associated with malnutrition, anemia, growth retardation, and impaired cognitive development (Bethony et al., 2021). The economic burden of treating these infections and their long-term health consequences further underscores the need for effective interventions.
7. Control and Intervention Efforts
Efforts to reduce soil contamination with GIPs in Nigeria include mass deworming campaigns, sanitation improvement programs, and public health education. However, the effectiveness of these interventions is limited by inconsistent implementation and poor community engagement (Adeyemo et al., 2020). Comprehensive data on soil contamination is crucial for designing targeted and sustainable interventions to address the GIP burden.
8. Conclusion
An objective review of the current status of gastro-intestinal parasites in Nigerian soil reveals a significant public health challenge exacerbated by poor sanitation and environmental conditions. Regional disparities in prevalence, coupled with inadequate intervention efforts, underscore the need for context-specific solutions. Ongoing monitoring and research are essential to inform policies and practices aimed at reducing soil contamination and the associated health risks.
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Account Number: 3139283609
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08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
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ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL BIODEGRADERS FROM POLLUTED DUMP SITE IN OGUN STATE, NIGERIA
Abstract:
This study aimed to isolate and identify potential biodegraders from a polluted dump site in Ogun State, Nigeria. The growing challenge of waste management in urban environments has led to an increase in environmental pollution, particularly from organic waste. Microorganisms capable of biodegradation play a crucial role in mitigating this environmental hazard by breaking down harmful pollutants. The study collected soil and water samples from various locations within the polluted dump site, followed by the isolation of microorganisms through selective culturing techniques. Biodegradation potential was assessed by monitoring the growth and enzyme activity of the isolates on organic waste substrates. The isolates were identified based on their morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics using 16S rRNA sequencing. The results indicated the presence of diverse microbial communities, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, with significant potential for organic pollutant degradation. These findings highlight the importance of exploiting indigenous microorganisms as bioremediation agents in polluted environments. The identification of effective biodegraders offers a promising approach to addressing waste pollution and promoting sustainable environmental management practices in Ogun State and similar regions.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Wastes can be considered, as those materials no longer required by an individual, institution or industry. Wastes are thus regarded as by-products or end products of the production and consumption process respectively. Solid waste can be defined as: ‘The useless and unwanted products in the solid state derived from the activities of the society and hence discarded off by the society.’ Solid waste results from various sources, such as animal wastes, hazardous wastes, industrial and medical wastes, food wastes, mineral waste, and nonhazardous wastes.
In the late 1990s, it was estimated that each person in the world generated 200kg of solid waste per year (UNCHS, 2001) and this was forecasted to increase with the growth in population. The quality and generation rate of solid wastes in Nigeria have increased at an alarming rate over the years with lack of efficient and modern technology for their management (Babayemi and Dauda, 2009). Solid waste management has remained an intractable environmental sanitation problem in Nigeria. This problem has manifested in the form of piles of indiscriminately disposed heaps of uncovered waste and illegal dumpsites along major roads and at street corners in cities and urban areas. This problem is compounded by the rapid urbanization and population growth which has led to the generation of enormous quantities of solid waste which are often discarded by open dumping. The rate of increase in the quantity of waste generated in relation to the population size can only worsen urban environmental issues and planning as a whole (Babayemi and Dauda, 2009).
Solid wastes are mainly disposed off to dumpsite, because it is the simplest and cheapest method of disposing waste (Barret and Lawler, 1995). Rushbroke (2001) describes open dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) as a primitive stage of waste disposal, practiced by three fourths of countries and territories round the world. Open dumps are the major causes of environmental degradation and public health concerns in many developing countries including Nigeria. These waste dumps may contain a mixture of general waste and toxic, infectious or radioactive wastes and are susceptible to burning and exposure to scavengers. There are a number of major risks and impacts of the dumpsites on the environment. For instance, air pollution from open burning, due to emission of green house gases such as methane and carbon dioxide; the air emissions and leachates generated as a result of decomposition of waste may contaminate air, surface and groundwater sources; fire hazards and explosions cause public health risks as well. The emission of greenhouse gases, rats and fly infestation and nuisance effects are among the health and environmentalimpacts of poor solid waste management. In addition, scattering of wastes by wind and scavenging by birds, animals and waste pickers creates aesthetic nuisance. Malodour emanating due to the degradation of the waste in the dumpsite has nuisance effect and decreases the economic and social values in the locality. In many dumpsites, the waste is directly exposed due to the absence of daily cover on the dumped waste and this attracts the animal and human scavengers (Kurian et al, 2004).
According to DEAT (2001), the life and dumpsite and landfill can be managed if wastes disposed to dumpsites are minimized through waste recycling and resource recovery and the vision of the Polokwane declaration is to reduce solid wastes landfilled to 50% of current levels by 2012 and to zero by 2022. If resources (both renewable and non renewable) are salvaged, dumpsites air space will be more effectively utilized and pollution and environmental degradation will be reduced.
Statement of Problem
Over the last three decades there has been increasing global concern over the public health impacts attributed to environmental pollution, in particular, the environmental quality and human health risks associated with the waste dumps. World Health Organization estimated that about a quarter of the diseases facing mankind today occur due to prolonged exposure to environmental pollution (UNEP, 2006). Unfortunately there seems to be no clear cut guidelines at the national or state levels on how to deal with these dumpsites in a sustainable manner, particularly in the developing where ironically the burden of environmental pollution seems to be highest. It is suggested that the first task would be to decide on one of three options: if the dumpsite should be closed, remediated or rehabilitated (Kurian et al, 2005).. To determine whether to rehabilitate and close or remediate, upgrade and operate a dumpsite may require an environmental impact assessments studies (EIAs) including consultation with the interested and affected parties, specifically the adjacent communities. In countries like Nigeria where the number of existing dumpsites (both legal and illegal) are many, economic considerations of the evaluation process must be taken into consideration in recommending a suitable approach or methodology.
Assessing the relative health and environment hazards posed by the dumpsites existing throughout the developing countries could help prioritize, plan and initiate dumpsite rehabilitation (Kurian et al, 2005).
In order to prolong the life of the current dumpsites and landfills in the country and optimally manage the new ones, they need to be redesigned and reconstructed, following the internationally acceptable standards and regulations. Landfills (dumps) in the case study (Ogun State) generally were not subject to the regulations governing modern landfills and were usually sited for convenience such as the presence of a pre existing hole into which wastes could be deposited. This research seeks to assess the suitability of dumpsites location within Abeokuta North and South Local Government area of Ogun state with a view of identifying suitable areas across the state for future landfill projects using site selection criteria.
Research Question
The following questions are intended to be answered by this study
Where are the designated dumpsites within Abeokuta North and South Local Government of Ogun State?
What are the qualities of the waste in the designated dump site within Abeokuta North and South Local Government of Ogun state
Justification/Rationale of Study
The lack of effective waste management strategy is a potential threat to achieving sustainable development in Nigeria. Studies that would bring about strategies to manage these wastes are urgently needed. Hence, the purpose of this study is to provide a scientific assessment of an existing dumpsite in Ogun state. Landfills offer promising potentials for both energy as well as raw material recovery. In addition, they offer easiest and cheapest way of waste disposal. While the predominant reasons for dumpsite deconstruction and reclamation in the past have been environmental pollution and degradation. At present and in the future, the motivation should be their proper location through constraint mapping, using site selection criteria. If properly located and constructed, dump sites has many environmental besides economic benefits. Revenues from recyclable and re-useable materials (e.g. ferrous metals, aluminum, plastic and glass) provide people with sustained
Income generation; reclaimed soil used as cover material or sold as construction fill or sold for other uses. The recovery of metals from old dumpsites seems also reasonable in respect to the strongly increasing prices of raw materials (EUWID, 2008)
Significance of Study
Internationally, landfills have significant waste management potentials. Proper site selection for dumpsites has potentials for increasing dumpsite life span protecting the environment from further pollution from indiscriminate waste dumping and enhancing conversation of natural resources and virgin materials so as to eradicate poverty through income generation. However, these benefits are still not fully taken into advantage in Nigeria due to poor site location for the dumpsites/landfills. This is partly because the major issues that determine the success of dumpsites selection and construction have not been earnestly addressed. That is environmental impact assessment and audit of each dump site has not been given the much attention it deserved. It will also provide necessary information for appropriate/suitable site which in the long run increase the life span of these sites and reduce the necessity for reclamation in the future.
At present there are hardly any documented experiences with the use of risk based approaches for the management of dumpsites in Nigeria. The need for a risk based tool that is suited to the peculiarities of a developing country and that has been tested and proven to be useful, scientifically sound and easy to apply is therefore urgently required, given the number o f waste dumps in Nigeria and the march towards the achievement of vision 20-20-20 (the vision of the Nigerian state to become one of the twentieth largest economies in the world by the year 2020). This study will therefore provide basis for action and suggest modification for better result.
Environmental pollution, especially waste accumulation, is a growing concern globally, with adverse effects on both the ecosystem and public health. In Nigeria, improper waste disposal and the resulting contamination of land, water, and air are significant challenges. One of the most affected areas is Ogun State, which faces a mounting issue with polluted dump sites in urban and peri-urban areas. These sites contain a wide range of organic and inorganic wastes, which, when left untreated, lead to environmental degradation, soil contamination, and long-term health risks.
The role of microorganisms in the biodegradation of organic pollutants is well-established. Certain bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes possess the ability to degrade toxic substances, converting them into harmless byproducts. This natural process, known as bioremediation, offers a promising and sustainable solution to managing pollution. Biodegraders are microorganisms that have adapted to thrive in polluted environments, breaking down pollutants into simpler compounds through enzymatic action. Identifying and isolating potential biodegraders from polluted sites is crucial for developing bioremediation strategies to mitigate pollution and restore environmental health.
This study focuses on the isolation and identification of microorganisms capable of biodegrading organic pollutants from a polluted dump site in Ogun State, Nigeria. The findings of this research could provide valuable insights into the microbial diversity in polluted environments and their potential application in waste management and environmental remediation.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Ogun State, like many other states in Nigeria, has experienced a rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization, leading to the proliferation of waste generation and subsequent pollution. Dump sites in urban areas, particularly those not properly managed, have become hotspots for the accumulation of organic and inorganic waste materials. This contamination poses significant risks to the environment, including soil infertility, water pollution, and air quality degradation. Despite the growing pollution levels, there is limited research on the microbial communities present in these polluted sites and their potential for bioremediation.
Therefore, there is a need to identify indigenous microorganisms capable of degrading organic pollutants at polluted dump sites in Ogun State, to understand their potential for use in sustainable environmental management and pollution control.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to isolate and identify microorganisms with the potential for biodegrading organic pollutants from a polluted dump site in Ogun State. The specific objectives are:
To isolate microorganisms from soil and water samples obtained from the polluted dump site.
To evaluate the biodegradation potential of the isolates using organic waste substrates.
To identify the isolates based on their morphological, biochemical, and molecular characteristics.
To determine the enzymatic activity of the isolated microorganisms in degrading organic pollutants.
To assess the potential of the identified biodegraders for bioremediation in the management of polluted environments.
1.4 Research Questions
This study aims to answer the following research questions:
What microorganisms are present in the polluted dump site in Ogun State?
Which of these microorganisms exhibit potential for biodegradation of organic pollutants?
What are the biochemical and molecular characteristics of the isolated biodegraders?
How effective are the isolated microorganisms in degrading organic pollutants in the environment?
1.5 Hypothesis
The following hypothesis will guide this study:
There are microorganisms present in the polluted dump site in Ogun State that have the ability to biodegrade organic pollutants.
The isolated microorganisms will exhibit varying levels of biodegradation potential based on their enzymatic activities.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant in several ways:
Environmental Remediation: The findings will contribute to the development of bioremediation strategies using indigenous microorganisms for the management of polluted dump sites in Ogun State and similar regions.
Waste Management: By identifying effective biodegraders, this study will provide insights into sustainable waste management practices that can help reduce the environmental impact of waste accumulation.
Microbial Ecology: The study will enhance the understanding of the microbial communities present in polluted environments, highlighting their role in pollutant degradation and ecosystem health.
Public Health: The identification of effective biodegraders may lead to improved environmental conditions, reducing pollution-related health risks in the local communities.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study will be conducted at a polluted dump site located in Ogun State, Nigeria. The scope of the research includes:
Collection of soil and water samples from different locations within the dump site.
Isolation of microorganisms from the samples using selective culturing methods.
Evaluation of the biodegradation potential of the isolates using organic waste substrates.
Identification of microorganisms using morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques.
Determination of the enzymatic activity of the isolates in degrading organic pollutants.
The study will focus on isolating microorganisms capable of biodegrading organic pollutants, including hydrocarbons, plastics, and other organic waste materials commonly found in dump sites.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
While this study aims to isolate and identify potential biodegraders from the polluted dump site, several limitations may arise:
Sampling Limitations: The microbial diversity may be influenced by the location of the samples, the season, and the specific characteristics of the pollutants present at the site.
Time Constraints: The biodegradation assays may require extended periods for optimal evaluation, potentially limiting the time available for analysis.
Technical Constraints: Some of the molecular techniques for identification may require sophisticated equipment and expertise that may limit the depth of analysis.
1.9 Definition of Terms
Biodegradation: The process by which microorganisms break down organic substances into simpler compounds, often resulting in harmless byproducts like carbon dioxide, water, and methane.
Bioremediation: The use of microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants, particularly organic contaminants, to restore polluted environments.
Microorganisms: Organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, which can be involved in biodegradation.
Enzymatic Activity: The catalytic activity of enzymes produced by microorganisms to break down specific organic pollutants.
Polluted Dump Site: An area where waste, particularly organic and inorganic pollutants, has accumulated, leading to environmental contamination.
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PARASITOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SOME READY TO EAT FRUITS SOLD AT OYE EMENE ENUGU STATE NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
Some locally available fruits (garden egg, orange, banana, guava, avocado, pawpaw and pineapple).sold in Oye Emene Enugu, Enugu State was examined for parasitological contamination. A total of 87 samples were examined using sedimentation and concentration methods. 11(12.6%) of the 87 fruits were positive for intestinal parasites microscopically. Among these fruits, guava had the highest number of intestinal parasites which was 6 (35.3% positive and the lowest was banana 2(8%). Parasite implicated were ova of Ascaris lumbricoides 8(9.2%), cysts of Amoeba 3(10%), yeast cells were seen on pineapple and water melon. There is no significant difference between the two methods used. Results of the current study shows a significant level of fruits contamination with pathogenic parasite from different places in Oye Emene in Enugu, Enugu State suggesting existence of a great risk of acquiring intestinal parasites by eating improperly washed fruits.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Among horticultural crops, fruits are of great importance for an adequate and balance human diet. In certain part of the world, fruits are the major dietary staple. Apart from being a rich source of vitamins, and minerals, the production of fruits also contributes significantly to regional and national economics through national and international trade. The term fruit has many different meaning depending on the context.
A fruit is a ripened ovary together with seeds of a flowering plant. Fruits are the means through which flowering plants disseminate seeds (Lewis, 2002).
In cuisine when food items are called “fruits” the term is most often used for those plants fruits that are edible, sweet, and fresh examples are: apples, and oranges. Fruits are cultivated in areas where the environmental factors are suitable for their growth. Emene in Enugu state is considered one of the areas that have good cultivating land for great yield of fruits and this is done usually during rainy season or use of irrigation during dry season. Irrigation water is achieved by different sources like lake, stream, river, ponds etc. which may be polluted with animal and human feaces. Due to high number of eggs, cyst and larvae of human intestinal parasites present in the waste
water, the use of excreta polluted water is a health risk to both the farmers and the consumers that eat the produce raw and fresh, like apples, guava, pear and mango (Scolf, 1992).
Pollination is a vital part of fruit culture, and in few species, they may develop in the absence of pollination/fertilization, a process known as “parthernocarpy” such fruits are seedless (Mauseth &James 2003). Many foods are botanically fruits, but are treated as vegetables in cooking and food preparations. Examples are: Tomatoes, eggplant, pumpkin and pears etc. (Mcgee and Harold 2004). Ethylene causes ripening in fruits.
There are three types of fruits
1. Simple fruit
2. Aggregate fruit and
3. Multiple fruit
Simple fruit can be either dry or fresh, Example carrot, wheat, tomato, avocado, banana etc.(Schelegel,2002).
The examples of an aggregate fruits are pineapple, bread fruit, etc. some fruits have coat covered with Spikes or hooked burrs, either to prevent themselves from being eaten by animals, using them as dispersal agent. eg. unicorn plant (Heiser and Charles 2003). Many fruits are used to make beverages, such as fruit juice,
(orange juice, apple juice, grape juice
etc).or alcoholic beverages, such as wine or brandy. Apples are often used to make vinegar. Mcgee (2004) fruits are contaminated with parasites and some parasite infections which have direct life cycle and do not need an intermediate host to infect a new host are via feacal-orally transmitted parasites. Infections acquired through direct ingestion of infective egg or cyst is intimately linked with level of personal hygiene and sanitation in the community. Factors like the lack of latrine and adequate sewage disposal facilities have been known to contribute to the spread of the infective states of the parasites thereby bringing about a wide spread contamination of foods. Infection can be acquired through contaminated unwashed fingers, insects, circulation of currency and by wind during dry season. Contamination of fruits with eggs and cyst especially those hawked by fruit vendors may also serve as a source of infection to consumers of such fruits items. These parasites includes: entamoeba histolystica, Giardia duodenace, Trichuris trichura, Ascaris Lumbricoides and Benterobius vermiculais. (World Health Organization [WHO],2000).
Amoebiasis is known to cause about 450 million infections per annum in developing countries with an incidence of about 50 million and 100,000 deaths. Giardiais is more common in children and has a world wide prevalence of about 130% (Wov and Paterson, 1986). Ascaris is the commonest nematodes of man especially in tropical Africa with a prevalence of about 40% in Enugu State (Reonthalaer, 1988). And may be as high as 96-100% in the rural community in Enugu State.The resistance capacity of the eggs and cyst of these parasites is a feature of profound influence on the epidemiology.
Eggs of Ascaris can remain viable for up to six years. (Njom,2002). Many people who eat fresh fruit as part of an overall health diet are likely to have reduced risk of some chronic diseases. Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables reduce risk for stroke, diabetes, certain cancers such as (mouth), heart, diseases, developing kidney stone, and decreases bone loss.
Fruit reduces the risk of neural tube defects, spina bifida and anecephaly during fetal development
(Ayer, 2001). Fruits are very important in human consumption especially health wise. Parasites that affect fruits need to be controlled in a proper process in order not to affect those that are of medially important. The major way of selecting the appropriate intervention stops to reduce population to pathogenic microorganism on fruits is to identify sources of contamination and ecology of the pathogens as it is affected by processing practices. Organism like; Samonella, cryptosproridium, cyclospora, Giardia, are among the disease causing organisms that have been transferred via fresh fruits (Sushow, 1997).The use of disinfectant like chlorine, in wash water can also help to prevent both host harvest disease and food borne illnesses.
The evaluation of these medically important parasites found in fruits will depend on the knowledge of the factors contributing to the spread of such parasites including the activities of fruit vendors at Orie emene market and then affect on the distribution of these parasites.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the parasite of medical importance in fruit sold at Orie Emene market in Enugu State.
2. To determine whether washing of fruits with untreated water eliminates the parasites of medical importance (pathogenic parasites) from them.
3. To determine whether fruits are safe to be eaten without washing them as some people do.
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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETALACTAMESE PRODUCING KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA ISOLATES FROM CLINICAL SPECIMEN IN NASARAWA STATE
Abstract:
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae strains pose a significant threat to public health due to their resistance to commonly used antibiotics. This study focuses on the molecular characterization of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates obtained from clinical specimens in Nasarawa State. The research employs molecular techniques to identify ESBL genes, assess genetic diversity, and determine antimicrobial resistance patterns.
A diverse collection of clinical specimens is sampled, and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates are isolated and identified. Molecular analyses, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing, are utilized to detect and characterize ESBL genes. The study also explores the genetic relatedness of the isolates through techniques such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) or multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is performed to evaluate the resistance profiles of the isolates.
The findings aim to provide insights into the prevalence, genetic diversity, and resistance mechanisms of ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in Nasarawa State. This information is crucial for guiding appropriate treatment strategies, implementing infection control measures, and contributing to the global understanding of antibiotic resistance in clinical settings. The study’s implications extend to informing public health interventions and promoting antimicrobial stewardship efforts to combat the growing threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria in healthcare settings.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Rationale for the Study
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Scope and Limitations
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
Literature Review
2.1 Klebsiella pneumoniae: Clinical Significance
2.2 Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)
2.3 Antibiotic Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae
2.4 Molecular Characterization Techniques
2.5 Studies on ESBL-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae
2.6 Gaps in Knowledge
Research Methodology
3.1 Study Design
3.2 Sample Collection
3.3 Isolation and Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae
3.4 Molecular Detection of ESBL Genes
3.4.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
3.4.2 DNA Sequencing
3.5 Genetic Diversity Analysis
3.5.1 Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) or Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST)
3.6 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
3.7 Data Analysis
Results
4.1 Isolation and Identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae
4.2 Molecular Detection of ESBL Genes
4.3 Genetic Diversity Analysis
4.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
4.5 Summary of Findings
Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Key Findings
5.2 Contributions to Knowledge
5.3 Practical Implications
5.4 Final Remarks
References
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FUNGI SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH ORANGE FRUIT
Abstract:
This study investigates the diverse fungi species associated with orange fruit, aiming to provide insights into the fungal communities inhabiting this economically significant fruit. Samples of orange fruit were collected from various locations, and fungal isolates were cultured and identified using molecular and morphological techniques. The research revealed a rich fungal diversity associated with orange fruit, encompassing various genera and species. Dominant fungal groups included Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota. Additionally, several fungal pathogens and potential spoilage organisms were identified. The findings contribute to the understanding of the fungal ecology of orange fruit, emphasizing the importance of monitoring and managing fungal populations to enhance fruit quality and safety in the agricultural and food industries.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Orange fruit (Citrus sinensis) holds significant economic and nutritional importance worldwide. While oranges are a valuable source of vitamins and antioxidants, they are susceptible to various biotic factors, including fungi. Fungi play a crucial role in the ecological dynamics of fruit, influencing both postharvest quality and safety. Understanding the diversity and dynamics of fungal species associated with orange fruit is essential for effective agricultural and postharvest management.
Fruits and vegetables are very important and have high dietary and nutritional qualities. Consumption of fruit and vegetable products has dramatically increased by more than 30% during the past few decades (Barth et al., 2009). They are good sources of nutrients for growth, repair and control of body processes as most of them contain sugar, vitamins, mineral elements and small quantities of protein and oil (Zubbair, 2009). Citrus sinensis, also known as sweet orange, is the most popular of the citrus fruits. It is widely cultivated in most regions of the world (Muhammad et al., 2013). Oranges form a rich source of vitamin C, flavonoids, phenolic compounds and pectins. The main flavonoids found in citrus species are hesperidine, narirutin, naringin and eriocitrin (Ghasemia et al., 2009). Just one orange provides 116% of the daily requirement for vitamin C. Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble antioxidant, which prevents free radical generation in the body and damage to the tissues in the aqueous environment both inside and outside cells (Milind and Diev, 2012). Drinking of orange juice without salt and sugar is associated with reduced severity of inflammatory conditions, like asthma, osteo-arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin C is also necessary for the proper functioning of immune system. Vitamin C is good for preventing cold, cough and recurrent ear infections (Guanieri et al., 2007). These losses are due to many factors, among which postharvest fungal diseases are considered as principal cause. Sweet orange are vulnerable to post-harvest diseases. It was observed in previous studies, that the extent of damage varied from 29.9 to 43.8% in sweet orange and 25.5 to 36.8% in acid lime (Reddy et al., 2008). Studies have shown that oranges have been found to protect the moderate consumer against cardiovascular diseases (Milind and Diev, 2012), possess anti-carcinogenic properties (Tanaka et al., 1997), reduce the risk of kidney stones (Honow et al., 2003), possess anti-ulcer properties (Simon et al., 2003), antianxiety effect (Fsaturi et al., 2010), anti-typhoid activity (Vivek et al., 2010), antibacterial activity (Milind and Diev, 2012) and antifungal activities (Neeta and Abhishek, 2008) amongst the many medicinal uses.
The improper handling, packaging, storage and transportation may result in decay and growth of microorganisms, which become activated because of the changing physiological state of the fruits and vegetables (Wilson et al., 1991). Fruit, due to their low pH, higher moisture content and nutrient composition are very susceptible to attack by pathogenic fungi, which in addition to causing rots, may also make them unfit for consumption by producing mycotoxins (Moss, 2002). The principle of spread of fungal infection in fruits supports that a single infected orange fruit can be the source of infection to other orange fruits during storage and on transit (Jay, 2003). Soil-infesting fungi and bacteria that cause loss of fleshy tissue typically infect plants at the time of or just before harvesting. Infection may occur, however, during post-harvest handling or storage. Common air molds such as Penicillium species may gain entry into the susceptible tissue and cause loss during packaging. Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum causes green and blue mold diseases respectively which are universal post-harvest diseases of citrus. The extensive spore production by these pathogens ensures its presence wherever fruit was handled, including field, packing house, equipment, de-greening, storage rooms, transit containers and market place (Ismail and Zhang, 2004).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Orange fruit faces challenges related to fungal infections, which can lead to spoilage, economic losses, and potential health risks. The identification and characterization of fungi associated with orange fruit are critical for implementing targeted strategies to mitigate these issues. Despite the significance of fungi in the postharvest life of oranges, comprehensive studies on the diversity, prevalence, and potential impacts of specific fungal species are limited.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this research are:
To identify and characterize the fungal species associated with orange fruit.
To assess the prevalence and distribution of fungal species on the surface and within different parts of the orange fruit.
To investigate the potential impact of fungal species on the postharvest quality and safety of orange fruit.
To provide a baseline understanding of the ecological dynamics of fungi in association with orange fruit.
1.4 Research Questions
To guide the study, the following research questions are formulated:
What are the predominant fungal species associated with orange fruit?
How do fungal communities vary in prevalence and distribution on the surface and within different parts of the orange fruit?
What potential impacts do fungal species have on the postharvest quality and safety of orange fruit?
What insights can be gained into the ecological dynamics of fungi in association with orange fruit?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research holds significance in various aspects:
Agricultural Practices: Understanding the fungal species associated with orange fruit can inform agricultural practices, leading to improved cultivation and postharvest management strategies.
Quality Control: Identifying specific fungi and their impact on postharvest quality allows for targeted quality control measures, reducing economic losses in the orange industry.
Food Safety: Insights into the fungal ecology of orange fruit contribute to food safety by identifying potential spoilage organisms and mycotoxin producers.
Research Gap: The study addresses a research gap by providing a comprehensive investigation into the fungal communities associated with orange fruit.
1.6 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on the fungal species associated with fresh orange fruit, encompassing both the surface and internal parts. The research is limited to a specific geographic area and orange varieties. The scope includes the identification and characterization of fungi without delving into detailed physiological or molecular aspects. Limitations may arise from seasonal variations, regional differences, and the dynamic nature of fungal populations.
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
The thesis is structured to present a systematic exploration of the fungal species associated with orange fruit. Chapter Two will review relevant literature on fungal communities in fruit, postharvest diseases, and the significance of fungi in agriculture. Chapter Three will detail the methodology employed in the identification and characterization of fungal species. Subsequent chapters will present the findings, discuss implications, and conclude the study.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TAP WATERCOLLECTED
ABSTRACT
Comparative examination of three main sources of water supply in Independence layout Enugu was carried out with a view to determine their levels of contamination of bacteria. The sources of water examined are tap water, well water and stream water. The pour plate method was used to examine the water samples. Bacteria isolated from the water samples include coliforms especially Escherichia coli. Stream water and well water were found to contain bacterial isolates unlike the tap water that has none.
TABLE OF CONTENT
CERTIFICATION………………………………………………………….. i
DEDICATION………………………………………………………………. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………….. iii
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………….. iv TABLE OF CONTENT……………………………………………………. V
1.0 Chapter one………………………………………………………….. 7
1.1 Aims and objectives………………………………………………. 10
1.2 Statement of problem…………………………………………… 10
1.3 Significant of study……………………………………………….. 11
1.4 Limitations……………………………………………………………. 11
2.0 Chapter two………………………………………………………….. 12
2.1 Industrial pollution……………………………………………….. 13
2.2 Domestic pollution………………………………………………… 14
2.3 Agriculture pollution……………………………………………… 14
2.4 Environmental pollutin………………………………………….. 14
2.5 Underground water………………………………………………… 14
2.6 Well water……………………………………………………………… 15
2.7 Pipe borne water……………………………………………………. 15
2.8 Surface water…………………………………………………………. 19
2.9 Portable water……………………………………………………….. 19
2.10 Indicator organisms……………………………………………… 21
2.11 Water analysis…………………………………………………….. 22
2.12 Microbiological analysis………………………………………. 23
3.0 Chapter three………………………………………………………… 24
3.1 Sample collection………………………………………………….. 24
3.2 Analysis of sample…………………………………………………. 24
3.3 Sterilization of materials……………………………………….. 25
4.0 Chapter four…………………………………………………………. 26
5.0 Chapter five………………………………………………………….. 30
Recommendation………………………………………………………. 31 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 32
References…………………………………………………………………. 33
Appendix…………………………………………………………………… 43
CHAPTER ONE
Following the theory of creation, it is clear that water is as old as man. From time immemorial, man has restorted to the use of this unique commodity for domestic and other purposes.
Most of our water supplies are from surface water which include: rivers, streams, lakes, oceans and seas and there water bodies are likely to be polluted with domestic and Industrial as well as agriculture waste, As populations increase, the problem become more serious and as such, water can endanger the health and life of human beings because when polluted by fecal materials it becomes potential carrier of pathogenic organism (Carpenter, 1977).
Water, is of course, absolutely essential to life, not only human life but all life, animal and vegetable. Most of the biochemical reaction that occur in metabolism and growth of living cells involved water, and all take places in water. (Camp et al,1974).
Man uses water not only for drinking purposes but also for bathing, washing, laundering, heating, air conditioning, agriculture, stock raising and gardens, Industrial processes and cooling water power and steam power, fire protection, fishing, swimming and wild life propagation and navigation.
Natural water contain not only then natural flora but also micro – organisms from soil and possible from animals or sewage. Surface waters in streams or pools and stored waters in lakes and large ponds vary considerably in microbial content. (frazier, 1978) water is broadly divided into three types viz., surface water which include: streams, rivers, lakes seas, and oceans (Kelman et al, 1957).
The ground water, well, bore hole, many people have defined the ground water in different ways: ground water is non saturated water that occurs where all pores in the soil or rock counting materials are saturated (pelezer et al, 1992).
The atmospheric water, which include rainfalls. All water bodies consist of a variety of bacterial and other microorganisms like the Algaes, fungi, which inhabit these natural water bodies. Some of these micro – organisms are indigenous to thus natural water while others are transient, entering the water from external environment (Pelezar and Reg, 1997). The generality of bacteria are mostly commonly found ordinarily in fresh water some of which include: pseudomonas, Archacbacter, and vibrio these are gram negative, the gram-positive bacterial which are found in water include: micrococcus Archacbacter and actinomycetes (Gebharal, 1975). Tap water, as one of the water sources is mostly used domestically, it is observed that tap change sometime the water tap will be clear this calls for load, in order to be sure of its portability (Bonde, 1977).
The increase in drinking water from different sources especially in Enugu state has made necessary to investigate the microbial content of water. Water is a potential carried of pathogenic organisms that can endanger human life. Most of drinking water sources are often contaminated with different pollutants like faeces, animal and plant wastes, making such water unfit for drinking if not treated. The pollution of water with pathogenic organisms and other pollutants can only be detected by carrying out microbiological assessment of such water. Most human disease such as typhoid paratyphoid cholera, amobiasis, Trichinosis, gastroenteritis, salmonella shigellosis, diphtheria, giadia, dracunculus etc are known to be water borne disease. (Ewington et al, 1971).
Water born disease are those disease which have water as their vehicle of transmission these disease are capable of destroying a whole community if not checked. Therefore, the quickest ways to prevent out break of these disease and to determine the portability of such water sources is to determine the microbial load or content if the microbial content is nor within acceptable limit, such water sources should be condemned immediately (Fair et al, 1970).
These source of water are contaminated through one way or the other (i) The short falls in the distribution of treated pipe borne water leads people to resort to alternative source of water which may be unfit for human consumption
plumbing.
especially shallow well.
leaves, dust, and rain run often.
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BACTERIURIC PROFILE OF STUDENTS IN FEMALE HOSTEL TARABA STATE UNIVERSITY
Abstract:
This study investigates the bacteriuric profile among students residing in the female hostel of Taraba State University, aiming to identify prevalent bacterial pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections affecting individuals worldwide, with significant morbidity and economic burden. The hostel environment, characterized by communal living arrangements and shared facilities, may predispose residents to increased UTI risk factors.
A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving urine sample collection from female students residing in the hostel. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Demographic and clinical data were also collected to explore potential risk factors associated with bacteriuria.
Preliminary findings revealed a diverse bacteriuric profile, with Escherichia coli being the most frequently isolated pathogen, followed by other Gram-negative bacteria such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis. High rates of antibiotic resistance were observed among the isolated bacterial strains, highlighting the challenges in UTI management and antibiotic stewardship.
The study findings underscore the importance of routine surveillance and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in guiding empirical treatment strategies for UTIs among hostel residents. Furthermore, educational interventions focusing on hygiene practices, urinary tract health promotion, and antibiotic awareness are warranted to mitigate the burden of UTIs and antibiotic resistance in the university setting.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting individuals worldwide, with significant morbidity and economic burden, particularly among young adults. Bacteriuria, the presence of bacteria in the urine, is a hallmark of UTIs and can serve as an important indicator of urinary tract health. In communal living environments such as university hostels, factors such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare facilities may contribute to an increased risk of UTIs among students, particularly females.
Taraba State University, located in the northeastern region of Nigeria, hosts a diverse student population, including those residing in female hostels. Despite the potential health implications of bacteriuria among university students, there is limited research examining the bacteriuric profile of students in female hostels, particularly in Taraba State University.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) represent a common health concern worldwide, affecting individuals of all ages and demographics. Among young adults residing in communal living environments such as university hostels, the risk of UTIs may be heightened due to factors such as shared facilities, limited privacy, and potentially suboptimal hygiene practices. Understanding the bacteriuric profile, or the prevalence and types of bacteria present in the urine, among students residing in female hostels is crucial for implementing effective preventive measures and treatment strategies.
Taraba State University, like many educational institutions, accommodates a significant number of students in on-campus hostels. The female hostel, in particular, serves as a communal residence for a diverse population of young women, making it a pertinent setting for investigating the bacteriuric profile and associated factors contributing to UTIs. By elucidating the bacterial pathogens commonly found in the urine of hostel residents and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the epidemiology of UTIs in the university setting.
The prevalence of UTIs among university students can have far-reaching implications for their academic performance, overall health, and quality of life. UTIs are not only associated with discomfort and inconvenience but can also lead to complications such as pyelonephritis, sepsis, and recurrent infections if left untreated or inadequately managed. Furthermore, the emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a significant challenge to the effective treatment of UTIs, necessitating vigilant surveillance and judicious use of antimicrobial agents.
Therefore, this study seeks to address the gap in knowledge regarding the bacteriuric profile of students in the female hostel at Taraba State University. By identifying the predominant bacterial pathogens, their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and potential risk factors associated with UTIs, the findings of this research can inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing UTI incidence, promoting urinary tract health, and optimizing antibiotic therapy among university hostel residents.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The prevalence and etiology of bacteriuria among female students residing in university hostels in Taraba State remain poorly understood. Without adequate surveillance and understanding of the bacteriuric profile, there is a risk of undetected urinary tract infections, which can lead to complications such as kidney damage and systemic infections if left untreated. Additionally, the lack of data on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria causing bacteriuria among university students hampers efforts to implement effective preventive measures and treatment strategies.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 Main Objective
To assess the bacteriuric profile of students residing in female hostels at Taraba State University.
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
To determine the prevalence of bacteriuria among female students in university hostels.
To identify the bacterial pathogens associated with bacteriuria in this population.
To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from urine samples.
To explore factors associated with bacteriuria among female students in university hostels.
1.4 Significance of the Study
This study holds several implications for public health and university management in Taraba State. By elucidating the bacteriuric profile of female students in university hostels, the findings can inform targeted interventions to prevent and manage urinary tract infections in this population. Moreover, understanding the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates can guide appropriate empirical treatment and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Additionally, the study can contribute to the body of knowledge on UTIs among university students in Nigeria, potentially influencing policies and programs aimed at improving student health and well-being.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study will focus on female students residing in university hostels at Taraba State University. The research will involve the collection and analysis of urine samples to assess the prevalence of bacteriuria, identify bacterial pathogens, and determine antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Factors associated with bacteriuria, such as demographic characteristics and hygiene practices, will also be explored. The study will be conducted within a specified timeframe and geographical area, limiting its generalizability to other populations or settings.
1.6 Organization of the Study
This study comprises five chapters. Chapter One provides an introduction to the research topic, including background information, statement of the problem, objectives, significance, scope, and organization of the study. Chapter Two presents a review of relevant literature on urinary tract infections, bacteriuria, and related factors among university students. Chapter Three outlines the methodology, including study design, sampling techniques, data collection procedures, and statistical analysis plan. Chapter Four presents the results of the study, including prevalence rates, bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors. Finally, Chapter Five offers a discussion of the findings, implications for practice and policy, limitations of the study, and recommendations for future research.
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]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF GARCINA KOLA EXTRACT ON WOUND SAMPLE
ABSTRACT
Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) seed, has found use in folkloric medicine of Southern Nigeria for the treatment of toothache and prevention of dental caries. The crude ethanolic extract, chromatographic fractions and isolated constituents of Garcinia kola seed against clinical strains of dental-caries-causing and related microorganisms is being evaluated. Antimicrobial evaluations were done by testing different concentrations of the crude extract, vacuum liquid chromatographic (VLC) fractions and pure isolates against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus in already set blood agar with gentamicin as the reference standard. The zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined as appropriate. Fraction N, eluted with (hexane: ethyl acetate 70: 30), exhibited the highest activity with MIC’s of 1.50 mgml ¹ and 0.33 mgml ¹ while the pure isolates 1 (cycloartenol) and 2 (24-methylenecycloartanol) gave MIC’s of 0.17 mgml ¹ and 0.38 mgml ¹ against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans respectively. Isolate 3 (garcinianin) gave MIC of 1.0 mgml ¹ against Streptococcus mutans but there was no significant activity against Streptococcus viridans and Staphylococcus aureus. The results provide justifications for the folkloric use of Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) for dental caries-related health problems while the isolated compounds may also serve as templates for future antimicrobial drug development.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
he kola nut is the fruit of the kola tree, a genus (Cola) of trees that are native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. The caffeine-containing fruit of the tree is used as a flavoring ingredient in beverages, and is the origin of the term “cola”. The kola nut is a caffeine-containing nut of evergreen trees of the genus Cola, primarily of the species Cola acuminata and Cola nitida. Cola acuminata, an evergreen tree about 20 metres in height, has long, ovoid leaves pointed at both the ends with a leathery texture. The trees have yellow flowers with purple spots, and star-shaped fruit. Inside the fruit, about a dozen round or square seeds develop in a white seed-shell. The nut’s aroma is sweet and rose-like. The first taste is bitter, but it sweetens upon chewing. The nut can be boiled to extract the caffeine. This tree reaches 25 meters in height and is propagated through seeds. C. nitida and C. acuminata can easily be interchanged with other Cola species.
Garcinia kola Heckel (Guttiferae) seed has been used extensively in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases (Taiwo et al., 1999). The seeds are chewed in Southern Nigeria and parts of West Africa as a masticatory and are also used to prevent or relieve colic, headaches, chest colds and cough. The seeds are also chewed as an aphrodisiac and find use in the treatment of dysentery, bronchitis and throat infections (Braide, 1990). The stem bark is used as a purgative and for the treatment of malignant tumors. The sap is used for parasitic skin disease while the latex (gum) is used internally for gonorrhea treatment. It is applied externally to treat fresh wounds (Tona et al., 1999). The plant has also been employed in the treatment of liver disorders while the fruit yield favorite bitter chewing sticks sold in small bundles in local markets across West Africa (Iwu, 1993).
In the present study, a bioactivity-monitored fractionation and isolation of antimicrobial constituents of Garcinia kola Heckel seed with activity against dental Thin layer chromatographic analysis of the extracts on silica gel plates (0.25 mm thickness) with appropriate solvent systems and chromogenic reagents was also carried out to detect the secondary metabolites present.
Isolation of compounds: The crude ethanolic extract was chromatographed on silica gel (Vacuum Liquid Chromatographic) (VLC) and eluted with solvents of increasing polarity (hexane- methanol gradients), followed by monitoring with thin layer chromatography. Similar fractions were pooled together and labeled K, M, N, O and P. Fraction N (11.68 g) from the VLC fractionation was chromatographed on silica gel (column chromatography) and on further purification with preparative TLC (toluene: ethyl acetate: acetone 8:2:1) yielded compounds 1, 2 and 3. The pure isolates were subsequently characterized using spectroscopic means (Infra Red, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Mass Spectroscopy).
Antimicrobial screening of crude extracts and chromatographic fractions: Different concentrations of the crude extract ranging from 400 mgmlˉ¹ to 25 mgmlˉ¹ was prepared and was used to fill the bored wells made in already set blood agar containing Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus viridans in different Petri- dishes and incubated at 37 ⁰C for 24 hours. The zones of inhibition were measured while gentamicin (2.5 µgml⁻¹) was used as positive control as shown in Table 1.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Previous studies have revealed that Garcinia kola Heckel contains a mixture of phenolic compounds including xanthones and benzophenones (Locksley et al., 1971; Hussain et al., 1982). Flavonoid derivatives including apigenin, fisetin and biflavonoids such as ametoflavone have also been isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel seeds (Iwu et al., 1982). Kolaviron, an extractive from the seed has also been shown to possess remarkable prophylactic and therapeutic action on damaged stomach (Ibironke et al, 1997; Olaleye, 2005), liver (Farombi, 2000; Iwu, 2001; Adaramoye et al., 2005;), colon (Ige et al, 2010; Farombi et al, 2013) and brain (Ijomone et al, 2012)
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1.To understand the antimicrobial activity of garcina kola extract on wound sample
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.What is the antimicrobial activity of garcina kola extract on wound sample
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is no relationship between the antimicrobial activity of garcina kola and the solution to wound
H1: There is a relationship between the antimicrobial activity of garcina kola and the solution to wound
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
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