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KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES OF SHARP WASTE DISPOSAL AMONG NURSES WORKING IN UNIVERSITY OF PORTHARCOURT TEACHING HOSPITAL
Abstract
The proper disposal of sharp waste is crucial for ensuring the safety and well-being of healthcare workers, patients, and the environment. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of sharp waste disposal among nurses working at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving a sample of 150 nurses selected through simple random sampling. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire that assessed the nurses’ knowledge of sharp waste disposal methods, their attitudes toward safety protocols, and the actual practices they adhered to in handling sharp waste. The results indicated that while the majority of nurses had adequate knowledge of sharp waste disposal protocols, there were significant gaps in the consistent application of these practices. Factors such as workload, lack of proper disposal facilities, and inadequate training were identified as barriers to effective sharp waste management. The study highlights the need for continuous training, provision of appropriate disposal tools, and reinforcement of safety measures to improve compliance. This research provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by healthcare workers in maintaining safe sharp waste disposal practices, and recommends targeted interventions to enhance safety standards in hospital settings.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The proper management of sharp waste in healthcare settings is critical for safeguarding the health of healthcare workers, patients, and the community at large. Sharp waste, which includes items such as needles, syringes, scalpels, and broken glass, poses significant health risks, including infections, injuries, and exposure to bloodborne pathogens like HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C (Geng et al., 2020). In hospitals, nurses are frequently exposed to sharp waste during their daily tasks, making them particularly vulnerable to such risks. Consequently, adherence to safe sharp waste disposal practices is essential in reducing the chances of injuries and the spread of infections.
Research has shown that a lack of knowledge and improper disposal practices among healthcare workers, including nurses, contribute to the mishandling of sharp waste (Adekunle et al., 2018). Nurses in teaching hospitals, such as the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), are expected to follow standardized protocols for handling sharp waste to ensure both personal and public safety. However, despite these guidelines, there are concerns about the effectiveness of these practices, particularly in developing countries where healthcare settings may lack adequate disposal facilities and training (Mubangizi et al., 2017).
In Nigeria, studies have revealed that inadequate disposal practices, insufficient knowledge of waste management, and poor enforcement of safety protocols remain major challenges in healthcare facilities (Olowu et al., 2020). Therefore, it is essential to assess the knowledge and practices related to sharp waste disposal among nurses in Nigerian hospitals to identify gaps and propose effective interventions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Nurses at UPTH play a pivotal role in patient care and are often in close contact with sharp waste materials. Despite the established guidelines for the disposal of sharp waste, there is growing concern that improper disposal practices persist. This may result from inadequate knowledge, insufficient training, or poor compliance with safety protocols (Fawole et al., 2019). Injuries related to sharp waste disposal could lead to increased healthcare costs, prolonged illness, and exposure to infectious diseases (Johnson et al., 2021). The problem of unsafe sharp waste disposal is a critical issue that needs to be addressed to protect healthcare workers and the general population.
1.3 Research Objectives
The main objectives of this study are:
To assess the knowledge of sharp waste disposal practices among nurses working in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.
To evaluate the actual disposal practices of nurses regarding sharp waste.
To identify the factors that influence the safe disposal of sharp waste in the hospital.
To determine the gaps in knowledge and practices related to sharp waste disposal among nurses.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will address the following research questions:
What is the level of knowledge about sharp waste disposal among nurses working at UPTH?
What are the disposal practices of nurses regarding sharp waste?
What factors influence the proper disposal of sharp waste among nurses at UPTH?
Are there any gaps between the knowledge and practices of sharp waste disposal among nurses?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it will provide insight into the level of awareness and adherence to sharp waste disposal protocols among nurses in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. Second, the findings will help to identify any gaps in knowledge and practices that may be contributing to unsafe disposal methods. Third, the study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on healthcare waste management, particularly in Nigerian hospitals, where the issue of unsafe sharp waste disposal is often under-researched. Finally, the recommendations from this study may inform policy decisions and interventions aimed at improving waste management practices, enhancing safety standards, and reducing the risks associated with sharp waste in healthcare settings.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to the nurses working in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital. The research focuses on assessing the knowledge and practices related to sharp waste disposal. It does not extend to other healthcare workers, such as doctors, laboratory technicians, or hospital administrative staff, who may also interact with sharp waste but are not the primary focus of this study. The study will also focus on nurses working in various departments of the hospital, including emergency, surgical, and maternity wards, where the handling of sharp objects is most prevalent.
1.7 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework for this study is based on the Health Belief Model (HBM), which emphasizes the role of individual perceptions in health behavior. According to this model, individuals’ actions are influenced by their perceived susceptibility to health risks, their perceived severity of these risks, the benefits of taking preventive actions, and the perceived barriers to such actions (Janz & Becker, 1984). In the context of sharp waste disposal, the HBM suggests that nurses’ disposal practices may be influenced by their awareness of the risks associated with improper disposal, their understanding of the benefits of safe disposal practices, and any barriers they face, such as inadequate disposal facilities or lack of training.
1.8 Definition of Terms
Sharp waste: Medical waste materials that are capable of causing punctures, cuts, or abrasions, including needles, syringes, scalpels, and glass vials.
Knowledge: The awareness, understanding, and familiarity of nurses with proper sharp waste disposal protocols and safety measures.
Practices: The actual actions and behaviors of nurses regarding the safe disposal of sharp waste in the hospital setting.
Nurses: Registered and enrolled nurses working at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital.
1.9 Organization of the Study
This study is organized into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the background of the study, the statement of the problem, research objectives, research questions, and significance of the study. Chapter Two presents a review of the relevant literature on sharp waste disposal, its risks, and the practices of healthcare workers. Chapter Three outlines the research methodology, including the study design, sampling techniques, data collection instruments, and data analysis methods. Chapter Four presents the results of the study, including data analysis and interpretation. Finally, Chapter Five provides the discussion of the findings, conclusions, and recommendations for policy and practice.
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THE EFFECT OF USING OBJECTIVE STRUCTURED CLINICAL EXAMINATION ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION IN NURSING COLLOGES IN LAGOS STATE
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) on student performance and satisfaction in nursing colleges in Lagos State. OSCE, a widely adopted assessment tool in medical and nursing education, is known for its structured and objective approach to evaluating clinical competencies. This research employs a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative analysis of student performance data before and after the implementation of OSCE and qualitative interviews to gauge student satisfaction. Data were collected from nursing students in three colleges across Lagos State who underwent OSCE as part of their clinical assessments. The study aims to determine whether OSCE leads to improved student performance in clinical skills and if it influences overall student satisfaction with the assessment process. The findings indicate a significant improvement in student performance in clinical examinations post-OSCE, suggesting its effectiveness in accurately assessing clinical competencies. Additionally, student satisfaction levels showed an upward trend, with participants expressing greater confidence in their clinical abilities and the fairness of the assessment method. The study recommends the integration of OSCE as a standard evaluation tool in nursing education to enhance both academic performance and student satisfaction.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
The advancement of nursing education has been influenced by the continuous need to enhance the quality of clinical training and assessment methods. Traditional clinical assessment methods, such as written exams and unstructured practical assessments, have often been criticized for their inability to objectively evaluate clinical competencies and skills. As a result, the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) has gained recognition as an effective and objective method of assessing clinical skills in healthcare education (Harden et al., 1975). The OSCE is designed to test students’ performance in a controlled environment using multiple stations, each designed to assess specific clinical competencies. Its emphasis on structure and objectivity offers a promising alternative to traditional methods, with the potential to improve both student performance and satisfaction (Brouwers et al., 2017).
In nursing education, the adoption of OSCE has been particularly important due to the increasing complexity of healthcare settings and the necessity for nurses to possess a high level of competence in clinical decision-making, communication, and patient care. Nursing colleges across the globe have incorporated OSCE into their curricula as a way to ensure that their graduates meet the required clinical competencies for professional practice (Gosselin et al., 2018). However, the effectiveness of OSCE in nursing education, particularly in the context of Nigerian nursing colleges, remains underexplored.
Lagos State, as the economic and educational hub of Nigeria, is home to several nursing colleges that are striving to improve their teaching and assessment methods. In this setting, it is crucial to understand how the introduction of OSCE affects student performance and satisfaction. This study, therefore, seeks to examine the impact of OSCE on nursing students’ clinical performance and their satisfaction with the assessment process in selected nursing colleges in Lagos State.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Nursing students’ clinical skills are critical to their ability to provide high-quality care to patients. In many nursing colleges, clinical assessments are conducted using traditional methods such as observational assessments or written exams, which may not fully capture students’ clinical abilities (Searle et al., 2013). The use of OSCE has been advocated as a solution to this issue, given its ability to provide a standardized and objective means of evaluating clinical skills across different institutions (Alinier, 2003). Despite the growing adoption of OSCE in nursing education, there is limited empirical evidence on its effectiveness in improving student performance and satisfaction in Nigerian nursing colleges, particularly in Lagos State. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the effect of OSCE on nursing students’ clinical performance and their satisfaction with the assessment process.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to assess the effect of OSCE on student performance and satisfaction in nursing colleges in Lagos State. The specific objectives include:
To determine the effect of OSCE on nursing students’ clinical performance.
To assess the level of student satisfaction with the OSCE as an assessment method.
To explore the relationship between student performance and satisfaction with OSCE in nursing colleges.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
Does the use of OSCE improve nursing students’ clinical performance in nursing colleges in Lagos State?
How satisfied are nursing students with the use of OSCE in their clinical assessments?
Is there a relationship between nursing students’ performance and their satisfaction with OSCE?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the use of OSCE in nursing education, particularly within the Nigerian context. The findings of this research could provide valuable insights for nursing educators and administrators in Lagos State on the benefits and challenges of implementing OSCE as an assessment tool. Second, the study will help identify areas of improvement in the clinical assessment process, thereby informing policy decisions regarding assessment strategies in nursing colleges. Third, understanding the relationship between student performance and satisfaction with OSCE may guide future efforts to enhance nursing students’ learning experiences and overall competency.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to nursing colleges in Lagos State that have adopted OSCE as part of their clinical assessment process. The study will focus on nursing students who have undergone OSCE as part of their clinical training, assessing their performance and satisfaction levels. The study will not extend to other forms of clinical assessment or to nursing colleges outside Lagos State.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE): A modern method of assessing clinical skills, where students rotate through a series of stations, each designed to test a specific clinical skill or competency in a standardized manner (Harden et al., 1975).
Student Performance: The ability of students to demonstrate clinical competencies as assessed through OSCE, measured through scores or other objective evaluation criteria (Alinier, 2003).
Student Satisfaction: The degree to which nursing students feel content with the OSCE process, including aspects such as fairness, clarity, and the effectiveness of the assessment in measuring their clinical skills (Brouwers et al., 2017).
1.8 Organization of the Study
This study is organized into five chapters. Chapter One introduces the study, providing the background, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, significance, and scope. Chapter Two reviews relevant literature on OSCE, its application in nursing education, and its effects on student performance and satisfaction. Chapter Three outlines the research methodology, including the study design, population, sampling techniques, and data collection procedures. Chapter Four presents the results of the data analysis, while Chapter Five discusses the findings, draws conclusions, and makes recommendations for nursing education in Lagos State.
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PREANAESTHETIC AIRWAY ASSESSMENT AS A PREDICTOR OF DIFFICULT AIRWAY IN ADULT SURGICAL PATIENTS
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Airway management is a critical aspect of anesthesia practice, particularly in ensuring the safety of surgical patients. A difficult airway, defined as a clinical situation in which a conventionally trained anesthesiologist encounters difficulty with face-mask ventilation, tracheal intubation, or both, presents significant challenges and risks during anesthesia. Proper preoperative assessment of the airway can help predict and mitigate these risks, allowing anesthesiologists to prepare appropriate strategies and equipment for managing potential difficulties.
Preanaesthetic airway assessment involves evaluating various anatomical and physiological factors that may indicate a difficult airway. These assessments include the Mallampati classification, thyromental distance, mouth opening, neck mobility, and body mass index (BMI), among others. The accuracy of these assessments in predicting difficult airways can significantly impact patient outcomes, as failure to identify and prepare for a difficult airway can lead to severe complications, including hypoxia, brain damage, and even death.
The importance of preanaesthetic airway assessment has been emphasized in numerous studies, yet the prediction of difficult airways remains a complex and sometimes uncertain process. This study seeks to evaluate the effectiveness of various preanaesthetic airway assessment tools in predicting difficult airways in adult surgical patients, with the aim of enhancing patient safety and improving anesthetic practice.
Airway management is one of the most critical aspects of anesthesia and a cornerstone of patient safety during surgical procedures. Ensuring that the airway is adequately maintained throughout the perioperative period is essential to prevent hypoxia, brain injury, and other severe complications. The ability to predict and manage a difficult airway—defined as a clinical situation in which a trained anesthesiologist encounters challenges with face-mask ventilation, tracheal intubation, or both—remains a pivotal skill in anesthetic practice.
Difficult airway situations, though infrequent, are associated with high morbidity and mortality when they occur. These situations can arise unexpectedly, posing significant risks to the patient. Consequently, anesthesiologists employ preanaesthetic airway assessment tools to identify patients who may present with a difficult airway, enabling them to prepare appropriate strategies, equipment, and personnel for airway management.
Preanaesthetic airway assessment involves a systematic evaluation of anatomical and physiological features that may suggest the presence of a difficult airway. Commonly used assessment tools include the Mallampati classification, which assesses the visibility of oropharyngeal structures; the thyromental distance, which measures the distance from the thyroid notch to the chin; and neck mobility, among others. These tools are integral to anesthetic planning, allowing clinicians to anticipate and mitigate potential difficulties during intubation and ventilation.
Despite the availability of various assessment tools, predicting a difficult airway with certainty remains a challenge. The accuracy of these tools varies, and no single method has proven to be foolproof in identifying all difficult airways. This uncertainty necessitates continuous evaluation and improvement of preanaesthetic assessment techniques to enhance their predictive value and improve patient outcomes.
This study aims to explore the effectiveness of different preanaesthetic airway assessment tools in predicting difficult airways in adult surgical patients. By identifying the most reliable predictors and understanding the factors that contribute to airway difficulty, the study seeks to contribute to the development of better practices in airway management, ultimately reducing the incidence of adverse events related to difficult airway management.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite advancements in anesthetic techniques and equipment, the management of a difficult airway continues to be a significant challenge in clinical practice. Failure to anticipate a difficult airway can result in adverse outcomes, including difficult or failed intubation, hypoxia, and increased perioperative morbidity and mortality. While several airway assessment tools exist, their predictive accuracy varies, and there is no single universally accepted method for predicting difficult airways.
This study addresses the need for a comprehensive evaluation of preanaesthetic airway assessment methods and their reliability in predicting difficult airways in adult surgical patients. Understanding the limitations and strengths of these assessment tools is essential for improving the accuracy of airway predictions and ultimately enhancing patient safety.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objectives of this study are:
To evaluate the effectiveness of various preanaesthetic airway assessment tools in predicting difficult airways in adult surgical patients.
To identify the most reliable predictors of difficult airway among commonly used assessment methods.
To assess the relationship between patient characteristics (such as BMI, age, and neck mobility) and the likelihood of encountering a difficult airway.
To provide recommendations for improving preoperative airway assessment practices in clinical settings.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following questions:
What are the most commonly used preanaesthetic airway assessment tools for predicting difficult airways in adult surgical patients?
How effective are these tools in accurately predicting difficult airways?
Which patient characteristics are most strongly associated with a difficult airway?
How can preoperative airway assessment practices be improved to enhance patient safety?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be valuable to anesthesiologists, surgeons, and other healthcare professionals involved in the perioperative care of patients. By identifying the most reliable predictors of difficult airways and evaluating the effectiveness of existing assessment tools, the study aims to contribute to the development of standardized protocols for preanaesthetic airway assessment. This, in turn, can lead to better preparation for airway management, reduced incidence of airway-related complications, and improved patient outcomes.
Furthermore, the study will add to the existing body of knowledge on airway management and may serve as a basis for future research in this critical area of anesthetic practice.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will focus on adult surgical patients who undergo general anesthesia at a tertiary care hospital. The research will include a review of medical records, preoperative assessments, and intraoperative findings to evaluate the predictive accuracy of various airway assessment tools. The study will not cover pediatric patients or those undergoing procedures under local or regional anesthesia.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Difficult Airway: A clinical situation in which a conventionally trained anesthesiologist encounters difficulty with face-mask ventilation, tracheal intubation, or both.
Preanaesthetic Airway Assessment: The evaluation of a patient’s airway before administering anesthesia to predict the likelihood of a difficult airway.
Mallampati Classification: A scoring system used to predict the ease of intubation based on the visibility of structures in the oral cavity.
Thyromental Distance: The distance between the thyroid notch and the chin, used as a predictor of difficult intubation.
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]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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ASSESSING MATERNAL LITERACY AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, 0-5 YEARS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The prevalence of chronic malnutrition among under-five infants remains persistently high in Nigeria. For example, in the Northern Region of Nigeria, 32.5% of infants below five years are stunted, 12.9% wasted, and 21.8% underweight (1). Inadequate childcare practices are fundamental to addressing malnutrition among infants. Poor maternal education (formal and informal) has been identified as a major constraint to good childcare practices in Nigeria (2). A well-resourced, targeted and coordinated nutrition education can improve maternal nutritional knowledge, healthcare-seeking behaviours, and practices significantly. Consequently, a number of health-related non-governmental organizations, including Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), World Vision International (WVI), and the Nigeria Health Service (GHS) have been promoting proper childcare practices, including appropriate infant-feeding practices and management of childhood illnesses, such as diarrhoea. Health and nutrition messages are usually targeted to mothers, most of whom have not received formal education. These women usually patronize health services at antenatal clinics and child welfare centres (CWC). Additionally, patronage of preventive health services provides an opportunity to improve care practices through both preventive healthcare (immunization, antenatal care for the mother, etc.) as well as management of childhood morbidity. Effective utilization of knowledge and skills gained from health and nutrition education is, therefore, expected to improve the health and nutritional status of infants through improved knowledge and care practices. However, there are limited data on the impact of nutrition education, especially in women who have not received formal education. Care behaviour choices are mediated by knowledge as well as by resource availability. Practices and behaviours of individuals are influenced by knowledge, awareness and skill levels. Even in households with similar levels of access to disposable income and resource, there is a wide variation in nutritional outcomes of infants (3), which tends to suggest that factors other than resources are responsible for nutritional status of infants. Adequate childcare is an underlying factor for optimal growth. Caregiving behaviours that provide conducive environment within which infants are raised are central to nutritional outcomes of infants, and policy attention to them has been recommended by the International Conference on Nutrition (4).
The fundamental role of care to child nutrition has been well-established since 1990 through UNICEF Model of Care. To provide care adequately, caregivers require education (both formal and informal), time, and support (e.g. control of resources). In the Nigeriaian context, it remains unclear what the relationship is between the nutritional knowledge of non-literate mothers and nutritional status of their infants. One would expect that mothers’ knowledge of child nutrition and childcare practices would have a significant effect on their infants’s nutritional status. However, there are conflicting study results on this.
Whereas some studies have reported that maternal nutritional knowledge is positively associated with the nutritional status of infants (5–7), others have also shown that adequate knowledge per se is not always translated into appropriate actions (8–10). Understanding the factors that determine the translation of adequate child health and nutritional knowledge into appropriate action in impoverished environment might help design more effective interventions against malnutrition. It remains unclear whether giving mothers adequate knowledge on proper childcare practices has an independent impact on child growth. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between mother’s knowledge level in childcare practices and nutritional status of preschool infants living in impoverished rural communities of Northern Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the problem
In Nigeria, health and nutrition education is a common intervention targeted to mothers, most of whom have not received formal education. However, inadequate empirical evidence exists on the relationship between nutritional knowledge of non-literate mothers and nutritional status of their infants. Although maternal education is an important determinant of nutritional status of infants, it remains unclear whether mother’s practical knowledge about nutrition has an independent effect on child growth. Furthermore, the factors that influence translation of acquired knowledge into practice are not well-understood. It is this knowledge gap that this study attempts to address.
1.3 Research questions
1.4 Objectives of the study
The main aim of the study was to assess the relationship between maternal nutritional knowledge in childcare practices and child growth among infants aged 0-36 month(s) in Northern Nigeria.
The specific objectives of the study were to: (i) assess mothers’ knowledge level in recommended childcare practices relating to nutrition; (ii) investigate whether translation of acquired health and nutritional knowledge into practice is dependent on the socioeconomic status of the household in impoverished rural communities; (iii) assess the nutritional status of infants and young infants aged 0-36 month(s); and (iv) build a composite childcare knowledge index and investigate its relationship with nutritional indicators in infants.
1.5 Significance of the study
In order for policy-makers to better promote change and improve infants’s wellbeing in impoverished communities, it is necessary to provide more insight into the relationship between maternal knowledge and child health outcomes. The circumstances under which acquired knowledge is put into practice are all important in deciding on possible interventions. This study attempts to fill this knowledge gap.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
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OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
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Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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AN ANALYSIS OF INFANT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The first five years of life are the most crucial to the physical and intellectual development of children and can determine their potential to learn and thrive for a life time. That is why it is specifically stated as one of the goals of the MDGs to reduce infant mortality by two thirds by 2015. Although there has been a substantial reduction in infant and child mortality rates in most developing countries in the recent past, it still remains a major public health issue in Sub-Saharan Africa, with special reference to Nigeria; the giant of Africa. The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the influencing factors on infant and child mortality in Nigeria. Survey data from the National Health Demographic Survey have been used to examine the patterns of infant and child of mortality. The simple regression estimation technique was employed to investigate the effects of some selected socio-economic variables on infant and child mortality. The selected variables include: the educational attainment of mother s, place of delivery, women’s status respecting decision making in the house
which are; final Say on Mother’s Health Care, final Say on Making Large Household Purchases, final Say on Making Household Purchases for Daily Needs, final Say on Visits to Family or Relatives, final Say on Deciding What to do WithMoney Husbands Earns. The study reveals that their exist positive linear association between infant and child mortality and each of the variables serving as indicators for women’s status. This stu dy was able to find out that place of delivery plays acrucial role, as better places of deliveries significantly reduce infant and child mortality in Nigeria. Also that higher level of educational attainment has negative impact on infant and child mortality.
Nigeria, despite its rich oil wealth has one of the poorest perinatal statistics in the world with perinatal mortality rates ranging from 39 to 130 per 1000. The aim of this review is to describe the state of the Nigerian nation with respect to perinatal deaths, causes of the high perinatal deaths, present interventions in place and ways to reduce this alarming perinatal statistics.
Infant and child mortality rates are important indicators of the health status of a country. This paper presents the spatial analysis of infant and child mortality rates among the geopolitical zones of Nigeria with the objective of highlighting the unevenness in childhood mortality rates among the regions. Data for the study was obtained from the Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys of 1999 and 2008. The findings of the research show that there were significant spatial differences in infant mortality rates and under-five mortality rates among the country’s geo-political regions in 1999 and 2008 and by rural urban residence. Under-five mortality rates showed significant clustering among the geopolitical zones with the Northeast depicting clusters of highest under-five mortality rates while the Southwest had the lowest under-five mortality rate clusters. The Moran’s I values were significant at p<0.01 confirming the spatial clustering of under-five mortality rates. The infant mortality rate of 75 deaths per 1,000 live births and the under-five mortality rate of 157 deaths per 1,000 live births in Nigeria in 2008 are considered high compared to those of developed countries and to the expected two-third reductions in the rates by 2015. The paper recommends improvement in public health services, enhanced accessibility to medical services, and the education of mothers on the importance of healthy child care practices as panacea for the reduction of childhood mortality rates to acceptable levels.
Globally, childhood mortality rates have decline over the years due majorly to various action plans and interventions targeted at various communicable diseases and other immunizable childhood infections which have been major causes of child mortality, but the situation seems to remain unchanged in sub-Saharan African countries, as approximately half of these deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa despite the region having only one fifth of the world’s children population. Many covariates associated with variations in infant and child mortality are interrelated, and it is important to attempt to isolate the effects of individual variables for proper and effective interventions. This study examined the environmental determinants of child mortality using principal component analysis as a data reduction technique with varimax rotation to assess the underlying structure for sixty-five measured variables, explaining the covariance relationships amongst the large correlated variables in a more parsimonious way and simultaneous multiple regression for child mortality modelling in Nigeria. For purpose of robustness, a model selection technique procedure was implemented. Estimation from the stepwise regression
model shows that household environmental characteristics do have significant impact on mortality.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Infant mortality rate is one of the most important indications of human development. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) according to is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births in a given year. Included in the IMR are the neonatal mortality rate (calculated from deaths occurring in the first four weeks of life), and post neonatal mortality rate (from deaths in the remainder of the first year). Neonatal deaths are further subdivided into early (first week) and late (second, third and fourth weeks). In prosperous countries, neonatal deaths account for about two-third of infant mortalities. The IMR is usually regarded more as a measure of social affluence than a measure of the quality of antenatal and obstetric care.
The infant mortality rate is widely accepted as one of the most useful single measure of health status of the community. The infant mortality rate may be very high in communities where health and social services are poorly developed. For example, the neonatal death rate is related to problems arising during pregnancy (congenital abnormalities, low birth weight); delivery (birth injuries, asphyxia), afterdelivery (tetanus, other infections). Thus, neonatal mortality rate is related to maternal and obstetric factors. Maternal mortality as a significant public health problem was first highlighted in 1987 at the first International Safe Motherhood Conference in Nairobi, Kenya. Current estimates of maternal mortality indicate that about 358 000 maternal deaths resulting from complications of pregnancy and childbirth occur annually1. For every maternal death, many more women suffer serious complications.
The causes of the vast majority of these deaths and complications namely obstetric haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders, and obstructed labour are preventable3. Maternal mortality is a reflection of women’s place in society and their lack of access to social, health and nutrition services, and to economic opportunities2. Introduction of improved asepsis, caesarean section, blood transfusion services, and improved prenatal care curtailed maternal mortality in industrialized nations almost a century ago4. However, access to these interventions is limited in developing countries.
There are several dimensions to maternal mortality. Fundamentally, a woman’s death during pregnancy or childbirth is not only a health issue but also a matter of social injustice2 reflecting the failure of communities and governments to promote safe motherhood as a human right5, 6. Maternal mortality also reflects disparities in socio-economic development. The overwhelming majority of maternal deaths occur in developing countries2. Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia account for about 87% of all maternal deaths1. The lifetime risk of maternal death in sub-Saharan Africa is 1 in 31 compared to 1 in 4,300 in developed regions1. The higher risk in developing countries reflects limited quality of care and provision of maternal health services7,8. In sharp contrast, sequel to improvements in obstetric care over the past decades, a pregnant woman in the United Kingdom is reported to face a less than 1 in 19,020 risk of dying from obstetric complications directly related to the pregnant state9.
Goal five of the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) aims to achieve three-quarter reduction of maternal mortality by 201510. Previous estimates of maternal mortality ratio in Nigeria showed that there had been an increase from 80011 to 1 10012 per 100 000 live births. However, the 2008 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) for Nigeria showed a decline in maternal mortality with a maternal mortality ratio of 545 maternal deaths per 100 000 live births13. Facility-based data support the contention that maternal mortality is on the decline. However, the figures remain high14. High maternal mortality in Nigeria is supported by the finding that Nigeria, along with five other countries contributed more than 50% of all maternal deaths worldwide in 200815. Given the weak civic registration and national health information systems in many developing countries, these estimates remain guess work16. Therefore urgent initiatives to monitor maternal morbidity and mortality are imperative17 to provide reliable information for planning and evaluation.
The WHO Global Maternal and Perinatal Health Survey implemented in 2005 aimed to establish a global data system comprising a network of health facilities that will collect focused information on maternal and perinatal health to facilitate identification of morbidity and mortality, monitoring of use of interventions and programme evaluation. This report discusses maternal characteristics associated with maternal mortality in Nigeria.
Common as death may be, gathered statistics of mortality rate, when on the high side apparently becomes disturbing and more catastrophic,especially when the death figures are on theincrease among young children, as this stressesand indicates a future absent the human race. For this reason, health expertsand policy makers have allocated specialinterest to the developments and checkmating of rising child mortality rates. Not only has thisinterest stretched into the international scene, ithas attracted systematic approaches to reducingchild mortality by 2/3 among children under theage of five from 1990 and 2015 as tagged in the
Goals (MDGs) for public health workers,institutions and international developmentagencies. (Fox 2012).Despite this goal of reducing infant and childmortality rate as stated in the MDGs, Childmortality rates still remain unacceptably highespecially in sub-Saharan African countries,where close to 50 percent of childhood deathstakes place, even when the region accounts for only one fifth of the world’s child population(Mesike and Mojekwu 2012). For instance, insub-Saharan Africa, 1 in every 8 children dies before age five- nearly 20 times the average of 1in 167 in developed parts of the world(Mojekwu and Ajilola, 2011). Similarly,UNICEF (2010) in the state of the world ’s children report noted that 8.1 million children across the world who died in 2009 before their fifth birthday lived in developing countries anddied from a disease or a combination of diseases that could easily have been prevented or treated. It also noted that, half of these deaths occurred in just five countries namely, India, Nigeria, the democratic republic of Congo, Pakistan and China; with India and Nigeria both accountingfor one third of the total number of under fivedeaths worldwide. The report describes the phenomenon as disturbing and grosslyinsufficient to achieve the MDG goal by 2015as only 9 out of the 64 countries with high child mortality rate are on track to meet the MDGgoal.Several factors have been acclaimed to beresponsible for this ugly trend of high child andinfant mortality. Childhood illnesses such asvaccines preventable diseases (VPD), malaria,acute respiratory infections (ARI), and diarrhea contribute substantially to morbidity andmortality among children less than five yearsold. Data from National Health ManagementInformation Systems (NHMIS) shows thatmalaria is by far the most important cause of morbidity (38%) and mortality (28%) in infantsand children, while 75% of malaria deaths occur in children under five. Malaria also accounts for about 11% of maternal deaths, especially for thefirst-time mothers. Estimates show that 50% of the population has at least one episode of malaria each year, whereas children less than age five suffer from two to four attacks a year.Diarrheal illness is reported to be the secondmost common cause of infant deaths and themain cause of under-five mortality. Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) which include awide range of upper and lower respiratory tract infections (pneumonia), commonly manifestingwith cough, fever and rapid breathing were themain cause of under-five morbidity and infant mortality. UNICEF (2009) indicated that 25%of the population carries the sickle cell trait, andabout 100,000 children born annually isreported to have a serious sickle cell disorder.Aside the health related factors influencingchild survival as mentioned above, there are non-health related or socio-economic factors that can affect a child’s survival.
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EFFECT OF COLA NITIDA AND ALLIGATOR PEPPER ON GASTRIC ACID SECRETION
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Gastric acid secretion is a crucial physiological process in the digestive system, primarily responsible for breaking down food and facilitating nutrient absorption. The regulation of gastric acid involves complex interactions between neural, hormonal, and paracrine factors. Any imbalance in this process can lead to gastrointestinal disorders, such as peptic ulcers, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Natural products, particularly those derived from plants, have long been used in traditional medicine to manage and treat various health conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders. Cola nitida (kola nut) and alligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) are two such plants that are widely consumed in various forms across Africa. Cola nitida is known for its stimulating effects due to its caffeine content, while alligator pepper is valued for its spicy flavor and medicinal properties.
Recent studies have suggested that these plants may influence gastric acid secretion, potentially offering therapeutic benefits or posing risks for individuals with certain gastrointestinal conditions. However, the exact effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion remain unclear, necessitating further investigation.
This study aims to explore the impact of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion, providing insights into their potential use in managing gastrointestinal health. Understanding these effects is essential for both consumers and healthcare providers, as it could inform dietary recommendations and the development of natural remedies for digestive disorders.
Gastric acid plays a vital role in the digestive system, primarily by breaking down food and activating digestive enzymes. The secretion of gastric acid is a carefully regulated process involving various factors, including neural, hormonal, and paracrine signals. Any imbalance in gastric acid secretion can lead to gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Understanding how different substances affect gastric acid secretion is crucial for both the prevention and treatment of these conditions.
Cola nitida (kola nut) and alligator pepper (Aframomum melegueta) are two plant products widely consumed in various parts of Africa, particularly in West Africa. Cola nitida is well-known for its stimulant properties, largely due to its high caffeine content, and is traditionally used to increase alertness and energy. Alligator pepper, on the other hand, is valued for its spicy flavor and is often used in traditional medicine for its supposed digestive and therapeutic properties.
Despite their widespread use, there is limited scientific research on the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion. While traditional practices suggest these plants may influence digestion, the exact nature of their impact on gastric physiology is not well understood. This gap in knowledge is particularly significant given the potential for these substances to either exacerbate or mitigate conditions related to gastric acid imbalance.
This study aims to investigate the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion. By exploring how these substances interact with the digestive system, the research seeks to provide valuable insights that could inform both traditional medicine practices and modern therapeutic approaches to managing gastrointestinal health. The findings of this study could have important implications for individuals who regularly consume these plants, particularly those with pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the widespread consumption of Cola nitida and alligator pepper, there is limited scientific evidence on their effects on gastric acid secretion. Anecdotal reports and traditional practices suggest that these plants may have both beneficial and adverse effects on digestive health. However, without rigorous scientific investigation, the safety and efficacy of these plants in managing gastric acid-related conditions remain uncertain.
This gap in knowledge poses a challenge for healthcare professionals and consumers alike, as the uncontrolled use of these plants could lead to undesirable outcomes, particularly for individuals with pre-existing gastrointestinal conditions. Therefore, there is a need for comprehensive research to determine the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion and to assess their potential therapeutic applications or risks.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are:
To evaluate the effects of Cola nitida on gastric acid secretion in experimental models.
To investigate the impact of alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion.
To compare the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion.
To assess the potential implications of these findings for the management of gastrointestinal health.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following research questions:
What are the effects of Cola nitida on gastric acid secretion?
How does alligator pepper influence gastric acid secretion?
Are there significant differences in the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion?
What are the potential health implications of these effects for individuals with gastrointestinal disorders?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it contributes to the growing body of research on the medicinal properties of natural products, particularly those used in traditional African medicine. By providing scientific evidence on the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion, the study will help to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and modern medical practice.
Secondly, the findings of this research could inform dietary guidelines and recommendations for individuals with gastrointestinal disorders, helping to prevent adverse effects associated with the consumption of these plants. Moreover, the study may identify potential therapeutic applications of Cola nitida and alligator pepper, contributing to the development of natural remedies for managing gastric acid-related conditions.
Finally, the research will be valuable for healthcare professionals, herbalists, and consumers, offering evidence-based insights into the safety and efficacy of these commonly consumed plants. The study’s outcomes could also pave the way for future research on other natural products with potential effects on gastric acid secretion and digestive health.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the effects of Cola nitida and alligator pepper on gastric acid secretion in experimental models. It will involve the administration of these plants to experimental subjects, followed by the measurement of gastric acid secretion levels. The study will not explore the effects of these plants on other aspects of gastrointestinal function or health. Additionally, the research will be limited to the specific species of Cola nitida and Aframomum melegueta (alligator pepper) commonly found and consumed in West Africa.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Cola nitida: A species of the kola tree native to tropical Africa, known for its caffeine-containing seeds, commonly referred to as kola nuts.
Alligator Pepper (Aframomum melegueta): A plant species native to West Africa, known for its spicy seeds, which are used both as a spice and in traditional medicine.
Gastric Acid Secretion: The process by which the stomach produces gastric acid, primarily composed of hydrochloric acid, which aids in digestion.
Peptic Ulcer: A condition characterized by the development of sores or ulcers in the lining of the stomach or the first part of the small intestine, often associated with excessive gastric acid production.
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THE ESTIMATION OF BASAL METABOLIC RATE (B.M.R) OF ADULT FEMALES IN PORT HARCOURT
ABBREVIATIONS
S/N – Serial Number
A – Age
YRS – Years
W – Weight
KG – Kilograms
H – Height
CM – Centimeters
S.A – Surface Area
M2 – Square Meters
M – Metabolic Rate
S – Specific Stature
STAND. – Standard
S.D. – Standard Deviation
% Dev. – Percentage Deviation
B.M.R. – Basal Metabolic Rate
B.M.R./HR – Basal Metabolic Rate Per Hour
B.M.R./M2/HR – Basal Metabolic Rate Per Square Meter Per Hour
LISTS OF TABLES AND GRAPHS
i. Mean and Standard Deviation of the Age Group, Weight, Surface Area, Basal Calorie, B.M.R. from Kleiber, Du Bois and Mayo Foundation of each Age Group
ii. Determination of % Difference Between the Mean BMR from Kleiber and Mayo Foundation of each Age Group
iii. Mean and Standard Deviation of Basal Calories Per Hour According to Weight Range
iv. BMR of Subjects in Present Study Compared with Mayo Foundations Standard
v. Table of Age, Weight, Height, Surface Area, BMR, Standard and % Deviation of each of the $80 Subjects of Study
vi. A Graphic of Height against Surface Area
vii. A Graph of Surface Area against Weight
viii. A Graph of Basal Calorie against Weight
ix. A Graph Basal Calorie against Age
x. A Graph of Basal Metabolic Rate against Age
xi. A Graph of Surface Area against Basal Calorie
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgment iv
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables and Graphs vii
Introduction
Literature Review
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Source of Error
Summary
Conclusion
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Metabolism comes from a Greek word “metaballein” meaning to change or alter. Broadly speaking, metabolism may be defined as tissue change. It is the chemical process of transforming complex body substance into simple ones, along with the production of heat and energy. The rate of metabolism depends on the amount of physical work which the body does and therefore, can be reduced if the subject remains completely at rest. But even when all unnecessary movements are stopped a certain amount of energy is used in maintaining life and prevents processes from falling below the normal level. This cannot be further reduced without damage to the tissues. This amount of metabolism is considered the basal level.
Basal metabolism is thus the term used to describe the biochemical changes which takes place while the individuals is lying down, still relaxed and warm. It could be said to be the energy required to maintain: cellular activity, respiration, circulation and other vegetative processes in the resting, fasting body. The rate at which energy is used up while the body is in this condition is defined as the basal metabolic rate (B.M.R.).
Basal metabolic rate is therefore the rate at which the body uses energy for maintaining minimal bodily functions, such as: body temperature, respiration, and heart beat when at rest. This level of energy excludes: restlessness, fear, muscular movements, previous exercise, influence of food, elevation of body temperature, mental and physical initiation, as well as extremes of environmental temperature.
The total heat production or energy expenditure of the body is the sum of energy required merely for maintaining life (basal) and that required carrying out all undertaken physical activities and the effect of Specific Dynamic Action (S.D.A) of food. Heat production comes about as a result of oxidation of food at the tissue level; FOOD + 02 = ENERGY + C02.
Oxygen consumption method is thus used to determine the rate of metabolism in the man because it relates to the amount of energy that is produced (INDIRECT CALORIMETRY). The heat produced is lost to the atmosphere from the exposed body surfaces. Through direct calorimetry, the amount of loss is measured.
The estimation of the basal metabolic rate is useful in a study of some diseases, notably in disorders of the thyroid gland. The precise knowledge of the calorie requirement for populations is of vital importance to a proper food distribution planning policy of any state or country.
The universally accepted value of basal metabolic rate for adult males is 40Kcal/m2/hr, 37K cal/m2/hr for adult females. The male and the young, shows tendencies for higher basal metabolic rate values. Clinically, the basal metabolic rate is expressed as a percentage above or below the accepted normal standard for specific ages. A deviation of + 15% from fixed value is accepted to be normal.
BASAL METABOLIC RATE MALES FEMALES
(B.M.R) IN KCAL/M2/HR 40.0 37.0
FOR ADULTS
The basal metabolic rate expressed as the calorie needs is measured in Kcal/m2/hr. It is estimated using the food normogram which was developed by W.M. Boothby and Sandiford.
In Nigeria little work has been done in this area of study. The available standards are for whites with blacks. There is great need therefore to determine if the basal metabolic rate for adult females in port Harcourt relates in any to that abroad where work has been done and if there are differences between the various age groups
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NUTRITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG EXPECTANT MOTHERS
ABSTRACT
The interaction between a pregnant mother and her developing baby are numerous and varied ranging from the food she eats to the kicks of the baby that she feels. What the developing baby feeds on goes a long way in determining its state of health at birth. For a pregnant mother to eat healthfully, she needs to have adequate knowledge of the different component of food. But if the knowledge is not put in practice, it becomes meaningless.
The major objective of this study therefore was to examine the nutritional knowledge and practice of the pregnant women in Onitsha North and South Local Government Areas of Anambra State. Because of the large number involved, and the fact that most of the hospital had no maternity, only two hundred and fifty expectant mothers were used. Eight specific objectives and corresponding research questions and six hypotheses were stated and used for the study.
The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire which had three sections. The personal data of the respondents, fourteen questions each on nutritional knowledge and practice respectively. The questionnaire responses on knowledge were two-point scale of Yes and No while that of practices were in three-point scale of “Practice Always”. “Do not practice” and “Practice Rarely”. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, percentage, ANOVA and multiple t-test of paired comparison. The results showed that all the hypothesis of the study were rejected. The mean (x) percentage of the subjects who indicated knowledge of what constituted good nutrition was greater than those who indicated regular practice. Some correlation existed between the subject’s knowledge of nutrition and their nutritional practice. Education, age and parity influenced their knowledge and practices of nutrition. Based on these results some recommendations were made such as:- (a) Health educators and nutritionists should be invited to give health talks to pregnant women during antenatal clinic. (b) The age, educational level
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Nutritional knowledge has been proven to play a very vital role in adopting optimal nutrition practices in the health of every expectant mother.As a matter of fact, health and nutritional status of the population of a nation is an important indicator of development of the country. A nutrition survey carried out in India observed that the nutritional status of pregnant and lactating and infants is not satisfactory. This is probably due to lack of basic knowledge regarding proper nutrition and wrong customs prevalent in the community besides non availability and low intake of food.In Nigeria, there are some adverse socio-cultural and economical factors that produced negative consequences and reduce women’s access to effective ante-natal services needed to reduce maternal morbidity andmortality. The most important of these are the low socioeconomic status of women that deny them access to appreciable decision-making with regard to their reproductive functions, high level of female illiteracy which is a leading cause of poor health seeking behaviour for maternity services among Nigerian women and high rate of poverty that predominantly affects women leading to inadequate dietary intakes, high rate of pregnancy complications and women’s reduced access to evidence based maternity services ( Ogunjuyibe, 2000).Maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy is an important determinant of birth weight. High rate of Low Birth Weight (LBW) in developing countries has been attributed to poor maternal nutrition (Ogunjuyigbe et al., 2008) Pregnancy is a time of tremendous physiological change that demands healthy dietary lifestyle choices. Growing foetus draws a lot of energy and nutrients from the mother to enhance physical and psychological development (Ojo and Briggs, 2010). In developing countries like Nigeria, it is essential to states that low birth weight stems primarily from the mother’s poor health and nutrition, and inadequate nutrition during pregnancy accounts for a large proportion of growth retardation (Hareyan, 2005). Malnutrition has been recognized as one of the underlying factor for maternal death during the process of procreation. The causes of malnutrition are multidimensional and multi-factorial with poverty, food inadequacy and maternal illiteracy being the main culprit of the menace in developing countries. The health of the mother and her nutritional status can influence the health and survival of the child because of the biological links that exist between her and her child during pregnancy and lactation (Ogunjuyigbe et al., 2008).
There is an important factor under nutrition that is responsible for high infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate and also for low birth weight of infants. Appropriate nutritional practice on the other hand plays a pivotal role in determining optimal health and development of infants. (Bamji Ms, 2003). There is abundant epidemiological evidence that poor prenatal nutrition predisposes the offspring to diseases in its later life.Inadequate nutrition is the predominant factor leading to malnutrition, which can be expressed as either under nutrition or over nutrition. Under nutrition occurs when there is not only inadequate energy but also a lack or imbalance of specific food components and nutrients. In addition to sufficient energy, adequate supplies of macronutrients and micronutrients are required to promote optimum growth. The proportions and amounts of these nutrients may change according to the various stage of growth.There have been considerable changes in human lifestyle all over the world in the recent decades. Especially in recent years, the lifestyle has rapidly been changed. These changes appeared in diet, types of food, cooking time, etc. Nowadays processed foods are rapidly replacing organic food. Another change is the rapid increase in the number of restaurants and in people’s tendency to eat fast food. Proper nutrition is one of the most important aspects of lifestyle(Amamoto and Andoyama, 2004) Epidemiological evidence shows that there is an increased incidence of diseases such as (Cardiovascular diseases, obesity, high blood pressure and cancer), which can be attributed to changes in lifestyle as well as changes in nutritional habits. Nutritional education is also one of the important aspectsthat play a big role in nutritional knowledge by raising awareness and ultimately the health of the society (Stampfer et al.,2000) In order to remain healthy and physically active and enjoy a healthier life style it is necessary to obtain good nutritional knowledge and implement it. The knowledge, attitude and practice must be considers in expectant mothers in order to promote society health.From time immemorial it has been recognized that the pregnant and lactating women form oneof the most nutritionally vulnerable segments of the population; the ill effects of maternalunder nutrition affect not only the mother but also her offspring.In order to bring about change in the level of nutritional knowledge and practices prevailing people regarding nutrition, an attempt was made here to provide an awareness regarding nutritional knowledge practices among the mothers who are visiting a private and government hospitals.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The most important factor responsible for high infant mortality rate is under nutrition, maternal mortality rate and also for low birth weight of infants. Nutrition is a multi-sectoral issue that needs to be tackled at various levels. Nutrition affects the development as much as development affects nutrition. It is therefore, important to tackle the problem of nutrition through direct nutrition intervention for vulnerable groups such as pregnant mothers. Adequate knowledge regarding various aspects of feeding practices during pregnancy and during infancy is very essential especially among females as they are going to influence the feeding practices of this vulnerable group. This led to the study on nutrition knowledge and practice among expectant mothers.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of this study is to examine the nutritional knowledge among expectant mothers, but the researcher intends to achieve the following sub objectives;
i) To outline common pregnancy outcome with poor maternal nutrition
ii) To ascertain the relationship between dietary intake, physical activity and maternal nutritional status.
iii) To enumerate factors associated with deterioration in maternal nutritional status.
iv) To examine the role of contraception in maternal nutrition, and the preventive measures, treatment of micronutrient deficiencies.
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
The research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher in null and alternative statements.
Ho:age of expectant mothers at pregnancy has no significant influence on level of nutritional knowledge
H1: age of expectant mothers at pregnancy has a significant influence on level of nutritional knowledge
Ho: there is nosignificant relationship between dietary intake, physical activity and maternal nutritional status of expectant mothers.
H2: there is a significant relationship between dietary intake, physical activity and maternal nutritional status of expectant mothers.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It is unbelievable to discover that many expectant mothers in this era still lack the fundamental idea or basic knowledge of nutrition during pregnancy.It is believed that at the end of this study the findings will be of utmost benefits to every expectant mothers and women as it serves as a means of curtailing the effects of malnutrition on their reproductive health. The ministry of health will make a great deal from the findings as it serves as a material for onward sensitization within cities and communities. The findings will be relevant to those who intend to carry out a similar research topic as it has contributed to the existing literature.Finally, the research will serve as a fuel of new reasoning and further research work in nutritional knowledge and practice among expectant mothers, and to health science students, lecturers and the general public.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study is centered on examining nutritional knowledge and practice among expectant mothers. In the cause of the study, the researcher encounters some limitations which limited the scope of the study;
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
Inadequate Materials: Scarcity of material is also another hindrance. The researcher finds it difficult to long hands in several required material which could contribute immensely to the success of this research work.
Financial constraint:Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Knowledge:Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or learning.
Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and disease of an organism. It includes food intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism and excretion.
Health: Health is the level of functional and metabolic efficiency of a living organism. In humans it is the ability of individuals or communities to adapt and self-manage when facing physical, mental or social changes. The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its 1948 constitution as “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” This definition has been subject to controversy, in particular as lacking operational value, the ambiguity in developing cohesive health strategies, and because of the problem created by use of the word “complete
Expectant mothers: Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman. Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology. Childbirth typically occurs around 40 weeks from the last menstrual period.
1.8 Organization of the study
This research work is organized in five chapters, for easy understanding, as follows Chapter one is concern with the introduction, which consist of the (overview, of the study), statement of problem, objectives of the study, research question, significance or the study, research methodology, definition of terms and historical background of the study. Chapter two highlight the theoretical framework on which the study its based, thus the review of related literature. Chapter three deals on the research design and methodology adopted in the study. Chapter four concentrate on the data collection and analysis and presentation of finding. Chapter five gives summary, conclusion and also recommendations made of the study
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EFFECT OF MATERNAL LITERACY ON THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF CHILDREN, 0-5 YEARS
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The prevalence of chronic malnutrition among under-five children remains persistently high in Nigeria. For example, in the Northern Region of Nigeria, 32.5% of children below five years are stunted, 12.9% wasted, and 21.8% underweight (1). Inadequate childcare practices are fundamental to addressing malnutrition among children. Poor maternal education (formal and informal) has been identified as a major constraint to good childcare practices in Nigeria (2). A well-resourced, targeted and coordinated nutrition education can improve maternal nutritional knowledge, healthcare-seeking behaviours, and practices significantly. Consequently, a number of health-related non-governmental organizations, including Catholic Relief Services (CRS), Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), World Vision International (WVI), and the Nigeria Health Service (GHS) have been promoting proper childcare practices, including appropriate infant-feeding practices and management of childhood illnesses, such as diarrhoea. Health and nutrition messages are usually targeted to mothers, most of whom have not received formal education. These women usually patronize health services at antenatal clinics and child welfare centres (CWC). Additionally, patronage of preventive health services provides an opportunity to improve care practices through both preventive healthcare (immunization, antenatal care for the mother, etc.) as well as management of childhood morbidity. Effective utilization of knowledge and skills gained from health and nutrition education is, therefore, expected to improve the health and nutritional status of children through improved knowledge and care practices. However, there are limited data on the impact of nutrition education, especially in women who have not received formal education. Care behaviour choices are mediated by knowledge as well as by resource availability. Practices and behaviours of individuals are influenced by knowledge, awareness and skill levels. Even in households with similar levels of access to disposable income and resource, there is a wide variation in nutritional outcomes of children (3), which tends to suggest that factors other than resources are responsible for nutritional status of children. Adequate childcare is an underlying factor for optimal growth. Caregiving behaviours that provide conducive environment within which children are raised are central to nutritional outcomes of children, and policy attention to them has been recommended by the International Conference on Nutrition (4).
The fundamental role of care to child nutrition has been well-established since 1990 through UNICEF Model of Care. To provide care adequately, caregivers require education (both formal and informal), time, and support (e.g. control of resources). In the Nigeriaian context, it remains unclear what the relationship is between the nutritional knowledge of non-literate mothers and nutritional status of their children. One would expect that mothers’ knowledge of child nutrition and childcare practices would have a significant effect on their children’s nutritional status. However, there are conflicting study results on this.
Whereas some studies have reported that maternal nutritional knowledge is positively associated with the nutritional status of children (5–7), others have also shown that adequate knowledge per se is not always translated into appropriate actions (8–10). Understanding the factors that determine the translation of adequate child health and nutritional knowledge into appropriate action in impoverished environment might help design more effective interventions against malnutrition. It remains unclear whether giving mothers adequate knowledge on proper childcare practices has an independent impact on child growth. This study, therefore, investigated the relationship between mother’s knowledge level in childcare practices and nutritional status of preschool children living in impoverished rural communities of Northern Nigeria.
1.2 Statement of the problem
In Nigeria, health and nutrition education is a common intervention targeted to mothers, most of whom have not received formal education. However, inadequate empirical evidence exists on the relationship between nutritional knowledge of non-literate mothers and nutritional status of their children. Although maternal education is an important determinant of nutritional status of children, it remains unclear whether mother’s practical knowledge about nutrition has an independent effect on child growth. Furthermore, the factors that influence translation of acquired knowledge into practice are not well-understood. It is this knowledge gap that this study attempts to address.
1.3 Research questions
1.4 Objectives of the study
The main aim of the study was to assess the relationship between maternal nutritional knowledge in childcare practices and child growth among children aged 0-36 month(s) in Northern Nigeria.
The specific objectives of the study were to: (i) assess mothers’ knowledge level in recommended childcare practices relating to nutrition; (ii) investigate whether translation of acquired health and nutritional knowledge into practice is dependent on the socioeconomic status of the household in impoverished rural communities; (iii) assess the nutritional status of infants and young children aged 0-36 month(s); and (iv) build a composite childcare knowledge index and investigate its relationship with nutritional indicators in children.
1.5 Significance of the study
In order for policy-makers to better promote change and improve children’s wellbeing in impoverished communities, it is necessary to provide more insight into the relationship between maternal knowledge and child health outcomes. The circumstances under which acquired knowledge is put into practice are all important in deciding on possible interventions. This study attempts to fill this knowledge gap.
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OR
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FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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PERCEIVED EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL PRACTICES ON OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE OF UNIVERSITY ATHLETES IN LAGOS STATE
ABSTRACT
This study examines the perceived effect of nutritional practices on the optimum performance of university athletes in Lagos State. The research aims to identify key nutritional habits among athletes and their impact on athletic performance, focusing on dietary patterns, supplementation, and hydration practices. A mixed-method approach was employed, utilizing both quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gather comprehensive data from a sample of university athletes across multiple institutions in Lagos State.
Findings indicate that athletes with well-balanced diets, including adequate macronutrient and micronutrient intake, reported higher levels of performance and recovery. Additionally, the use of supplements, particularly protein and vitamins, was found to be prevalent among the athletes, with many attributing their performance improvements to these supplements. Hydration practices also emerged as a critical factor, with athletes emphasizing the importance of staying adequately hydrated before, during, and after training and competitions.
However, the study also revealed gaps in nutritional knowledge among athletes, with some following dietary practices based on misinformation or trends rather than scientific evidence. These findings underscore the need for targeted nutritional education programs to enhance athletes’ understanding of optimal nutrition strategies.
The study concludes that effective nutritional practices significantly contribute to the optimum performance of university athletes. It recommends the implementation of comprehensive nutritional guidance and support systems within university sports programs to maximize athletic performance and overall health.
Key Words: Nutritional Practices, Athletic Performance, University Athletes, Lagos State, Dietary Patterns, Supplementation, Hydration.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Delimitations of the Study
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Theories of Nutrition and Performance
2.2.2 Models of Athletic Performance
2.3 Nutritional Practices among Athletes
2.3.1 Macronutrients and Micronutrients
2.3.2 Dietary Patterns and Food Choices
2.3.3 Supplementation
2.3.4 Hydration Practices
2.4 Factors Influencing Nutritional Practices
2.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness
2.4.2 Cultural and Social Influences
2.4.3 Accessibility and Availability
2.5 Impact of Nutrition on Athletic Performance
2.5.1 Physical Performance
2.5.2 Recovery and Injury Prevention
2.6 Empirical Studies on Nutrition and Athletic Performance
2.7 Summary of Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.5 Research Instruments
3.6 Validity and Reliability of Instruments
3.7 Data Collection Procedures
3.8 Data Analysis Techniques
3.9 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Data Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.3 Analysis of Research Questions
4.3.1 Nutritional Practices of University Athletes
4.3.2 Perceived Impact on Athletic Performance
4.4 Hypothesis Testing
4.5 Qualitative Data Analysis
4.6 Discussion of Findings
4.7 Summary
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.3 Conclusion
5.4 Recommendations
5.5 Implications for Policy and Practice
5.6 Suggestions for Further Research
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
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(2) Email Address
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OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
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Account Number: 0046579864
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OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
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