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THE ROLE OF INDEPENDENT NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION IN THE CONDUCT OF 2025 GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION IN ANAMBRA STATE,NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Elections represent the cornerstone of democratic governance, providing citizens with the opportunity to choose their leaders and participate in the political process. In Nigeria, the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) is constitutionally empowered to organize, conduct, and supervise elections into public offices at the federal and state levels (INEC, 2021). As the electoral umpire, the credibility and efficiency of INEC in managing the electoral process significantly determine the quality of democracy in the country (Omotola, 2010).
The conduct of governorship elections in Nigeria has historically faced challenges such as electoral malpractice, logistics failures, voter intimidation, security lapses, and inadequate voter education (Ibeanu, 2015). These challenges have raised concerns over the integrity and transparency of the electoral process. Given these recurring issues, the performance of INEC remains critical in ensuring that elections are free, fair, credible, and acceptable to the electorate.
Anambra State is known for its competitive political environment and history of highly contested elections due to its socio-political and economic relevance in southeastern Nigeria (Okechukwu, 2017). The 2025 governorship election is expected to be a defining moment for the state, as it will determine the future direction of governance, political leadership, and development in the region. The role of INEC in this election is therefore central to ensuring that the process reflects the will of the people.
As the nation continues to strengthen its democratic institutions, evaluating INEC’s preparedness, performance, and challenges in the conduct of elections becomes essential. This study focuses on assessing the role of INEC in the conduct of the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State, with emphasis on electoral logistics, technology, security collaboration, voter education, and adherence to legal frameworks.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite numerous electoral reforms and increased adoption of technology such as the Bimodal Voter Accreditation System (BVAS), the Nigerian electoral process still grapples with challenges that undermine credibility. Previous elections in Anambra State have been marred by logistical delays, malfunctioning electoral technologies, voter apathy, allegations of vote buying, and security concerns (Nwokedi, 2019).
Moreover, confidence in INEC has fluctuated due to perceived inconsistencies in election management, late deployment of materials, and disputes over results (Ibeanu, 2015). As Anambra prepares for the 2025 governorship election, questions persist regarding INEC’s capacity to conduct a transparent, credible, and violence-free election.
There is therefore a need to critically examine INEC’s role in the planning, administration, monitoring, and supervision of the upcoming election. Understanding the strengths, limitations, and preparedness of INEC will help identify areas for improvement and contribute to strengthening democratic governance in Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to examine the role of the Independent National Electoral Commission in the conduct of the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State.
The specific objectives are to:
Assess INEC’s level of preparedness for the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State.
Examine the effectiveness of electoral logistics and technology deployed by INEC.
Evaluate INEC’s strategies for voter education and public enlightenment.
Investigate the role of security agencies in supporting INEC during the election.
Identify the major challenges faced by INEC in conducting the election.
1.4 Research Questions
How prepared is INEC for the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State?
How effective are the electoral logistics and technologies deployed by INEC?
What voter education strategies has INEC implemented for the election?
What roles do security agencies play in supporting INEC during the election?
What major challenges does INEC face in the conduct of the election?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H₁: INEC’s level of preparedness significantly influences the credibility of the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State.
H₂: Electoral technology and logistics deployed by INEC significantly affect the outcome of the election.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant because it provides insight into the operations, strengths, and weaknesses of INEC as Nigeria approaches the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State. It contributes to academic discourse on electoral governance and democratic consolidation in Nigeria (Omotola, 2010). Policymakers and electoral stakeholders will find the study useful for improving electoral processes and addressing gaps in planning and implementation.
Additionally, the findings will help civil society organizations, political parties, and the electorate understand the dynamics of election management and collaborate better with INEC. It also adds to existing literature by providing empirical evidence on INEC’s performance in contemporary elections.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focuses specifically on INEC’s role in the conduct of the 2025 governorship election in Anambra State. It covers INEC’s preparations, logistics, technology deployment, voter education, and coordination with security agencies. Geographically, the study is limited to selected local government areas in Anambra State.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
INEC: The Independent National Electoral Commission responsible for conducting elections in Nigeria.
Governorship Election: An electoral process through which the governor of a state is elected.
Electoral Technology: Digital tools such as BVAS used to enhance transparency and efficiency in election administration (INEC, 2021).
Voter Education: Awareness activities aimed at informing citizens about electoral processes and their civic responsibilities.
Election Credibility: The extent to which an election is judged to be free, fair, transparent, and reflective of the people’s will.
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IMPACT OF POLITICAL THUGGERY IN NIGERIAN POLITICS
Abstract
Political thuggery has become a significant and persistent issue within Nigerian politics, contributing to political instability, violence, and the erosion of democratic processes. This study examines the impact of political thuggery on the political landscape of Nigeria, exploring its root causes, implications for democratic governance, and effects on socio-economic development. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach that combines qualitative and quantitative data, this research draws on case studies, interviews, and secondary data to provide a comprehensive analysis of political thuggery’s influence on electoral processes, voter turnout, and political participation.
The findings indicate that political thuggery is fueled by factors such as poverty, high unemployment rates, weak legal frameworks, and the exploitation of young people by political actors. This phenomenon undermines public trust in political institutions, discourages civic engagement, and perpetuates a cycle of violence and corruption. The study highlights the detrimental effects on national development, as resources are diverted to mitigate violence and rebuild after conflicts rather than support growth initiatives.
The research concludes with recommendations for mitigating the impact of political thuggery, including stronger enforcement of electoral laws, improved socio-economic conditions, youth empowerment programs, and the promotion of political education. By addressing the underlying issues contributing to political thuggery, Nigeria can create a more stable and democratic political environment conducive to sustainable development.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Political thuggery has emerged as a significant challenge in Nigerian politics, threatening democratic principles and undermining the country’s socio-political and economic stability. Characterized by violence, intimidation, and the use of coercion during electoral processes, political thuggery often involves organized groups acting on behalf of politicians or political parties to achieve electoral success through unethical and forceful means. This practice not only disrupts elections but also creates a climate of fear and distrust among the electorate, ultimately impeding democratic development and governance.
The origins of political thuggery in Nigeria can be traced back to pre- and post-independence political activities when competitive politics became a means to access power and resources. Over time, political actors began recruiting young people, often those facing economic hardship, to serve as enforcers during political campaigns and elections. The normalization of political thuggery has led to a culture of impunity and violence, affecting the credibility and transparency of elections.
This study aims to explore the impact of political thuggery on Nigerian politics by examining its causes, manifestations, and consequences, as well as identifying measures that can help curb this destructive practice and strengthen Nigeria’s democratic institutions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Political thuggery presents a major obstacle to the growth and sustainability of democracy in Nigeria. It not only disrupts electoral processes but also results in loss of life, destruction of property, and the disenfranchisement of voters. The prevalence of political thuggery has eroded public confidence in the electoral system, leading to low voter turnout and political apathy. Despite efforts by government agencies and civil society organizations to address this issue, political thuggery continues to thrive, fueled by socio-economic challenges such as poverty, unemployment, and weak law enforcement.
The persistent nature of political thuggery raises questions about the effectiveness of current policies and measures aimed at promoting peaceful and fair elections. Understanding the underlying factors that sustain political thuggery is essential for developing comprehensive strategies to eliminate it and ensure that elections in Nigeria are conducted in a free, fair, and secure environment.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of this study are to:
Identify the root causes of political thuggery in Nigeria.
Examine the impact of political thuggery on Nigeria’s electoral process and democratic development.
Analyze the socio-economic and political factors contributing to the persistence of political thuggery.
Assess the effectiveness of existing laws and measures in curbing political thuggery.
Propose solutions to mitigate the impact of political thuggery in Nigerian politics.
1.4 Research Questions
This study seeks to answer the following questions:
What are the main causes of political thuggery in Nigeria?
How does political thuggery affect the electoral process and democratic governance?
What socio-economic and political factors sustain political thuggery?
How effective are the current laws and policies in addressing political thuggery?
What measures can be implemented to reduce the occurrence and impact of political thuggery?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
Policy Makers: The findings will provide insights into the factors contributing to political thuggery and inform the development of policies aimed at curbing its occurrence.
Electoral Bodies: The study will aid electoral commissions in understanding how political thuggery impacts election processes and in designing measures to promote fair and safe elections.
Civil Society Organizations: The study will be useful in guiding advocacy and educational programs aimed at raising awareness and promoting peaceful political participation.
Researchers and Academics: The study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on political violence and democratic processes in Nigeria and can serve as a foundation for further research.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the impact of political thuggery in Nigerian politics, specifically analyzing its causes, manifestations, and consequences on electoral processes and democratic governance. The geographical scope covers selected states known for high incidences of political violence during elections, providing a comprehensive analysis of the issue from a national perspective.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
Potential limitations of this study include:
Access to Data: Obtaining firsthand accounts and official reports on political violence may be difficult due to the sensitive nature of the topic.
Participant Reluctance: Some respondents may be unwilling to provide detailed information due to fear of reprisal or political affiliation.
Generalizability: The study’s findings may be specific to regions with higher occurrences of political thuggery and may not fully represent areas with lower incidences.
1.8 Definition of Key Terms
Political Thuggery: The use of violence, coercion, or intimidation by groups or individuals to achieve political objectives, especially during elections.
Democracy: A system of government in which power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or through freely elected representatives.
Electoral Process: The procedures and activities involved in conducting elections, including campaigning, voting, and the announcement of results.
Political Apathy: A lack of interest or concern by the public in political activities, often resulting in low voter turnout.
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USES OF POLITICAL EDUCATION FOR EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS IN ELECTORAL ACTIVITIES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Newspapers only set agenda for the citizens to be battling, most of which are not always correct), and that is why coordinated efforts by the masses towards development is largely unattainable as the people are disconnected from what the Government is doing. Consequently, the focus of this study is specifically to appraise the extent to which the Nigerian Political system nurtures politically active citizens that are products of effective political education and serve as facilitators for the development of the Nigerian society. The research combines the presuppositions and assumptions of agenda setting theory of the mass media with that of communication theory of politics in its theoretical framework, reviewed a number of existing literatures on the subject matter, and adopted survey research design within the framework of a case study method with questionnaire as its instrument of data collection. The study reveals that political education is still rudimentary, inadequate and mostly an one-way channel that is neither adequate to prepare respondents for political activities nor effective enough to serve feedback purposes. The research concluded that political education plays a very important and significant role in the development of any community. A role that shapes the political landscape of such a community as the extent of participation and the consequent level of development ensured through this means are all a factor of and confronting Nigeria’s political system today is lack of effective participation of the people in matters affecting them. Participation is a factor of multiple variables comprising involvement in decision-making process, implementation of made decisions, sharing in the benefits of made and implemented decisions and monitoring the entire process (Nwankwo, 2003). Compared with the past, particularly the immediate post-independent Nigeria, there appears today to be a sudden withdrawal of the people from political life (Nwankwo, 2012). Indeed, there is today a culture of every man to himself, which pervades the entire society including those who occupy public positions thereby hindering the necessary development.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in uses of political education for effective participation of adults in electoral activities
1.To understand the impact of political education for effective participation of adults in electoral activities
1.What is the impact of political education for effective participation of adults in electoral activities
H0: There is no relationship between political education and effective participation of adults in electoral activities
H1: There is a relationship between political education and effective participation of adults in electoral activities
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THE IMPACT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION ON STUDENTS POLITICAL TOLERANCE
Abstract:
This study investigates the influence of political science education on students’ political tolerance, aiming to elucidate the role of educational curricula in shaping democratic values and attitudes. Through a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from undergraduate students enrolled in political science courses across multiple universities. Quantitative surveys measured students’ levels of political tolerance before and after completing political science coursework, while qualitative interviews provided insights into the mechanisms underlying any observed changes. Results indicate a significant positive association between exposure to political science education and increases in political tolerance among students. Furthermore, qualitative analysis suggests that interactive pedagogical methods, critical discourse, and exposure to diverse perspectives play pivotal roles in fostering tolerance and understanding. These findings underscore the importance of political science education in promoting democratic values and citizenship engagement among students, with implications for curriculum design and educational policy.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background and Context
Political tolerance, defined as the willingness to respect the rights and beliefs of others despite differing political views, is a fundamental aspect of democratic citizenship. In pluralistic societies, fostering political tolerance is essential for maintaining social cohesion, facilitating constructive political discourse, and upholding democratic principles. Education, particularly political science education, has been identified as a potential mechanism for promoting political tolerance among students. By providing knowledge about political institutions, processes, and ideologies, political science courses may cultivate critical thinking skills and foster understanding and empathy towards diverse political perspectives.
In contemporary democratic societies, the cultivation of political tolerance stands as a cornerstone for social harmony, constructive political engagement, and the preservation of democratic principles. Political tolerance, defined as the acceptance and respect for differing political beliefs, ideologies, and viewpoints, serves as a linchpin for the functioning of pluralistic societies. It is within the educational realm, particularly through the discipline of political science, that the seeds of political tolerance are often sown and nurtured.
Political tolerance transcends mere acceptance of diversity; it embodies the capacity to engage in civil discourse, empathize with opposing viewpoints, and uphold the rights and freedoms of others, even amidst profound ideological disagreements. In pluralistic societies, characterized by diverse ethnic, cultural, and ideological landscapes, the cultivation of political tolerance is paramount for social cohesion and democratic stability. However, achieving and sustaining political tolerance amidst socio-political polarization and ideological strife presents a formidable challenge.
Within the educational sphere, political science education emerges as a pivotal domain for nurturing political tolerance among students. Through the study of political institutions, processes, ideologies, and theories, political science courses offer students a rich tapestry of knowledge and critical thinking skills essential for navigating complex political landscapes. By engaging with diverse perspectives, analyzing political controversies, and debating contentious issues, students are exposed to the plurality of political thought and are challenged to critically evaluate their own beliefs and assumptions.
Despite the theoretical assertions regarding the role of political science education in fostering political tolerance, empirical evidence on this relationship remains fragmented and inconclusive. While some studies suggest a positive association between exposure to political science courses and increased political tolerance, others find limited or no effect. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying any observed changes in political tolerance following political science education are not well understood. Therefore, there is a critical need for empirical research to systematically examine the impact of political science education on students’ political tolerance and elucidate the factors that contribute to this relationship.
This research endeavors to address this gap in the literature by investigating the impact of political science education on students’ political tolerance. Through a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of survey data with qualitative insights from interviews, the study aims to assess the levels of political tolerance among students before and after completing political science coursework, identify the factors that contribute to changes in political tolerance, and explore the mechanisms underlying this relationship.
By shedding light on the nexus between political science education and political tolerance, this research holds significant implications for educational policy, curriculum design, and civic engagement initiatives. Understanding the role of education in promoting democratic values and citizenship engagement is essential for fostering inclusive and tolerant societies, contributing to the advancement of democratic ideals and the sustenance of democratic governance.
In sum, this study endeavors to unravel the intricate dynamics between political science education and political tolerance, illuminating pathways towards a more tolerant, inclusive, and democratic future.
1.2 Background for the Study
Despite the theoretical assertions regarding the positive impact of political science education on political tolerance, empirical evidence on this relationship remains limited and inconclusive. While some studies suggest a positive association between exposure to political science courses and increased political tolerance, others find little to no effect. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying any observed changes in political tolerance following political science education are not well understood. Therefore, there is a need for empirical research to systematically investigate the impact of political science education on students’ political tolerance and elucidate the factors that contribute to this relationship.
1.3 Research Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to examine the impact of political science education on students’ political tolerance. Specifically, the study aims to:
Assess the levels of political tolerance among students before and after completing political science coursework.
Identify the factors that contribute to changes in political tolerance following exposure to political science education.
Explore the mechanisms underlying the relationship between political science education and political tolerance.
1.4 Scope and Structure of the Study
This study focuses on undergraduate students enrolled in political science courses at universities, with data collected through surveys and interviews. The research will employ a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative analysis of survey data with qualitative insights from interviews. Chapter Two will review relevant literature on political tolerance, political science education, and their interrelationship. Chapter Three will describe the research methodology, including data collection procedures and analytical techniques. Chapter Four will present the findings of the study, followed by a discussion of the results and their implications in Chapter Five. Finally, Chapter Six will conclude the study by summarizing key findings, discussing limitations, and suggesting avenues for future research.
1.5 Significance of the Study
Understanding the impact of political science education on students’ political tolerance has significant implications for educational policy, curriculum design, and civic engagement initiatives. By elucidating the role of education in promoting democratic values and citizenship engagement, this research can inform efforts to enhance political literacy and foster inclusive and tolerant societies.
This chapter provides an overview of the research topic, rationale, objectives, scope, and structure of the study, setting the stage for the subsequent chapters.
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STUDENTS STUDY ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR PERFORMANCE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY OF UYO
Abstract:
This study examines the relationship between students’ study attributes and their academic performance in Political Science Education at the University of Uyo. Recognizing the crucial role of effective study habits and attitudes in academic success, this research aims to identify specific study attributes that significantly influence students’ performance in this discipline.
Using a mixed-methods approach, the study combines quantitative data from student surveys and academic records with qualitative insights from focus group discussions and interviews. The quantitative analysis focuses on variables such as study hours, note-taking practices, reading habits, and use of educational resources. Qualitative data provides a deeper understanding of students’ motivations, challenges, and strategies in studying Political Science.
Findings reveal that students with consistent study schedules, active participation in class discussions, and effective time management tend to achieve higher academic performance. The study also highlights the importance of intrinsic motivation and the ability to relate theoretical concepts to real-world political scenarios as significant contributors to academic success. Conversely, irregular study habits and reliance on last-minute cramming are associated with lower performance levels.
The research underscores the need for educational interventions that promote effective study practices and provide support for students in developing robust academic skills. Recommendations include the integration of study skills workshops, peer mentoring programs, and the use of technology-enhanced learning tools to support diverse learning styles.
Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of how specific study attributes impact academic performance in Political Science Education, offering valuable insights for educators, students, and policymakers aiming to enhance educational outcomes at the University of Uyo and similar institutions.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Education is a dynamic process that involves the interaction of various factors influencing students’ learning outcomes. In the academic realm, the relationship between students’ attributes and their performance has been a subject of considerable interest. This research focuses on understanding the impact of student attributes on academic performance in the field of Political Science at the University of Uyo.
Student engagement with various institutional-related activities and interactions has been noted for decades as a significant influence on the differential patterns of student learning and growth one important outcome from these engagements is the impact on students’ attitudes and beliefs concerning leadership, which continues to be a prominent theme and objective in higher education.
The majority of research on student leadership development has focused on corporate-related models, which emphasize the impact of institutional experiences that parallel roles found in business or politics. Political Education Other commonly examined attributes include entering students’ predisposition to leadership development, available institutional-related leadership resources, activities and opportunities, and the effects of formal leadership development programs.
Attempting to capture and examine students’ cognitive development towards leadership, without dependence on predispositions towards leadership-based activities or positions, Wielkiewicz developed the Leadership Attitudes and Beliefs Scale-III (LABS-III). The LABS-III instrument consists of two scales representing divergent patterns of leadership attitudes and beliefs. One scale is based on a hierarchical pattern of thinking, which is characteristic of the traditional top-down leadership structure.
The Hierarchical Thinking scale emphasizes a tightly controlled decision-making process, with an authoritarian mode of operation and communication. A leader’s effectiveness and efficiency are paramount to the success of the organization, which in turn, is strongly associated with one’s maintenance and preservation of rank within that organization. The second scale derives from Allen, Stelzner, & Wielkiewicz’s leadership process theory, which is based on a systemic pattern of thinking.
The Systemic Thinking scale strongly emphasizes an organization’s ability to adapt quickly to ever-changing environments. Employing the knowledge and wisdom of organizational members through high levels of communication and cooperation is paramount to a successful organization. In this manner, the effectiveness of a leader is dependent on one’s ability to successfully facilitate and utilize a participative decision-making process. Allen et al.’s theory asserts that the adoption of Systemic Thinking by individuals and organizations will yield greater levels of overall adaptability, cooperation, sustainability and success.
Although not extensive, there has been research exploring the development of students‟ leadership attitudes and beliefs within the context of Allen, et al.‟s[1] theory, as well as its relationship to the differential patterns of student learning and growth. A study conducted by Wielkiewicz, et al.‟s[28] in 2005 examined the uniqueness of the LABS-III as compared to Astin‟s[2] Student Leader type, a characterization based on attributes similar to traditional hierarchical-based roles or positions. Wielkiewicz found that students scoring highly on either the Hierarchical or Systemic Thinking scales on the LABS-III scored higher on Astin‟s Student Leader type.
However, the majority of information gleaned from the LABS-III was significantly distinctive from traditional position-based attributes and roles, which provided strong evidence concerning its utility in assessing student leadership development from a non-predisposed perspective. In addition, the relationship between the Systemic Thinking scale and students‟ academic engagement and development was also investigated. Wielkiewicz found that student engagement (e.g., class participation, reading outside of class), behavior (e.g., intellectual curiosity, study habits), and Systemic Thinking were interrelated, which provided evidence that an assortment of academic and co-curricular activities may facilitate student leadership development. Higher grade point averages, however, were not associated with Systemic Thinking, but they were associated with students who reported a lower preference towards Hierarchical Thinking leadership beliefs and values.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Political Science education requires a unique set of skills and attributes for students to excel. However, there is a gap in the existing literature regarding the specific attributes that significantly influence academic performance in Political Science at the University of Uyo. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the correlation between students’ attributes and their academic achievements.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this research are:
To identify and analyze the key attributes exhibited by students in Political Science education at the University of Uyo.
To examine the relationship between students’ attributes and their academic performance.
To assess the impact of external factors, such as socio-economic background and learning environment, on students’ performance in Political Science.
1.4 Research Questions
To achieve the stated objectives, the study will seek answers to the following research questions:
What are the predominant attributes exhibited by students in Political Science education at the University of Uyo?
Is there a significant correlation between students’ attributes and their academic performance in Political Science?
How do external factors, such as socio-economic background and learning environment, influence students’ performance in Political Science?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research holds significance for various stakeholders, including educators, policymakers, and students themselves. Understanding the relationship between student attributes and academic performance can inform teaching strategies, curriculum development, and student support services. Additionally, policymakers can use the findings to make informed decisions about educational policies that enhance the overall learning experience.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will be conducted at the University of Uyo, focusing specifically on students enrolled in Political Science programs. The research will cover a specified time frame, and data will be collected through surveys, interviews, and academic records.
1.7 Structure of the Thesis
The thesis will be organized into several chapters, each addressing different aspects of the research. Chapter Two will provide a review of relevant literature, while Chapter Three will detail the research methodology. Subsequent chapters will present and analyze the findings, discuss implications, and offer recommendations for future research.
In summary, this chapter has laid the foundation for the exploration of student attributes and their impact on academic performance in Political Science education at the University of Uyo. Subsequent chapters will delve deeper into the specific aspects of this relationship, contributing valuable insights to the field of education.
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EXPLORING STUDENT ATTRIBUTES AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN POLITICAL SCIENCE EDUCATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF UYO
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Education is a dynamic process that involves the interaction of various factors influencing students’ learning outcomes. In the academic realm, the relationship between students’ attributes and their performance has been a subject of considerable interest. This research focuses on understanding the impact of student attributes on academic performance in the field of Political Science at the University of Uyo.
Student engagement with various institutional-related activities and interactions has been noted for decades as a significant influence on the differential patterns of student learning and growth one important outcome from these engagements is the impact on students’ attitudes and beliefs concerning leadership, which continues to be a prominent theme and objective in higher education.
The majority of research on student leadership development has focused on corporate-related models, which emphasize the impact of institutional experiences that parallel roles found in business or politics. Political Education Other commonly examined attributes include entering students’ predisposition to leadership development, available institutional-related leadership resources, activities and opportunities, and the effects of formal leadership development programs.
Attempting to capture and examine students’ cognitive development towards leadership, without dependence on predispositions towards leadership-based activities or positions, Wielkiewicz developed the Leadership Attitudes and Beliefs Scale-III (LABS-III). The LABS-III instrument consists of two scales representing divergent patterns of leadership attitudes and beliefs. One scale is based on a hierarchical pattern of thinking, which is characteristic of the traditional top-down leadership structure.
The Hierarchical Thinking scale emphasizes a tightly controlled decision-making process, with an authoritarian mode of operation and communication. A leader’s effectiveness and efficiency are paramount to the success of the organization, which in turn, is strongly associated with one’s maintenance and preservation of rank within that organization. The second scale derives from Allen, Stelzner, & Wielkiewicz’s leadership process theory, which is based on a systemic pattern of thinking.
The Systemic Thinking scale strongly emphasizes an organization’s ability to adapt quickly to ever-changing environments. Employing the knowledge and wisdom of organizational members through high levels of communication and cooperation is paramount to a successful organization. In this manner, the effectiveness of a leader is dependent on one’s ability to successfully facilitate and utilize a participative decision-making process. Allen et al.’s theory asserts that the adoption of Systemic Thinking by individuals and organizations will yield greater levels of overall adaptability, cooperation, sustainability and success.
Although not extensive, there has been research exploring the development of students‟ leadership attitudes and beliefs within the context of Allen, et al.‟s[1] theory, as well as its relationship to the differential patterns of student learning and growth. A study conducted by Wielkiewicz, et al.‟s[28] in 2005 examined the uniqueness of the LABS-III as compared to Astin‟s[2] Student Leader type, a characterization based on attributes similar to traditional hierarchical-based roles or positions. Wielkiewicz found that students scoring highly on either the Hierarchical or Systemic Thinking scales on the LABS-III scored higher on Astin‟s Student Leader type.
However, the majority of information gleaned from the LABS-III was significantly distinctive from traditional position-based attributes and roles, which provided strong evidence concerning its utility in assessing student leadership development from a non-predisposed perspective. In addition, the relationship between the Systemic Thinking scale and students‟ academic engagement and development was also investigated. Wielkiewicz found that student engagement (e.g., class participation, reading outside of class), behavior (e.g., intellectual curiosity, study habits), and Systemic Thinking were interrelated, which provided evidence that an assortment of academic and co-curricular activities may facilitate student leadership development. Higher grade point averages, however, were not associated with Systemic Thinking, but they were associated with students who reported a lower preference towards Hierarchical Thinking leadership beliefs and values.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Political Science education requires a unique set of skills and attributes for students to excel. However, there is a gap in the existing literature regarding the specific attributes that significantly influence academic performance in Political Science at the University of Uyo. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the correlation between students’ attributes and their academic achievements.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this research are:
To identify and analyze the key attributes exhibited by students in Political Science education at the University of Uyo.
To examine the relationship between students’ attributes and their academic performance.
To assess the impact of external factors, such as socio-economic background and learning environment, on students’ performance in Political Science.
1.4 Research Questions
To achieve the stated objectives, the study will seek answers to the following research questions:
What are the predominant attributes exhibited by students in Political Science education at the University of Uyo?
Is there a significant correlation between students’ attributes and their academic performance in Political Science?
How do external factors, such as socio-economic background and learning environment, influence students’ performance in Political Science?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This research holds significance for various stakeholders, including educators, policymakers, and students themselves. Understanding the relationship between student attributes and academic performance can inform teaching strategies, curriculum development, and student support services. Additionally, policymakers can use the findings to make informed decisions about educational policies that enhance the overall learning experience.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study will be conducted at the University of Uyo, focusing specifically on students enrolled in Political Science programs. The research will cover a specified time frame, and data will be collected through surveys, interviews, and academic records.
1.7 Structure of the Thesis
The thesis will be organized into several chapters, each addressing different aspects of the research. Chapter Two will provide a review of relevant literature, while Chapter Three will detail the research methodology. Subsequent chapters will present and analyze the findings, discuss implications, and offer recommendations for future research.
In summary, this chapter has laid the foundation for the exploration of student attributes and their impact on academic performance in Political Science education at the University of Uyo. Subsequent chapters will delve deeper into the specific aspects of this relationship, contributing valuable insights to the field of education.
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USES OF POLICITCAL EDUCATION FOR EFFECTIVE PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS IN ELECTORAL ACTIVITIES IN MBAITOLU LGA, IMO STATE
ABSTRACT
This work discusses uses of political education for effective participation of adults in electoral activities in mbaitolu lga, imo state. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among people from mbaitolu lga, imo state. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that political education have a strong and significant impact for effective participation of adults in electoral activities.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
References
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THE IMPACT OF FACEBOOK ON POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN THE 2023 GENERAL ELECTION IN NIGERIA
Abstract:
This study explores the influence of Facebook on political discourse during the 2023 general election in Nigeria, a period marked by heightened political engagement and social media activity. As Facebook has become a dominant platform for information dissemination and public debate, understanding its role in shaping political discourse is crucial for assessing its impact on democratic processes.
Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, this research combines quantitative analysis of Facebook engagement metrics with qualitative assessments of political content and user interactions. Data was collected through surveys of Facebook users, content analysis of political posts, and interviews with political analysts and social media experts.
Key findings reveal that Facebook significantly influenced political discourse by providing a platform for political parties and candidates to communicate directly with voters, thus bypassing traditional media channels. The study identifies several ways in which Facebook affected political engagement, including the dissemination of political information, the mobilization of supporters, and the facilitation of public debate. However, it also highlights challenges such as the spread of misinformation, echo chambers, and the potential for political polarization.
The research concludes that while Facebook has enhanced political engagement and provided new avenues for political expression, it also presents risks that need to be managed to ensure a healthy democratic process. Recommendations for mitigating the negative impacts of social media include improving digital literacy among users, enhancing fact-checking mechanisms, and promoting more responsible use of social media platforms by political actors.
This study contributes to the growing body of literature on social media’s role in politics and offers insights for policymakers, political strategists, and social media platforms on how to better navigate the complex landscape of digital political discourse.
Keywords: Facebook, Political Discourse, 2023 General Election, Nigeria, Social Media Influence, Misinformation, Political Engagement.
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LEADERSHIP AND GOOD GOVERNANCE IN NIGERIA: ISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
ABSTRACT
This study was intended to examine leadership and good governance in Nigeria: issues and prospect of national development. This study was guided by the following objectives; to determine the relationship between leadership and good governance in Nigeria, to determine the relationship between leadership, good governance and National development in Nigeria, to examine the consequences/effect of leadership and governance failure in Nigeria on national development and to identify the component/causes of poor/bad leadership and governance in Nigeria. The study employed the descriptive and explanatory design; questionnaires in addition to library research were applied in order to collect data. Primary and secondary data sources were used and data was analyzed using the chi square statistical tool at 5% level of significance which was presented in frequency tables and percentage. The respondents under the study were 100 residents of Abuja, FCT, Nigeria. The study findings revealed that there is a significant relationship between leadership and good governance in Nigeria; based on the findings from the study, The leaders should be made accountable by publicly declaring what they have been able to achieve in terms of performance as well as how much was expended in every sector on a yearly basis and auditors with integrity should be made to verify the claims in order to ascertain the genuineness of the claims.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Nigeria was colonized by the British in the 18th century, but later got its independence in 1960. Prior to that time, Nigeria was noted for its richness in agricultural produce through which she earned its foreign exchange and built its reserve. In the 19th century, Nigeria was the world’s largest exporter of cash crops such as cocoa, groundnuts, palm-oil and food crops like cassava, yams, and sugarcane (Claude 1996). In the late 60s, petroleum was discovered in Nigeria, coinciding with the military coups and rule. At this time, the military regime hindered economic development in Nigeria by ushering in bribery and corruption, mismanagement, looting of treasury, killing, maiming, and nullification of elections (Shobola & Nicholas-Omoregbe 2012).
The discourse on the delicate future of Nigeria is strictly connected to the failure of governance and leadership. The human and infrastructural development curve of Nigeria is on the downward drift, in spite of the increase in oil revenue over the past three decades. Obviously, the actions of economic and political managers who are highly dependent on oil lease have exposed the Nigerian State to oil resource spell (Iyoha, Gberevbie, Iruonagbe & Egharevba 2015; Nyeswusira & Nweke 2014). There is an agreement among policy makers, development scholars, and institutions that the wealth of a nation has strong relationships with its type of governance, leadership and social policy framework (Kaufmann 2013; Bardhan 2005). Leadership is important to demonstrating better-quality governance, which enhances societal development, because it is a process of influencing the actions of a structured group towards the setting and attainment of goals.
It is a truism that the quality of leadership and overall governance in a country directly affects the level of political stability and development that such country enjoys. Bad governance and poor leadership only result in underdevelopment and political instability (Ologbenla, 2007). It is on the recognition of the imperative of leadership and governance to a country that Nnablife (2010) avers that the survival of a system rests with leadership. All things rise and fall on leadership because leadership effectiveness is a steering that drives a nation or any organisation to heights of development and productivity by the application of good governance (Folarin, 2010). The post-independence Nigeria continues to grapple with the monster of bad leadership and governance which have been the bane of political instability and poor state of development in the country. With the diverse mineral and human resources, it is not far-fetched to expect Nigeria to soar high in consonance with the economic giants of the world. Paradoxically, Nigeria – the giant of Africa (as it is called) wallows in socio-economic, political and infrastructural decadence in all her crevices. The inability of Nigeria’s leadership to harness the nation’s vast resources and reserves towards socio-economic development continuously calls to question the composition of the fabric of the nation’s leadership and governance. There seems to be a total collapse of ethical governance with the abuse of every moral norm of administration and a loss of conscience towards ‘rightness’ and objectivism in polity. To this end, it becomes a wonder if Nigeria can ever rise out of decadence and her impoverished state if those that are meant to drive the steering towards the nation’s emancipation lack the morality and sanity to do so.
The issue of how a particular country, city or agency is governed or should be governed, and the relationship between the state and civil society, or how to establish an ideal balance between them in order to achieve a stable political system has been of immense concern to scholars (see Azeez 2009: 213). Arisi and Ukadike (2011: 413) expressed optimism that human beings are born into the world with an opportunity make them live better in their various communities. Such anticipated better condition of living for citizens has been largely achieved in developed nations such as Britain, United States of America, Germany, Japan, and China through the mechanism of good governance. These countries have in place, well-run educational system, and good organization of industrial sectors, affordable shelter for citizens, sound national security and political stability. They also experience favourable interdependence between growth, poverty reduction and sustainable development; as well as respect for the rule of law, human rights, peace and security among others. In essence, good governance has remained a crucial element of the socio-political system of developed countries of world. However, on the contrary, a major challenge to quest for Nigeria’s greatness is good governance.
Nigeria’s search for the most cultivated and best informed minds, and men and women and women of wisdom who will take the nation to the peak level of good governance has remained elusive. Plato, the great Greek philosopher, had argued in his time that as a just and healthy person is governed by knowledge and reason, a society must be under the control of society‟s most cultivated and best informed minds in order to achieve remarkable social, political and economic development. The fact that Nigeria remains a laggard in social, economic and political developments despite all social and economic policies implemented by successive administrations suggests that such administrations had not optimally delivered the dividends of good governance. Nigerians are worried as to why their leaders seem to find it difficult to address perennial governance problems despite abundant human and material resources. Many viewpoints have been formulated to explain governance challenge of the country. These include the emergence of colonial misadventure in Nigeria; corruption and lack of vision among past and present leaders of Nigeria. All of these have hampered any meaningful effort in the quest for good governance in the country with systemic challenges and decays. There were also institutional problems rooted on the type of governance Nigeria has had since independence. Nonetheless, Nwagboso and Duke (2012) contended that Ghana and South Africa were colonized like Nigeria but they seem to fare better in development than Nigeria. Governance among other things, involves making and implementing crucial decisions that could affect lives of individuals in a variety of ways. It has several interrelated dimensions such as economic governance, administrative governance, political governance, national governance, and systematic governance. Leadership and governance have been recognized as imperative for the attainment of the political, economic and social objective of any political community. The significance of leadership to governance is seeing in the fact that good leadership sets the tone and standard of governance. The concept of governance and leadership are intertwined. Good governance and leadership is critical for the achievement of results. It is often said that no country can develop beyond the level of its leadership. The predicament of Nigeria in terms of underdevelopment and corruption can be adduced to the problem of leadership and governance. Nigeria needs committed leaders who will govern with integrity and doggedly influence its human and natural resources toward the actualization of sustainable national development.
The quest for quality leadership and good governance is the aspiration of citizens in most countries of the world. This is because the task of harnessing scarce resources in pursuit of human and national development is related to the quality and output of leadership (Richardson, 2008, P.3). The history of the development of great nations suggests that versatile leaders played a vital role in the transformation of their societies through good governance. Thus, the quality of citizens’ life and the overall development of a nation is a reflection of governance in the nation.
In United States of America (USA) for example, Abraham Lincoln stands out because of the courageous leadership he displayed during the 1861-1865 American Civil War (Norton, <http://home.att.net/rjnorton/Lincoln87.html>).This led to the preservation of the Union, vindication of democracy and abolition of slavery. These great feats were achieved by determination in pursuit of a more perfect and equal Union (Ibid, P.17). Lincoln eventually left a legacy being upheld in the USA till date as a good model of democracy and enduring governance.
Similarly, the unification of East and West Germany could be
credited to Otto Von Bismarck, one of the most significant political figures in German history. His efforts were fast-tracked by Chancellor Helmut Kohl, who ensured the enthronement of a federal system of government in a unified Federal Republic of Germany in 1990 (Germany, http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country-studies/germany/Government.html). This was considered cardinal to a stable constitutional democracy and good governance in the Country.
In China, Mao Tse-Tung set the stage that transformed China from a peasant economy to a major economic giant in the world. As a visionary leader, his primary goals were to catch up and surpass the rest of the world in economy, sports, science, technology and defence. Today, China is the fastest growing economy in the world with an average annual growth rate of about 9 percent in the last 2 decades (Chow and Li, 1952-2010).These accounts demonstrate that with visionary leadership and good governance, a nation could experience remarkable improvement and success in its overall development.
The continent of Africa has also produced visionary leaders who have contributed positively in the development of their countries. Nelson Mandela of South Africa holds sway as one of the greatest figures of black emancipation with his history of anti-apartheid struggle. Eventually, he was honored as the first democratically elected President of South Africa in 1994 (Mandela, 1994, Pp. 746-747).His exemplary leadership symbolizes the struggle of oppressed people around the world. He was able to steer South Africa towards sustainable development and good governance ideals, epitomized by smooth political transition.
In our country, issues of leadership and good governance have been of great concern since attainment of independence in 1960. Despite abundant human and natural resources, corruption and mismanagement of public wealth have hampered the pursuit of national development in the Country (http://www.nationencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Nigeria.overviewofteheconomy.htm.). Most Nigerian leaders are accused of lacking the requisite vision, passion and character for political leadership (Dike, 2009). The consequence is that despite Nigeria rich resource endowment, she has consistently ranked low in various international assessments on human development and good governance.
The United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index (UNDP-HDI) in its 2007/2008 report ranked Nigeria 158 out of 177 countries (New Partnership for Africa’s Development, 2008, P.67). Nigeria was also ranked 11 out of 16 in West Africa in the 2009 Ibrahim Index of African Governance (IIAG) (Obi, http://www.businessday). It is estimated that about 70 percent of 150 million Nigerians live below poverty level of less than one US Dollar per day (Nnebe, 1999-2007 Vol.2, P).These low economic and development indices have been attributed to poor leadership and absence of good governance in Nigeria.
In this context, the leadership question’ vis-à-vis good governance has generated series of topical discussions at different policy and academic fora. This research is, therefore, motivated by the quest to address the question of leadership and its implication on good governance in Nigeria for national development. Thus, with a view to proffering measures that would strengthen leadership and ensure good governance in the country.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Nigeria is currently faced with myriad of problems prominent among which are poverty, corruption, insecurity, unemployment, infrastructural decay, kidnapping, ethno-religious crises and many more. These problems could be attributed to bad governance and leadership. Nigerian governance challenge has been a threat and clog in her wheel of progress towards achievement of economic growth and stable polity. Against the above background, this study tends to investigate leadership and good governance in Nigeria in relation to issues and prospect of national development.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study sought to analyze leadership and good governance in Nigeria as it relates to the issues and prospect of national development. Specifically, the study sought to;
1. determine the relationship between leadership and good governance in Nigeria.
2. determine the relationship between leadership, good governance and National development in Nigeria.
3. examine the consequences/effect of leadership and governance failure in Nigeria on national development.
4. identify the component/causes of poor/bad leadership and governance in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the relationship between leadership and good governance in Nigeria?
2. What is the relationship between leadership, good governance and National development in Nigeria?
3. What are the consequences/effects of leadership and governance failure in Nigeria on national development?
4. What are the components/causes of poor/bad leadership and governance in Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H01: There is no relationship between leadership and good governance in Nigeria.
H02: There is no relationship between leadership, good governance and National development in Nigeria.
H03: Leadership and governance failure in Nigeria has no consequences/effects on national development.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will be of immense benefit to other researchers who intend to know more on this study and can also be used by non-researchers to build more on their research work. This study will contribute to knowledge and could serve as a guide for other study.
1.7 Scope of the Study
This study is on leadership and good governance in Nigeria: issues and prospect of national development. This study will be conducted in Abuja, FCT.
1.8 Limitations of study
The demanding schedule of respondents made it very difficult getting the respondents to participate in the survey. As a result, retrieving copies of questionnaire in timely fashion was very challenging. Also, the researcher is a student and therefore has limited time as well as resources in covering extensive literature available in conducting this research. Information provided by the researcher may not hold true for all research under this study but is restricted to the selected respondents used as a study in this research especially in the locality where this study is being conducted. Finally, the researcher is restricted only to the evidence provided by the participants in the research and therefore cannot determine the reliability and accuracy of the information provided. Other limitations include;
Financial constraint: Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint: The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
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CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA AND THE CONFLICT OF LEGITIMACY-IMPLICATIONS OIN NATIONAL SECURITY
ABSTRACT
Elections play a pivotal role in the democratic process, serving as a fundamental mechanism for citizens to express their political will. In Nigeria, a country with a diverse sociopolitical landscape, the conduct of elections holds significant implications for national security. This study aims to critically examine the multifaceted impact of electoral processes on the security landscape of Nigeria.
This research is about the conduct of elections and its effect on national security. The study was geared at determining distinct objectives. These are to establish the relationship between conduct of election and national security. Thereafter, the nature of Nigeria electoral process would be examined. The implications of electoral process on the national security were then established. Finally ways of enhancing the conduct of elections in Nigeria were proffered.
The research will employ a comprehensive approach, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods to explore the historical context, challenges, and consequences associated with elections in the Nigerian context. The primary focus will be on understanding how the conduct of elections influences and shapes national security dynamics.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background and Context
Nigeria, as the most populous country in Africa, has experienced a complex political history marked by transitions between military and civilian rule. The conduct of elections, a fundamental component of the democratic process, has played a crucial role in shaping the nation’s political landscape. Since the return to civilian rule in 1999, Nigeria has witnessed a series of elections at various levels of government. However, the conduct of these elections has been marred by challenges ranging from electoral violence to allegations of corruption and malpractices, all of which have significant implications for the nation’s security.
The Electoral process in many developing African democracies including Nigeria is faced with the challenge of attaining legitimacy through free, fair, credible and violent free elections. The Nigerian democratic project has been enmeshed in violence and has become a recurrent phenomenon even though in modern times genuine democracy is associated with peaceful and credible elections. Voter participation in the electoral process is hampered by widespread violence and feeling of insecurity capable of resulting in low participation and abstention. Increasing academic interest has been attached to electoral participation in the established and developing democracies. Various works
Godstime Osariyekemwen IGIEBOR, PhD, is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
by scholars ((Skocpol & Morris, 1999; Dalton 1998, 2006; Norris 1999, 2010) have expressed concern over the seeming decline in the levels of citizens’ engagement in electoral activities as well as the low level of confidence placed on democratic institutions. Pharr and Putnam (2000, p. 18) note that “it is an irony that just at the moment when liberal democracy has defeated all its enemies on the battlefields of ideology and politics, many people in the established democracies believe that their political institutions are not performing well.”
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The conduct of elections in Nigeria has been characterized by numerous issues that raise concerns about the stability and security of the nation. Electoral violence, corruption, and disputes have emerged as recurrent challenges, threatening the democratic ideals that elections aim to uphold. Understanding the implications of these challenges on national security is critical for both policymakers and scholars. This research aims to analyze the multifaceted problems associated with the conduct of elections in Nigeria and to assess their impact on the overall security of the nation.
1.3 Research Objectives
The primary objectives of this study are:
To examine the historical evolution of elections in Nigeria, with a focus on the post-1999 era.
To identify and analyze the challenges and issues related to the conduct of elections in Nigeria.
To assess the implications of electoral violence, corruption, and disputes on national security.
To explore the existing mechanisms and frameworks for addressing challenges in the electoral process.
To provide recommendations for enhancing the conduct of elections and mitigating security implications in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
The research is guided by the following key questions:
What are the historical developments in the conduct of elections in Nigeria since 1999?
What are the major challenges associated with the conduct of elections in Nigeria?
How do electoral violence, corruption, and disputes impact national security in Nigeria?
What mechanisms and frameworks are in place to address challenges in the electoral process?
What recommendations can be proposed to improve the conduct of elections and enhance national security?
1.5 Justification of the Study
The significance of this research lies in its potential to contribute to academic scholarship, policy formulation, and practical interventions aimed at improving the conduct of elections in Nigeria. By exploring the implications of electoral challenges on national security, the study seeks to provide insights that can inform decision-making processes, enhance electoral integrity, and contribute to the overall stability of the nation.
1.6 Structure of the Thesis
The thesis is organized into chapters that sequentially address the research objectives. Chapter Two provides a comprehensive literature review, examining existing knowledge on the conduct of elections and its implications on national security. Subsequent chapters delve into empirical research, analysis, and discussions, leading to conclusions and recommendations in the final chapter.
In summary, this introductory chapter provides a foundation for understanding the importance of investigating the conduct of elections in Nigeria and its far-reaching implications on national security. The subsequent chapters will illuminate various facets of this complex issue through a detailed exploration of historical, theoretical, and practical dimensions.
1.8 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is a no relationship between conducts of elections in Nigeria and Nigeria national security
H1: There is a relationship between conducts of elections in Nigeria and Nigeria national security
H0: Electoral conduct does not have a significant effect on Nigeria’s national security.
H1: Electoral conduct have a significant effect on Nigeria’s national security.
1.9 Definition of terms
Security: The state of being or feeling secure; freedom from fear, anxiety, danger, doubt, etc.; state or sense of safety or certainty
Elections:
The formal process of selecting a person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition by voting.
Electoral Reforms:
Electoral change can only be referred to as reform if its primary goal is to improve electoral processes, for example, through fostering enhanced impartiality.
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