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SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION OF BIOFUELS FROM VARIOUS NIGERIAN CROPS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
Abstract
The increasing demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has led to growing interest in biofuels as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of biofuels from various Nigerian crops for application in internal combustion engines. Locally available feedstocks such as palm oil, groundnut oil, soybean oil, and jatropha oil were utilized for biodiesel production through transesterification using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst. The synthesized biofuels were subjected to physicochemical analyses including density, viscosity, flash point, cetane number, calorific value, and acid value to assess their conformity with ASTM and EN fuel standards. The results indicated that all produced biofuels exhibited comparable properties to conventional diesel, with palm oil and jatropha-based biodiesel demonstrating superior thermal stability and combustion efficiency. Engine performance tests revealed that blends of 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel (B20) offered optimal efficiency with minimal engine knocking and reduced carbon emissions. This study concludes that Nigerian crops provide a sustainable feedstock base for biofuel production, contributing to energy diversification, rural economic development, and environmental sustainability. Future research is recommended to optimize large-scale production processes and evaluate long-term engine performance impacts of different biofuel blends.
Keywords: Biofuel, Biodiesel, Transesterification, Nigerian crops, Internal combustion engine, Renewable energy.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope and Limitations of the Study
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Overview of Biofuels and Renewable Energy
2.1.2 Feedstocks for Biofuel Production in Nigeria
2.1.3 Transesterification Process in Biodiesel Production
2.1.4 Internal Combustion Engine and Biofuel Compatibility
2.2 Theoretical Framework
2.2.1 Energy Substitution Theory
2.2.2 Environmental Sustainability Theory
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Previous Studies on Biofuel Synthesis and Characterization
2.3.2 Studies on Engine Performance Using Biofuels
2.4 Research Gap and Summary of Reviewed Literature
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Study Area (Description of Nigerian Crop Sources)
3.3 Materials and Equipment Used
3.4 Feedstock Collection and Preparation
3.5 Biofuel Synthesis via Transesterification
3.6 Characterization Tests
3.6.1 Physicochemical Properties (Density, Viscosity, Flash Point, etc.)
3.6.2 Thermal and Combustion Properties
3.7 Engine Performance Evaluation
3.8 Data Collection and Analytical Techniques
3.9 Quality Control and Validation of Results
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Yield of Biofuel from Different Nigerian Crops
4.2 Physicochemical Properties of Synthesized Biofuels
4.3 Comparison with ASTM/EN Standards
4.4 Combustion Efficiency and Engine Performance Tests
4.5 Emission Analysis and Environmental Impact
4.6 Discussion of Findings in Relation to Previous Studies
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
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EFFECT OF OIL PRICES VOLATILITY ON EMERGING OIL ECONOMIES
Abstract
The volatility of oil prices has significant implications for emerging oil economies, which are heavily reliant on oil revenues for economic stability and growth. This study investigates the effect of oil price fluctuations on the economic performance of emerging oil-producing countries. Using a combination of econometric modeling and data analysis, the research examines the relationship between oil price volatility and key economic indicators, including GDP growth, inflation, exchange rates, and government revenue.
The study finds that sudden changes in oil prices have a profound impact on these economies, often leading to economic instability, fiscal deficits, and currency depreciation. Additionally, the research highlights the role of external factors, such as global demand shifts and geopolitical tensions, in exacerbating oil price volatility. The findings suggest that emerging oil economies need to adopt more robust fiscal policies, diversify their economic base, and implement risk management strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of oil price volatility.
This research contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of the economic challenges faced by emerging oil economies in the context of fluctuating oil prices. The study’s conclusions offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in these countries, emphasizing the importance of strategic planning and economic diversification to ensure sustainable growth and resilience against future oil price shocks.
Table of Contents
Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitations of the Study
1.9 Definition of Terms
Chapter Two: Literature Review
2.1 Theoretical Framework
2.1.1 Resource Curse Theory
2.1.2 Dutch Disease Theory
2.1.3 Price Volatility and Economic Stability
2.2 Overview of Oil Price Volatility
2.2.1 Historical Trends in Oil Prices
2.2.2 Factors Contributing to Oil Price Volatility
2.3 Impact of Oil Price Volatility on Emerging Economies
2.3.1 Economic Growth and Development
2.3.2 Fiscal Policy and Government Revenue
2.3.3 Exchange Rates and Inflation
2.4 Case Studies of Emerging Oil Economies
2.4.1 Nigeria
2.4.2 Venezuela
2.4.3 Angola
2.5 Gaps in the Literature
2.6 Conceptual Framework
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population and Sample
3.3 Data Collection Methods
3.3.1 Primary Data
3.3.2 Secondary Data
3.4 Data Analysis Techniques
3.5 Model Specification
3.6 Validity and Reliability of Instruments
3.7 Ethical Considerations
Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Presentation
4.1 Descriptive Statistics
4.2 Econometric Analysis
4.2.1 Regression Analysis
4.2.2 Time Series Analysis
4.3 Interpretation of Findings
4.3.1 Impact on GDP Growth
4.3.2 Impact on Inflation and Exchange Rates
4.3.3 Impact on Government Revenue
4.4 Discussion of Findings
Chapter Five: Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Policy Recommendations
5.4 Implications for Future Research
5.5 Limitations of the Study
5.6 Suggestions for Further Studies
References
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QUALITY CONTROL PRACTICES IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY USING SIX SIGMA AS A CASE STUDY OF SHEVRON OIL COMPANY PORTHARCOURT
Abstract:
In the oil and gas industry, ensuring quality control is paramount to maintain operational efficiency, safety, and reliability. This abstract examines quality control practices in the oil and gas sector, focusing on the implementation of Six Sigma methodology as a case study of Chevron Oil Company in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Six Sigma, a data-driven approach for process improvement, has gained prominence in various industries for its effectiveness in reducing defects and enhancing overall quality. This abstract provides insights into how Chevron Oil Company has adopted and integrated Six Sigma principles into its operations to streamline processes, optimize performance, and minimize variability in production and exploration activities. By utilizing case study analysis and empirical data, this abstract explores the application of Six Sigma tools and techniques such as DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) to address quality challenges specific to the oil and gas industry. Furthermore, the abstract examines the benefits, challenges, and lessons learned from implementing Six Sigma in Chevron’s operations, shedding light on its impact on quality assurance, cost reduction, and operational excellence. The findings presented in this abstract contribute to a deeper understanding of quality control practices in the oil and gas industry and underscore the significance of Six Sigma as a valuable framework for achieving continuous improvement and excellence in this sector.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background and Context
The oil and gas industry plays a critical role in the global economy, providing essential energy resources for various sectors. In Nigeria, the oil and gas sector is a significant contributor to the national economy, with Port Harcourt serving as a prominent hub for oil-related activities. However, ensuring quality control within this industry is paramount due to the complex and hazardous nature of operations involved in exploration, production, refining, and distribution processes. Quality control practices are crucial to maintaining operational efficiency, safety, and reliability in oil and gas operations.
Six Sigma has been judged to be one continuous improvement programme; from its first known implementation at Motorola in the early 1980s, it has been adopted in many companies some of which are: General Electric, Honeywell, 3M, Polaroid, American Express, Dephi and Ford (Goffnett, 2004). While Motorola saved $15 billion in its first ten years of Six Sigma adoption, General Electric was reported to have gained $2 billion in 1999 and $2.4 billion in 2001 respectively to the bottom line. The main objective in Six Sigma has been the reduction of variation, increase in profits and customer satisfaction. Though the initial concepts of Six Sigma were developed in the manufacturing industry; other industries, from service to construction have begun benefitting from it.
Though Six Sigma has benefitted companies, many firms and industries are yet to adopt it as their quality improvement tool. This means they will keep doing business as usual, without realizing that things could be better. One such industry is the Nigerian Oil and Gas Construction Industry. The Industry is very important to the nation because more than ninety percent of Nigeria’s gross income comes from petroleum resources.
As a matter of retrospect, Nigeria’s petroleum industry has experienced changes since oil was discovered in economic quantity at Oloibiri in the Bayelsa State of Nigeria in 1956. Since then there has been lots of exploration and production activities within the land and waters of the country. One rippling effect of oil production is the growth of other relevant industries: design and construction, drilling, production, refining and marketing.
The global awareness of project management has put demand both on client and contracting companies to change their approaches from operations management to that of project management by establishing the Project Offices to minimize wastage, improve product quality and make every dollar spent produce its value.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the importance of quality control in the oil and gas industry, challenges persist in ensuring consistent adherence to quality standards. Factors such as variability in production processes, technical complexities, stringent regulatory requirements, and safety concerns pose significant challenges to maintaining high-quality standards. Inefficiencies, defects, and deviations from specifications can lead to operational disruptions, safety incidents, environmental hazards, and financial losses. Therefore, there is a pressing need to explore effective quality control practices tailored to the unique requirements of the oil and gas sector.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objective of this study is to investigate quality control practices in the oil and gas industry, with a focus on the application of Six Sigma methodology as a case study of Chevron Oil Company in Port Harcourt. Specific objectives include:
To examine the theoretical foundations of quality control and Six Sigma methodology.
To analyze the implementation of Six Sigma principles and tools in Chevron Oil Company’s operations.
To assess the impact of Six Sigma on quality improvement, operational efficiency, and cost reduction in the oil and gas sector.
To identify challenges and best practices associated with implementing Six Sigma in the oil and gas industry.
To provide recommendations for enhancing quality control practices in oil and gas operations based on the findings of the study.
1.4 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on quality control practices within the oil and gas industry, specifically exploring the application of Six Sigma methodology at Chevron Oil Company’s operations in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The scope of the study encompasses various aspects of quality management, including process optimization, defect reduction, risk mitigation, and performance enhancement. However, it is important to note that the study’s scope is limited to Chevron Oil Company and may not fully capture the diversity of quality control practices across the entire oil and gas industry. Additionally, access to proprietary data and operational constraints may impose limitations on the depth of analysis and generalizability of findings.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study holds significant implications for both academia and industry stakeholders in the oil and gas sector. By examining quality control practices through the lens of Six Sigma methodology, the study aims to contribute to the body of knowledge on quality management in complex industrial settings. The findings of the study can inform decision-makers, quality professionals, and operational managers in the oil and gas industry about effective strategies for enhancing quality control, driving operational excellence, and achieving sustainable performance improvement. Moreover, the study’s insights and recommendations can serve as valuable inputs for refining quality management practices and informing future research endeavors in the field of oil and gas engineering and management.
This chapter provides an overview of the research context, outlining the background, problem statement, objectives, scope, limitations, and significance of the study. It sets the stage for the subsequent chapters, which will delve deeper into the theoretical foundations, empirical analysis, and practical implications of quality control practices in the oil and gas industry using Six Sigma as a case study of Chevron Oil Company in Port Harcourt.
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FLOW ANALYSIS IN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS-ENHANCING RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
Abstract:
Efficient recovery of hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs is crucial for maximizing production and optimizing resource utilization. Flow analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding the behavior of fluids within reservoirs and devising strategies to enhance recovery efficiency. This study aims to investigate flow dynamics in oil and gas reservoirs and explore methods to improve recovery rates. Through comprehensive analysis of reservoir characteristics, fluid properties, and flow mechanisms, this research seeks to identify factors influencing recovery efficiency and propose innovative techniques for enhanced hydrocarbon extraction. By integrating advanced computational modeling, reservoir simulation, and experimental approaches, this study aims to provide insights into flow behavior, identify potential reservoir challenges, and develop targeted solutions to optimize recovery processes. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the advancement of reservoir engineering practices and facilitate sustainable development of oil and gas resources.
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FLOW ANALYSIS IN OIL AND GAS RESERVOIRS-ENHANCING RECOVERY EFFICIENCY
Abstract:
Efficient recovery of hydrocarbons from oil and gas reservoirs is crucial for maximizing production and optimizing resource utilization. Flow analysis plays a pivotal role in understanding the behavior of fluids within reservoirs and devising strategies to enhance recovery efficiency. This study aims to investigate flow dynamics in oil and gas reservoirs and explore methods to improve recovery rates. Through comprehensive analysis of reservoir characteristics, fluid properties, and flow mechanisms, this research seeks to identify factors influencing recovery efficiency and propose innovative techniques for enhanced hydrocarbon extraction. By integrating advanced computational modeling, reservoir simulation, and experimental approaches, this study aims to provide insights into flow behavior, identify potential reservoir challenges, and develop targeted solutions to optimize recovery processes. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the advancement of reservoir engineering practices and facilitate sustainable development of oil and gas resources.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Chapter One: Introduction
• Background of the Study
• Problem Statement
• Objectives of the Study
• Significance of Flow Analysis in Reservoir Engineering
• Scope and Limitations
• Organization of the Study
Chapter Two: Literature Review
• Overview of Reservoir Engineering and Fluid Flow Dynamics
• Methods and Techniques for Reservoir Flow Analysis
• Factors Affecting Recovery Efficiency in Oil and Gas Reservoirs
• Review of Enhanced Recovery Methods and Techniques
• Case Studies on Flow Analysis in Reservoir Engineering
Chapter Three: Reservoir Characterization and Fluid Properties
• Geological and Petrophysical Characteristics of Oil and Gas Reservoirs
• Reservoir Heterogeneity and its Impact on Fluid Flow
• Fluid Properties and Phase Behavior in Reservoir Conditions
• Experimental Methods for Characterizing Reservoir Fluids
• Data Acquisition and Analysis Techniques
Chapter Four: Numerical Modeling and Simulation
• Fundamentals of Reservoir Simulation and Modeling
• Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Techniques for Flow Analysis
• Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite Difference Method (FDM) Applications
• Multiphase Flow Simulation in Porous Media
• Sensitivity Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification
Chapter Five: Enhanced Recovery Strategies and Optimization
• Waterflooding and Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Techniques
• Gas Injection Methods (CO2 Injection, Gas Cycling)
• Chemical Flooding and Surfactant Injection
• Thermal Recovery Techniques (Steam Injection, In-Situ Combustion)
• Optimization Strategies for Recovery Efficiency Enhancement
Chapter Six: Conclusion and Recommendations
• Summary of Key Findings
• Implications for Reservoir Engineering Practice
• Recommendations for Future Research
• Conclusion and Closing Remarks
References
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THE USE OF COCONUT FIBRE, PLANTAIN FIBRE, SNAIL SHELL, EGG SHELL AS STANDARD PH AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ENHANCER FOR DRILLING AND FORMULATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Far way back in 1900, while drilling an oil well in Spindle tops Texas, the drilling crew used various muddy slurs of water and clay as drilling mud. Today drilling fluids are still called drilling mud, but engineers no longer rely only on a mixture of water and clay. Instead, they carefully design compounds and mixtures with both local and foreign materials to meet specific needs of drilling operation under various drilling conditions. Modern and modified drilling fluids are truly life blood of the wells.
Drilling mud is a mixture of two or more phases consisting of a liquid phase (water, oil, or other synthetic oil) and a solid phase consisting of clay mixed with addition of certain chemical substances (additives). Drilling mud performs several functions, some of which are lubricating the bit, transporting cuttings to the surface, control of formation pressure. It is also called the life blood of the rotary drilling operation, in the sense that without it, drilling is almost impossible
Considering the desired formation condition and reactive chemical compounds encountered by the drilling mud during the drilling operation, it is necessary to continually monitor the mud properties and prescribe possible solution to keep the fluid in good condition. Properties that must be monitored include; mud weight, viscosity, filtration properties, pH. Certain materials are used to improve these properties.
This project is concerned with enhancing the pH of drilling mud using egg shell and snail shell as local additives for the substitution of imported chemicals such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The control of pH is very essential in the drilling operation as most of the equipment used are made of metal and pH is the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance, hence if the drilling mud is acidic ( pH less than 7), corrosion of the drilling equipment is bound to take place. Therefore when drilling operation is being performed in an acidic formation, the drill pipe, drill collars and drilling bit will corrode as a result of the acidity of the subsurface, hence the need of enhancing or improving the pH of the drilling mud have to be properly taken care of, by certain pH enhancers or modifiers.
This research therefore aims to study the suitability of egg shell and snail shell as local additives to enhance the pH of mud, both materials are easily accessible as waste and biodegradable hence using egg shell and snail shell will reduce cost and also improve waste management.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim and objective of this work is to investigate in the laboratory the suitability of egg shell and snail shell waste as local materials in improving the pH of mud.
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATION
This work is restricted only to the use of prepared samples of egg shell and snail shell as pH enhancers.
1.4 METHODOLOGY
The mode of the research to be employed in this work include review of past projects, internet information, books, and empirical analysis in the laboratory.
1.5 Aim of the study
The aim of this paper is to investigate the suitability of egg shell and snail shell as local additives to enhance and improve the pH and density of waterbased mud, as both materials are biodegradable and easily accessible.
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PREDICTION OF THE DEW PINT PRESSURE OF A GAS CONDENSERATE RESERVOIR
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Gas Condensate Reservoir is a reservoir having low-density mixture of liquid hydrocarbons that are present as gaseous components in the subsurface (in the reservoir). It is important to recognize that some gas condensate reservoirs show condensate dropping out within reservoirs, as well as condensate production at the surface due to pressure falling below the dew-point during production. This condensate accumulation in the reservoir initially remains immobile due to interfacial forces between it and connate water within the pores of the formation until its saturation level reaches a threshold value and becomes mobile.
Initially, the gas-condensate is totally gas in the reservoir. As reservoir pressure decreases, the gas condensate exhibits a dew-point. The dew-point of a gas condensate fluid occurs when a gas mixture containing heavy hydrocarbon is depressurized until liquid is formed, that is, a substantial amount of gas phase exists in equilibrium with an infinitesimal amount of liquid phase. A pressure is reduced; liquid condenses from the gas to form free liquid in the reservoir. Normally, there is no effective permeability to this liquid phase and it is not produced. If the pressure continues to decrease, a second dew-point will be reached and the liquid can be re-vaporized. This lower dew-point pressure is usually well below the reservoir abandonment pressure; thus it would be of no interest in reservoir performance.
By definition, dew-point pressure is simply the pressure at which an infinitesimal amount of liquid is in equilibrium with a large quantity of gas. the pressure below which liquid condense out of the gaseous phase.
A phase behaviour can be defined as the characteristics (changes in phase) exhibited by the gas when subjected to different temperature-pressure conditions.
During production, the hydrocarbon molecules undergo various phase and some property change, altering intermediate stages which are crucial in designing and operating the processes efficiently and optimally.
Unlike a pure substance that has both bubble-point and dew-point the same at a particular temperature and pressure, a gas condensate reservoir is a multi-component system thus at a particular temperature and pressure, each component present, exhibit their different characteristics. This is because the natural gas reservoir is not an ideal mixture. This can be seen clearly in fig 1.1.
Figure 1.1, Phase behaviour of Gas condensate reservoir by Li Fan, College Station, Texas, USA.
1.2 Problem statement
Condensate liquid saturation usually build up near a wellbore area because of drawdown below the dew-point pressure, ultimately restricting the flow of gas. The near-well choking can reduce the productivity of a well by a factor of two or more. The phenomenon called condensate blockage or condensate banking, results from a combination of factors, including fluid phase properties, formation flow characteristics and pressures in the formation and in the wellbore. If these factors are not understood at the beginning of field development, sooner or later production performance can suffer. This condensate blockage is a major challenge in the oil and gas sector since production rate is reduced. Therefore, the dew-point pressure at which this formation occurs needs to be accurately predicted in order to reduce reservoir damage caused by condensate blockage and thus increase production rate.
1.3 Aim and objectives
1.31 Aim
To improve the prediction of the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate reservoir.
1.32 Objectives
1.4 Significance of work
Every day, the petroleum industries are producing fluid from the condensate reservoirs in order to satisfy human and industrial needs. It is of great concern on the path of production and reservoir engineers to make sure the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate reservoir is accurately known.
As described earlier, the condensate reservoirs when produced below dew-point pressure tends to release liquid which reduce formation permeability and thus reduce production rate.
For example, well productivity in the Arun field, in North Sumatra, Indonesia, declined significantly about 10 years after production began. Well studies, including pressure transient testing, indicated the loss was caused by accumulation of condensate near the wellbore.
Therefore, this article focuses on the prediction of the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate reservoir so that production and reservoir engineers can be aware and produce gas condensate reservoirs optimally.
1.5 Scope of work
The scope of this project is limited to developing a mathematical correlation that would be used to accurately predict the dew-point pressure of a gas condensate reservoir using data from literature.
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AN ASSESSMENT OF GRAVEL PACKING METHIDS USED IN THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 EXTENT OF SAND PRODUCTION
Sand production from oil and gas reservoir will occur when the stresses in the formation rock exceed the mechanical strength of the rock material. This can happen in both unconsolidated and, apparently competent classic reservoirs due to a combination of: – high draw down, depletion, changes in near wellbore composition and cyclic loading of the wellbore.
This section briefly reviews the overall extent of the sand control problem and outlines the need for sand exclusion and the loss in productivity resulting from sand control methods. it further stresses the economic implication of sand control in terms of increased capital and operating cost and the need for a multi-disciplinary approach.
1.1.1 THE NEED FOR SAND CONTROL
Sand production can cause a variety of problems with numerous technical, operational and economic implications .for example, sand exclusion, be it remedial or preventive may be required to
(a) Ensure the integrity of the production system and minimize facility downtime-resulting from equipment failure (e.g. artificial lift)
(b) Avoid sand failure which may lead to formation impairment, downhole communication, buckling or collapses of production casing with possible loss of the well.
1.2 COST OF SAND CONTROL
In functional terms the magnitude of the problem is best illustrated by considering that the average reported completion efficiency from gravel packed wells is seldom greater than 40% and is often significantly lower. This however, is only part of the problem. Severe zone impairment can lead to the requirement to drill more wells and build more process and oil gathering systems with obvious effect on unit technical cost, project cash flow and HSE aspect (health safety environment). Less tangible potentially equally important factors should be considered. For example, improved completion practices may lead to higher system pressure and deferment of lift facilities hence reduced capex and lower abandonment pressures giving higher recovery factors; all with a clear impact on development costs.
1.3 INSTALLATION OF SAND CONTROL SYSTEMS
Following the final decision on whether or not to install sand control is made; relatively detailed completion designs will be complied based on field development plan. These will then form the basis for:
(a) Completion services tender exercises
(b) Material and equipment procurement
(c) Support well proposals and detailed completion programmes.
1.4 ASSESSMENT CYCLE
1.4.1 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
The risk of future sand production through data gathering during exploration well testing and appraisal can be established. This early opportunity should be used to firm up a strategy for the next phase of appraisal well drilling and testing.
1.4.2 PROBLEM QUANTIFICATION
In combination with other major sub-surface uncertainties, rock mechanical modeling should be used to quantify potential sand production problem with respect to the various sub-surface development model. The incremental cost of sand control should be assessed early to allow plans. The main question requiring assessment being: when and where will sand failure occur and further, when applicable: the effect of installation of sand control on well performance highlighting (if any) the incentive for delaying or omitting sand control equipment/ facilities.
The effect of sand control/production on reservoir performance and economic offtake models, for instance the effect of an additional pressure drop on UR and the ability to monitor and manage reservoir offtake.
The effect of sand production on process engineering design and the operations philosophy
1.4.3 INTEGRATION APPROACH
Sand control has in the recent past been divided into three distinct activities
Historically, sand control was seen as a sub-surface to be solved downhole. as a result, sand exclusion was routinely installed where a sand production problem was anticipated.
however, the practical problem facing most oil and gas sectors is how to keep the sand management process active and involved in all relevant engineering functions throughout the life cycle. in order to maintain full integrity of the production system, the group (oil and gas industry) requires the assurance that sand control gets the full attention through appropriate responsibilities and regular review of the sand management process
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