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COMBATING CORRUPTION IN NIGERIA: A CASE STUDY OF EFCC
ABSTRACT:
This project has to do with combating corruption in Nigeria: a case study of EFCC.A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst people from selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that EFCC has a strong and significant effect in combating corruption in Nigeria. Also, there is a strong relationship between EFCC and combating corruption in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF GOVERNORS FORUMS’ ACTIVITIES ON THE DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION OF NIGERIA
ABSTRACT:
This work gives an assessment of the impact of governors forums’ activities on the democratic consolidation of Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst people from selected states in the country. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that Governors forums’ activities have a significant effect on the consolidation of Nigeria. Also, there is a relationship between governors forums’ activities and democratic consolidation of Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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THE ROLE OF PRESS IN FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS (2019 GENERAL ELECTIONS)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Election is a festival of democracy. It fosters an inclusive state; democracy rooted in popular sovereignty and sustainable peace and tests the competitive strength of political parties and leaders through programme and ideologies. In this context, it is important for the press to keep the hope of citizens’ by serving key roles in democratic initiatives, democratic consolidation, democratic expansion and democratic system. Since the press is the prime channel of transmitting electoral message, politics will be played out increasingly in communication space. Press can contribute to ease the nation’s transition process by creating election friendly environment, democratizing the public sphere and legitimizing political initiatives. These factors are essential to strengthen the integrative capacity of the political system and its external adaptability and open the citizens’ mind to universal principles of democracy human rights and rule of law. But, the public function of the press is largely contingent on its own framework of ownership finance, control and regulation Politicians talk more to the press than among themselves. It is the press that shapes their overall cognitive understanding about politics. A strong identification of citizens with political parties steered by the press provides greater motivation to vote and engage in politics. But, party is only a part of society, not the whole. The articulation of partisan contents marks the partial reporting of political truth. It mirrors only the ideological representation of society and contributes less to democratic well-formation. Citizenship begins with the membership of the state; therefore, Civic responsibility of the press requires a contribution to public opinion formation. In this process the press has to provide civic awareness to citizens, equip them with participatory Information and resources, stimulate active public engagement and foster meaningful dialogue and ownership of public in the agenda stem of post-election process. Familiarization of citizens with various ideas and issues such as knowledge about the transition management, objectives of the election, election system and processes, registration of voters, nomination of candidates, transparency of election process, neutrality of electoral and security officials, monitoring of code of conduct, roles of various agencies in improving the election environment, monitoring of human rights, redesigning the state, inclusive dispensation, durable peace etc is essential to provide the citizens a greater measure of free will and self-confidence and enable them to use their own political choice. The press has to work together with civil society and citizens to prevent electoral malpractices, such as vote buying and selling, character assassination of candidates, belittling national sensitiveness, social harmony and decent voting behavior, abuses of the state and market power, etc and enthuse in citizens a sense of reason, conscience and civic responsibility. The ability of the press in doing so places it in a esteemed position to make political with sufficient bearing for the nation and people.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The press is to serve the governed, not the governors. The government power to censor the press was abolished so that the press would remain free to censure the government. The press is protected so that it could bare the secrets, of government and inform the people, only a free and restrained press can effectively expose deception in government. And paramount among the responsibilities of a free press is the duty to prevent any part of the government from deceiving the people The work will therefore show to large extent the relevance and the role of press to live up to its responsibility to educate and enlighten members of the public about democratic principles and avoid adopting a sensational or divisive approach in coverage of political issues
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are;
To examine how the press has fared and legally performed its role for a free and fair election
To ascertain the relationship between press and free and fair election
To assess the press performance in an election and the general contribution of the Nigeria press to a stable policy
To ascertain the impact of press report on free and fair election to general public
1.4 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES
For the successful completion of the study, the following research hypotheses were formulated by the researcher;
H0: the press has not fared and legally performed its role for a free and fair election
H1:the press has fared and legally performed its role for a free and fair election
H02:there is no relationship between press and free and fair election
H2:there is relationship between press and free and fair election
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study will give a clear insight on the role of the press in the free and fair election. The study will be beneficial to students, press, INEC and the general public. The study will also serve as reference to other researchers that want to embark on this topic
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The scope of the study covers the role of the press in the free and fair election.The researcher encounters some constrain which limited the scope of the study;
a) AVAILABILITY OF RESEARCH MATERIAL: The research material available to the researcher is insufficient, thereby limiting the study
b) TIME: The time frame allocated to the study does not enhance wider coverage as the researcher has to combine other academic activities and examinations with the study.
c) Organizational privacy: Limited Access to the selected auditing firm makes it difficult to get all the necessary and required information concerning the activities
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINITION OF SIGNIFICANT TERMS
Broadcast: this involves sending out programs, information, ideas to the public through the mass media for instance; mass media, radio, internet etc.
Conflict: it is a situation of disagreement occurring between entities, people, group or organization.
Elections: this is a system of choosing a person or group of people for positions in the society by a legal way of voting.
Enfranchise: this is the right given to an individual to participate in elections.
Electorate: these are the people in a given area or country who have the right to vote.
Malpractice: a system of ill behavior that does not foster positive responsiveness.
Media: It is the vehicle through which messages, information, ideas, demands and so on are passed across to the masses.
Mobilization: an act of organizing a group of people to partake in a task or incident in other to achieve a desired goal or objective.
Politics: these are activities connected with the state government or general affairs. It usually involves competition between different parties on leadership positions based on election.
Region: a large area of land usually without exact boarders that a country is usually divided into comprising of its own customs and government. For example in Nigeria we have the northern region.
Stigmatization: a feeling of unimportance, un-acceptance usually caused by the treatment that people give to you.
Mass media: it is an essential part of mass media which transmit pictures and sound signals over long distance through electromagnetic radiation. It is a medium of communication that enhances believability through its sight and sound appeal.
Democracy: a political system in which the people of the country rule through any form of government they choose to establish.
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OAU AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT IN THE NIGERIN CIVIL WAR
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
The conflict resolution community seems to pursue conflict resolution efforts in Africa from a variety of purposes and interests and with policies that are often replete with ambiguities and contradictions. This situation may be the reason why many African conflicts may be silenced but remain largely unresolved. As Zartman (2000:3) has pointed out, although African conflicts involve the activities of seasoned peacemakers using the best of personal skills and recently developed knowledge about ways of managing and resolving conflicts, international efforts at conflict management have not been particularly effective or efficient in overcoming the disasters that have brought them to the continent. The critical question then is how we understand the problem of conflict resolution in Africa when the actors, mainly external to Africa, propagate the idea of peace and conflict resolution corresponding mainly to their own interests and view of Africa and the world.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in oau and conflict management in the nigerin civil war
1.To understand the impact of oau on conflict management in the nigerin civil war
2.To understand the relationship between oau and conflict management in the nigerin civil war
H0: There is no relationship between oau and conflict management in the nigerin civil war
H1: There is a relationship between oau and conflict management in the nigerin civil war
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LEADERSHIP AND POLITICAL CONFLICT IN RIVERS STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Urban centres which have degenerated from centres of excellence to centres of squalor which are further characterized by inadequate social services, deplorable living conditions, high risk of disease outbreak, deprived land use planning, exposure to violence and other social vices.
Studies have shown that there has been an annual incremental formation of slums in Nigerian cities [1,2] Rivers State plays a major role because of its strategic economic importance to the country as the hydrocarbon hub and a centre of attraction for all and sundry. Slums formation in Nigeria are wrought with hasty urbanization, poverty, substandard urban housing stock, near non-existence of enforcement of urban development guidelines by city management authorities, lack of proper housing stock and maintenance. [3] asserts that slums have been theorized as collection of structures or an area encumbered by overcrowding, deterioration, unhygienic surroundings, absence of basic and essential facilities like potable water, standard educational and health facilities, drainage system, leisure centres, post office, markets and the like.
However, one sure way of coming out of this quagmire biased on town planning orientation is the application of the appropriate development control tools by the relevant authorities, especially the local planning authorities. These planning authorities when established will be saddled with the responsibility of enhancing the quality of the environment, improve the conditions of the housing stock, encourage ordered development and improve liveability within the cityscape. Notwithstanding the strategic importance of the application of these development control measures in the balancing of the physical environment, there exist other factors encumbering the effectiveness of this notion and thus made the entire process a mirage and a mismatch to the capacity of development control process to city growth management.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in leadership and political conflict in rivers state
H0: There is no relationship between leadership and political conflict in rivers state.
H1: There is a relationship between leadership and political conflict in rivers state.
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HISTORY OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATION IN NIGERIA. A STUDY OF MUHAMMAD BUHARI ADMINISTRATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
The first impression in every issue is the most important as the great father of philosophy Socrates stated many centuries ago. So in the light of the above philosophical truism, the way to begin this conversation is to understand what the concept of human rights is and there is only one way of doing this which is to consult the masters of the scholarly field of human rights for inspirations.
Mr. Manfred Nowak, is the director of the Ludwig Boltzmann institute of human rights at the university of Vienna and was at a time the special Rapporteur on torture at the United Nations. He wrote a beautifully rich handbook on human rights which he intended it for use by parliamentarians but I have decided to quote copiously from it to elucidate the essence and import of the concept of human rights.
This gentleman stated clearly thus; “Human rights have pervaded much of the political discourse since the Second World War. While the struggle for freedom from oppression and misery is probably as old as humanity itself, it was the massive affront to human dignity perpetrated during that War, and the need felt to prevent such horror in the future, which put the human being back at the centre and led to the codification at the international level of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Article 1 of the Charter of the United Nations declares “promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion” as one of the purposes of the Organization.”
Mr. Nowak who visited Nigeria in 2007 on official duty continued thus; “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, was the first step towards achieving this objective. It is seen as the authoritative interpretation of the term “human rights” in the Charter of the United Nations. The Universal Declaration together with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, both adopted in 1966, constitute what has become known as the International Bill of Human Rights.
Since 1948, human rights and fundamental freedoms have indeed been codified in hundreds of universal and regional, binding and non-binding instruments, touching almost every aspect of human life and covering a broad range of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights. Thus, the codification of human rights has largely been completed. As the [then] Secretary-General of the United Nations, Mr. Kofi Annan, has recently pointed out, today’s main challenge is to implement the adopted standards”.
From a lay man’s perspective so as to liberally make for greater understanding by all , I can say that human rights are those essential make ups that defines each and everyone of us as human beings. A music legend in Nigeria who had several brushes with the then military dictatorships of Generals Olusegun Obasanjo and Muhammadu Buhari [as they then were] in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s once depicted human rights concept in the following dramatic words- ‘Human rights na my property so you can’t dash me my property’ meaning that human rights are inherent rights belonging to each and every individual meaning that governmental authorities or any person for that matter is not in any position to freely donate these sets of rights to another human being.
These sets of rights are universal, inalienable, sacrosanct and binding on all authorities and persons. For instance the chapter four of the Nigerian Constitution contains most of these fundamental rights like freedom of speech; right to life; freedom of assembly; freedom of conscience/religion; freedom of movement and right to respect for the dignity of the human person.
Critically, the freedom from all forms of psychological, physical or emotional torture is the only human right that can not be derogated or qualified and therefore is absolute meaning that on no account should a member of the human community be subjected to torture of any form by any authority or person; in or out of government.
Chapter two of the Nigerian Constitution contains certain socio economic rights such as right to education; right to health and other critically important rights which out to be respected by all.
In Nigeria, the most prevalent human right issue is the use of arbitrary arrest by law enforcement operatives and the use of torture against suspected alleged offenders and this cowardly criminal acts of barbarity goes on all over the place even as very little is done to bring the perpetrators to trial before competent courts of law. The frequent use of torture and other unlawful means by law enforcement operatives must be confronted legally by lawyers and all activists so the perpetrators are named, shamed, prosecuted and punished. To work as lawyers to end the regime of torture is an imperative indeed if you like this duty is a categorical imperative if we will borrow the concept as developed by the great European philosopher Mr. Immanuel Kant.
Another disturbing human right violation in Nigeria is the attacks targeted at soft civilian targets by a range of armed terrorists. The rate of mass killings going on all over is a serious human right phenomenon because if these killers are not brought to effective justice and punished for their crimes against humanity then what will happen is that impunity will become the order of the day and as you all know impunity is the number one enemy of human rights. Every one of us must use our professional calling and talents to vigorously campaign against impunity so that the right to life which is the most basic human right becomes even more relevant and sacrosanct.
Many Nigerians are homeless. Millions are in absolute poverty due to no cause of theirs. Poverty is a serious human right violation that must be redressed by all means and to achieve this lofty objective, Nigerians must say no to corruption and bribery.
It is a notorious fact that a poor person is someone without any modicum of dignity because poverty subjects humanity to all forms of irrational deprivations.
As lawyers and professionals of different platforms, we must individually work to bridge the gap between the haves and haves-not.
The danger in not redressing the human right violation that leads to mass poverty is that the country may witness riotous revolution because a hungry man is an angry man.
As part of our services to humanity, let us spare out some moments to render pro-bono legal services to poor litigants whose rights are abused so we can make Nigeria a better place.
There are hundreds of human rights violations in Nigeria which if we document within the context of this lecture we may not depart here even in a year.
Let us reflect on some of those salient human rights development issues I have highlighted as they also embody other variety of human rights violations that must be redressed by all persons and especially by the designated authorities and agencies such as the courts of competent jurisdiction; National human rights Commission and other sister rights-based organization.
Human rights are rights which people have simply as human beings irrespective of their nationalities, religion, citizenship, marital status, occupation, income or any other social or cultural activities (Ehindero, 1998). In other words, human rights are of universal application and implications. Clinton (1997) contends that human rights are the cornerstone of a viable and visible democracy, giving hope to all in society: the strong and the weak, rich and poor, great and small.
If democratic practise in Nigeria must meet up with western democratic standards, then it must address the current problem of gross violations of human rights. Though the desire of the Nigerian people for democratic rule was achieved in 1999, it is yet to overcome the institutionalized violation of human rights by security agencies, especially the Nigerian police force. Thus, this study is aimed at drawing the attentions of the Nigerian government and supporters/sponsors of democratic rule in Nigeria to redirect their effort to ensure that the democratic expectation of qualitative justice hinged on the democratic values of fundamental human rights that emphasizes the dignity of the human person, rights to personal liberty, right to due process and fair hearing, right to life and the right to freedom of movement, which the Nigerian people are largely deprived of.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The violation of human rights is not a strange experience in Nigeria. This sad situation has been attributed to decades of military rule in the country (Ahmadu, 2001)), which had attracted sanctions and all sorts of condemnation from the international community. Sadly, however, the end of military rule, and the consequent enthronement of democratic rule has failed to eliminate,
or at least, reduce the cases of violations of human rights in Nigeria. The majority of cases of violations of peoples‟ rights being carried out by the Nigerian police force. Provable incidences of extrajudicial killings, brutality of innocent citizens, use of force to elicit confessional statements from suspects, blatant corruption, et cetera continue to be characteristic of the Nigerian police in our promising democracy. Thus, the lack of trust and confidence in the police by the Nigerian citizens continues to exist irrespective of the hypocritical posters and television advertisements by the police authorities to create a positive image for the Nigerian Police, as the force has become more of an instrument of oppressions and coercion against innocent citizens, and a willing tool in the hands of the rich and powerful in society to intimidate and victimize the common man
This study documents the incidences of human rights violations in Nigeria as well as cases in two communities (Ikeje and Ayingba) in Kogi State using primary and secondary data.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions are to be addressed by the study:
i. What is the extent and nature of human rights violations in Nigeria?
ii. Why has democratic rule failed to address the problem of human rights violations in Nigeria?
iii. What effects do human rights violations have on the victims, the democratic process and the Nigerian police?
iv. How do citizens react to the violations of their human rights in Nigeria?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i. To ascertain the extent of human rights violations by the Nigerian police on civilians
ii. To show that there is no difference between military and democratic regimes in Nigeria in terms of human rights violations
iii. To recommend a more democratic, humane and constitutionally acceptable approach to dealing with crime suspects so as to build trust and confidence between the police and the Nigerian people
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very important to the extent that respect for human right is important in democratic governance. It exposes the inability of the Nigerian government to halt the violations of the rights of its citizens by the Nigerian police, and the danger that the practice portends for its nascent democracy.
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GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
In order to answer these questions, this thesis utilized quantitative and qualitative methods. The research operates within an analytical framework using several theories of women’s participation, including the theory that women are more likely to support social spending and the theory of descriptive, symbolic and substantive representation (Bauer, 2013; Conover, 1988). These theories frame this work and provide grounds for understanding and criticism. This thesis performs a quantitative study using data on quotas and government expenditure from 131 countries from 1980 to 2010. The hypothesis is that there will be no significant correlation between quotas and social expenditure due to variations in women’s preferences. The work finds, however, that the presence of a quota is negatively correlated with expenditure in health and education. These results are then compared to a qualitative study of three country cases: Argentina, India and New Zealand. The thesis finds overall that the impact of quotas is heavily affected by socio-economic divisions in a country and how a country understands and treats the role of women. Gender quotas will not be successful in impacting legislation in countries where deep rooted patriarchic institutions limit how women participate in the legislative processes.
This thesis begins with a literature review which addresses existing theories around women in politics and quotas. It then discusses the research methods before producing the quantitative results and analysis. This is followed by the qualitative case studies. The work finishes with an analysis of the findings of both methods together before concluding.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in government expenditure and women empowerment
H0: There is no relationship between government expenditure and women empowerment
H1: There is a relationship between government expenditure and women empowerment
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THE ROLE OF AGE GRADE IN BAYELSA
ABSTRACT
New ‘bottom-up’ approaches to development attempt to transform the condition of rural population through the mobilisation and utilisation of their resources.Bayelsa state in Nigeria provides a case study of rural change and the role of social organisations and institutions (especially age-grades, social clubs and town unions) in the drive for rural transformation. These organisations form the pivots of rural self-help and have executed numerous projects but the absence of clear policy guidelines has limited their effectiveness.
Elimination of wide spread poverty and growing income inequality are at the core of all development problems and in fact define for many people, the principal objective of development policy. The dilemma of rural development in Nsugbe Bayelsa state area is that, if all the agricultural and industrial projects started in all corners of the country since 1950s to the present were successful, Nigeria would have recorded substantial food surplus and much of its rural areas would have undergone great transformation. This paper relied overwhelmingly on in-depth interview and secondary documentary sources of data. These were obtained from Bayelsa statewhich were purposively selected on the account of their status as one of the area with the largest population of Urhobo people. A random sampling of the area yielded eight clusters of communities which constituted the study location. 120 randomly selected adult respondents took part in the study while data were subjected to content analysis. Active participation of Bayelsa state age grade in rural development initiatives was widely reported and communities were found to be involved in development projects which they considered relevant to their felt needs and aspirations. This was expressed through the activities of age-grade organization. Although the Bayelsa state age grade has been able to achieve much success within the limit of its resources, the paper recommended an active collaboration with governmental agencies to take rural development in Nsugbe community to a greater height.
This paper examines the tourism potentials of Nsugbe community with a view to harnessing their potentials for sustainable tourism development. These villages were chosen because of the plenitude of tourist attractions (natural and cultural), which they offer; their proximity to the state capital and other valuable opportunities. The paper uses ethnographic method to elicit information and analyze the data collected from respondents. It is contended that a well executed community-based tourism (CBT) will not only create employment opportunities in the selected villages, but will also raise their standard of living.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND THE NSTUDY
Since the end of the Second World War, particularly during the past three decades, rural development as a concept and as a programme of action has attracted much attention that it has been enthroned as a vital tool in the development of many developing countries. This conviction was predicated on the firm belief that rural development could be the panacea for replacing rural poverty with prosperity in the developing countries of the world. Olisa (1992), however, observed that the results have not been significantly positive in most countries which have received and lived on aid and other income generating investments, especially from the more developed countries.
The failure of rural development and the indicators of that failure are as manifest in Nigeria as in the countries in Africa mentioned in a United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation’s report in 1988. In that special issue on Rural Development published in February 1988, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) painted vividly the discouraging picture in the following words: At least 700 million people live in poverty in rural areas of the developing world. And available evidence suggests, many of them are becoming poorer. “This grim picture emerges from the latest review … of agrarian reform and rural development in the 1980s”.
In Nigeria, basic amenities such as pipe-borne water, electricity, hospitals and medical care, primary education and modern communication are inadequate in over 80% of the country’s rural area. Agriculture is largely at subsistence level with traditional tools just as the rural agriculturist is without modern agricultural skill and knowledge. Over 80% of the country’s population live in the rural areas and are engaged in agriculture and as Olisa (1992) observed, yet the country’s internal food supply relative to domestic demands, has been consistently on a steep decline.
In the rural sector in Nigeria, public policy has consistently emphasised “increased agricultural out-put and productivity” as the main instrument for rural communities’ development. Similarly, public policy makers also regard rural development as synonymous with agricultural development (Hall, 2000, Onokerhoraye and Okafor, 1994 and Tom, 1991). The assumption was that increase in agricultural output would lead to increase in rural income and improvement in the livelihood of the rural areas. Onokerhoraye and Okafor (1994) have argued that agriculture is by no means the only possible occupation for rural people and have advocated a new and broader view of rural development in Nsugbe Bayelsa state area. Over these years, rural dwellers in Nigeria have been encouraged to produce more agricultural products because that is where, according to economic principles they had the highest comparative cost advantage. Okpala (1980), however, disagrees and argues that the prevailing public policy emphasis on increased agricultural output and productivity as the main thrust of rural development, is at variance with the peoples perception of what constitute their development. The rural dwellers frequently do not adopt the type of rural development proposals, programmes and projects that are espoused in the official national development programmes. This is because they do not share government’s enthusiasm for agricultural development. The various rural communities therefore, undertake other types of projects they consider more relevant to their felt needs and aspirations.
Okpala suggests a clear distinction in public policy emphasis between rural development and agricultural development. He argues that this distinction may even benefit agricultural development, as it would ensure a direct and unambiguous policy focus on agricultural development while treating rural development as a separate policy subject area. He further argues that the rural people, who are primarily farmers, have food in relative abundance and relatively cheaply. To them, agricultural products generally are “surplus goods” and therefore do not want more of them, particularly with the low prices of agricultural products in Nigeria. What are scarce to them and what they desire, are good roads, good water supplies, health, educational facilities and others.
As Olisa (1992) puts it, the Nigerian rural development dilemma, is that if all the agricultural and industrial projects started in all corners of Nigeria since 1950s to the present were successful, the country would have recorded a substantial food surplus and much of its rural areas would have undergone substantial transformation. Instead, the present general picture of the country’s rural population, is one of economic poverty, malnutrition, poor infrastructure, poor medical facilities, persistence of local endemic diseases which have reduced the quality of labour force, to name but a few.
For example, between 1973 and 2000, Nigeria launched successively, five national rural development programmes with more than eight supportive schemes. These development programmes were in addition to the activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources in the sphere of rural development. The programmes include among others: National Accelerated Food Production Programme (NAFPP) of 1973, Operation Feed the Nation (OFN) of 1976 (in addition to the establishment of Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme to make the programme to work), Green Revolution (GR) of 1980 (which albeit, a mere show or change in terminology) and the Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DFRRI) of 1986. These rural development programmes were strengthened with more than eight supportive schemes, such as the River Basin and Rural Development Authorities (RBRDA), Agricultural Development Projects (ADPS), Rural and Cooperative Banking Policies of the 1970s, Mass Literacy Cum Nomadic Education Scheme of the late 1980s and the National Agricultural Land development Authority (NALDA) of the 1990s. The programmes and schemes were designed essentially to improve the rural output and thus develop the rural areas.
These efforts at developing the rural areas in Nigeria, have not yielded the desired results, due largely to their inability to accelerate the development of this sector. The initiatives failed because of the exclusion of the people not only from policy making and planning but also from implementation. Other attendant factors for the low level of development of the rural areas include, the failure to harness available resources within the rural areas, inability to sustain these programmes, managerial problems and the failure to take into cognisance the socio-cultural background and historical experience of the benefiting rural communities. The complexity and enormity of the problems confronting the rural dwellers in Nigeria, call for a profound search for both the causes of the failure of all government rural development programmes and the need for the formulation of a more appropriate and enduring approach. The problem is more than just technology and production. It is the “social, cultural and economic issues responsible for underdevelopment that require attention” (Altieri, 1995)
The consequent entrenchment of powerful and centralised institutions of governance in society has continued to threaten the existential essence of man in his local and national environment. The Igbo were originally free from such centralized and despotic institutions of governance.
However, to facilitate governance in Igbo land where kingship institutions were few, or to achieve uniformity with the rest of the country, the colonial masters created the “warrant chiefs” with the ordinance of 1916. With the attainment of independence, the warrant chiefs became anachronistic and irrelevant. Perhaps to achieve the same objective as the colonial masters, the military government in 1978 created autonomous communities and decreed that each community be placed under a traditional ruler (Bayelsa state age grade or Obi in some areas). The proliferation of kingship institution was thus engineered in an area of Nigeria where the predominant political organization was the “democratic village republic” in which the traditional local institution for governance has been the town union. The situation now is that there exists in most communities in Igbo land two dominant institutions for governance – the town union which is at the apex of the system of unions/assemblies that are part of the democratic village republic and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution fostered by the government.
As each community is large, it’s responsibilities are necessarily in terms of developmental needs. Needs of communities differ both in importance and priorities. What constitute “development” in Eziama may not constitute “development” in Ihitte. A community may have as it’s priority “electricity supply” while another may have “water supply as it’s priority. However the important thing is that all the communities understudy agree on the need for an enhanced socio economic, political and cultural life of the community.
Agreeably, Government alone cannot provide these services Julius Nyerere had said that if people realize that they suffering is not the will of God, they will make efforts and sacrifices. It could have been this realization that spurred non-governmental organizations in Bayelsa state into action. But while non-governmental bodies are making efforts towards improving the living conditions of Anambra East populace. It must be stressed that there is need for adequate government participation in this development bid. If these organizations in better rural community will matererilize.
Credence is laid to this when one looks at the united nations definition of community development. According to them, community development is the process by which the affects of the people themselves are united with those of government authorities to improve the economic social and cultural conditions of communities to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national process community development by this definition, ought to be a joint effort between government and the people of the rural communities.
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
A common task facing developing and under – developed nations today, including Nigeria, is the development of rural area. Development of the rural areas or communities means an improvement or advancement in the socio-economic, political and cultural life style of people. In most rural comities including Bayelsa state Area, there is insignificant provision of basic human needs like Hospitals, pipe-borne water, tarred and motorable roads, schools etc, by government. This attitude on the part of government creates an impression in the minds of people that they are not part of the body politics.
Consequently, the people rely on what they can afford to fend for themselves. It is this quest for self-reliance that leads to initiation of community development project of community development projects by non-governmental organizations.
The problem of non-development of rural areas spreads across all states of Nigeria but in more pronounced in Bayelsa state Area – which is my area of study. In this community there is object neglect of provision of these facilities by government. Developmental activities are borne by non-governmental organizations like Town Unions, Churches, Age Grades, Social Clubs etc with little or no contributions from government.
This study will attempt at identifying the nature and scope of developmental projects undertaken by non-governmental organizations in Bayelsa state Area.
It will also find out what kind of problems that confront these non-Governmental organizations in it’s quest to improve the life of Anambra East Citizens.
The problem is that conflict situations have arisen in many communities. There is conflict over the relationship between the town union (or its president) and the Bayelsa state age grade. There is conflict over accession and succession to the Bayelsa state age grade stool, which has tended to destabilize the town union. There is also conflict over the Bayelsa state age grade’s area of jurisdiction and the town unions’ area of jurisdiction. The gravity of the situation is perhaps evidenced by the numerous litigations on these matters pending in law courts all over Igbo land.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of the study is to analyse the involvement of the Town Union and Bayelsa state age grade Institution in governance, highlighting the consequent encounter between the two bodies using case studies. More specifically, the study has attempted to achieve the following objectives:
1. To examine the roles of the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state.
2. To analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them.
3. To make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities.
4. This project is aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area.
5. It will try top examine some of their experiences while undertaking these developmental endeavours in Bayelsa state Area.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. What are the roles of the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state?
2. Is it possible to analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them?
3. How can one make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities?
4. Does this project is aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution have played no roles in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state.
H1: Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution played great roles in the development of communities especially Nsugbe in Bayelsa state.
H0: It is impossible to analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them.
H1: It is possible to analyse the relationship and identify the interface between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution with a view to understanding the nature, sources and causes of the conflicts between them.
H0: One cannot make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities.
H1: One can make recommendations to foster harmonious relationship between the Bayelsa state age grade and the Town Union in the development of communities.
H0: This project is not aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area.
H1: This project is aimed at analysing the contributions of Bayelsa state age grade organizations towards the development of Bayelsa state Area.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCRE OF THE STUDY
The essence of this study is to draw the attention of the Local State and Federals Government.
This research draws the attention of government to the need for stepping up their matching grants as well as provision of human and material assistance to communities in Bayelsa state Area who are embarking on one developmental project or the other.
Through this research, communities in Bayelsa state Area will realize once again that government own her a duty to assist he in her developmental efforts and there by which government will be made up to perform her own part of the obligation.
Finally, this research will aid students towards making further research in this area as well as serve as an invaluable source of information on Anambra East Community.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
For studying episodes in the encounter between the Town Union and the Bayelsa state age grade Institution, two autonomous communities were purposively selected to reflect situations of harmonious and conflict relationships. The autonomous communities selected are Nsugbe in Bayelsa state Area and Mbieri also in Bayelsa state both in Bayelsa state.
The population of Nsugbe consists largely of indigenes of Nsugbe. There are nevertheless some non-indigenes who work for government establishments located in the community. The commonly spoken language is a dialect of Igbo. Nsugbe is a rural community composed of five villages with an aggregate population of about 30,000. The villages are: Owere, Umuagwuoche, Uba/Amazu, Umutaku/Umungwo and Amafor.
Each village is composed of two or more kindreds. Beyond the family, the individual derives support from the kindred, the village and the town, in that order.
Mbieri, another community chosen for study, consists predominantly of the indigenous population. However, there are non-indigenes who either do business in the community or work in government establishments in the community. Igbo is the commonly spoken language. Mbieri is 705 rural communities composed of 18 villages with a population of about 75,000 people. The villages are Obokwe, Umuahii, Umuomumu, Umuduru, Umuobom, Ubakuru, Amankuta, Umuagwu and Ebom. Others are: Ohohia, Awo, Eziome, Amaulu, Umunjam, Umuonyeali, Umudagu, Obazu and Achi. Each village is composed of four or more kindreds. Though the family is the basic social and political unit, the individual derives support from the kindred, the village and town, in that order.
1.8 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The researcher during this exercise encountered some problems. There is the problem of time. There was insufficient time in the way of the researcher to have a through analysis of the study.
Financial constraint was another problem and a limitating factor the researcher faced during this exercise as well. As a result of this, it became difficult for the researcher to pay regular visit to Nsugbe at least to afford him the opportunity to observe from time to time techniques used by town unions government in the development of their locality.
Unnecessary bureaucratic process within the town union posed a great deal of problem as the student was not able to get at same of the key members of the union. Based on these limitations, the study becomes restricted to the role town unions government in the development of rural areas with particular emphasis on Nsugbe community and does not cover other communities.
1.9 DEFINITIONS OF TERMS
ROLE – persons task or duty in an undertaking NON-GOVERNMENTAL – Any group set up, that is out side direct government control or involvement.
ORGANISATION:- They are social and technical devices or instrument that help in the accomplishment of goals that are too large and complex to be handled by one person.
COMMUNITY – A territorially bounded social system within which people live in harmony, love, intimacy and share common social, economic and cultural characteristics.
DEVELOPMENT – A continuous process of positive change in the quality and span of life of a person or group of persons.
GOVERNMENT- An authoritative unit of the state which has the sole function of achieveing the ends of the state- provision of welfare services, maintenance of law and order and establishing and maintaining of relations with similar units in other state.
1. ENVIRONMENT: The environment here (external internal) means
Ngor Okpala Community, Ngor- Okpala local Government Authorities
and Bayelsa state Government with socio-economic ties.
2. INPUTS: The inputs in this senses relates to human material resources
and financial needs, etc. emanating from the environment.
3. CONVERSION PROCESS: The conversion process refers to all
agents development in the community non-governmental Organisations
leaders in the community and all those with positive disposition in the
conversion process within the community.
4. OUTPUTS: The reactions from the conversion process gives birth to
to outputs which manifests on the form of development projects and
their execution .
5. FEEDBACK: This has to do with the degree of response to input-output
relationship which leads either in support of the system or it’s rejection in
the environment.
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THE NEGATIVE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITY
ABSTRACT
The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today in order to examine this situation, one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have much more difficult time getting the same benefits wages and job opportunities or their male counterparts therefore, this research work will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institution, hiring and job benefit and wages, it will also tackle what is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – ii
Approval page – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgment – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
Table of Contents – – – – – – – – vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY – – – – – 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM – – – – – 3
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY – – – – – – 3
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY – – – – – 4
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS – – – – – – 5
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY – – – – – – – 5
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – 6
2.1 THE CONCEPT OF GENDER INEQUALITY – – – 8
2.2 TYPES OF GENDER INEQUALITIES – – – – 10
2.3 THE EFFECT OF GENDER INEQUALITY ON WOMEN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES – – – – – – – – 13
2.4 MEASURES TO SOLVE GENDER INEQUALITY – – – 16
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – 17
3.1 POPULATION OF THE STUDY – – – – – 18
3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION – – – – – 19
3.3 TECHNIQUE OF DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS – 19
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS – – – – – – – – 21
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 INTRODUCTION – – – – – – – – 22
4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS – – – – 22
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 SUMMARY – – – – – – – – – 30
5.2 CONCLUSION – – – – – – – – 30
5.3 RECOMMENDATION – – – – – – – 31
REFERENCES – – – – – – – – – 33
APPENDIX – – – – – – – – – – 34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The issue of gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberally through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today, in order to examine this situation, one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more difficult time getting the same benefit, wages and job opportunities as their male counterpart. The society in which we live has been shaped historically makes the policy makers have consistently been male and it is important to examine all facts of the problem, but in order to fully tackle the issue on most recognize that this inequality in the work force is rooted in what shape future employees and employers – education. The research work will examine the inequalities in policy, actual teaching situations, admission to post-secondary institution, hiring and job benefits and wages, the situation will also tackle was is being done to solve this problem and what can be done to remedy the situation.
Monrovia Street is an area situated in Ungwan Rimi Gabasawa ward under Kaduna North Local Government with a total of least populated area in Gabasawa ward which is more or less like a GRA consist of civil servants, students and businessmen and women etc. the population has made up different tribe such as Hausa, Yoruba, Gwari, Igbo, Nupe, Katab, etc.
Those living in Monrovia are predominantly civil servants that is 80% of people are said to have gainfully employed either by government or private sectors. And of 20% of them are engaged in commercial activities ranging from trading, tailoring, hair dressing, etc out of which 15% where engaged by men only 5% is engaged by women base on the research.
I found that women were left behind in time of gainful employment as well as commercial activities in the area. In view of above a lot is expected to be done to bridge the gap between the two genders.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Men and Women are both equal and both play vital roles in the creation and development of their families in particular and the society in general indeed; the struggle for legal equality has been one of the major concerns of women movement all over the world. Therefore, the sense of insecurity, humiliation and helplessness always keep a woman mum our whole socialization in such that for any unsuccessful marriage which results the who is held responsible. Cultural beliefs and traditions that discriminate against women may be officially discredited but they continued to flourish at the grassroots level, this has been main of this research work.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To find out factors responsible for low employment opportunities of women.
2. To find out the effort of Government towards reducing gender inequality.
3. To examine the implication of gender inequality in the society.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A research of this nature has to do with gender issues must be of great significance. Gender inequality in terms of employment opportunities, home management and other issues are very critical. Therefore, this research will be of significance in the following areas:
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the factors responsible for low employment opportunities of women?
2. What are the efforts of government towards reducing gender inequality?
3. What are the implications of gender inequality in the society?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
In carrying out the research work, the researcher chose Monrovia Street as area of study and focused on gender inequality on women employment opportunities restricted the finding in the above area.
And most of whom he asked question were women because they are most hit by poverty and vitracy and dominated in terms of wages, salaries and other commercial activities.
In view of the above, the researcher promoted to focus more attention on women in order to find out why the inequality exist and look for a way to find solution and unless something various is done by the government to control the problem.
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THE IMPACT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIAN POLITICAL SYSTEM
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Human development history has shown that sustainable development and self-sustaining progress of any country has generally followed the development and applications of science and technology (S&T), controlled by and responsive to the needs and endowment of a country (Adeniyi, 1999).
Many developed countries of the world today achieved their level of development through the adaptation of technology and development of an efficient S&T capacity. There is no doubt that the importance of S&T to Nigerian political system has been recognized by nations who currently are in the forefront of human development index. Consequently, human and national sustainable development are determined largely by the level of indigenous and endogenous scientific and technological research, the communication of research results and on the knowledge acquired and brought to bear on policy making, programme formulation, project implementation, monitoring and impact assessment.
Furthermore, any society without indigenous and endogenous S&T research capacity and capability and high level of literacy cannot but continue to remain underdeveloped (Adeniyi, 1999,). Scientific research in all its forms is the cornerstone of a nation’s social and economic development (Abiodun, 1999). Though geographical and human size of a nation may be indicators of its potential power, the real power of a country is measured today in terms of its economic progress, that is, the proven capacity to translate scientific knowledge through its judicious and determined exploitation of technologies in economic productivity. It has been observed that the Nigerian society lacks an in-depth understanding of the role of S&T in Nigerian political system plans (Abiodun, 1999,). The need to integrate S&T into national planning has been overemphasized.
In reviewing efforts at bringing science and technology to bear on Nigerian political system , it is important to examine underdevelopment of S&T in less developed countries and relate it to current national underdevelopment. It has been established that science has a function in relation to the development of production. This function is partly driven by economic forces. Karl Marx, a classical economist once observed the importance of economic organization in the development of link between science and production.
He argued that the requirements of the economy will eventually have an effect on the direction of scientific development itself. Furthermore, that technological advance generates new specialized skills at the interface between science and production, notably the various types of engineering skills.
The new specialists were able to interpret the needs of the entrepreneur to the scientists and economic demand began to affect the orientation of science. The prime mover here is the search for profit. There is no doubt, that economic demands for innovation had tremendous influence in the evolution of science and indeed R&D. The phases in the development of relations between science and production had been identified as follows (Bernal, 1970):
The issues raised here attempts to support the belief that science has a social function in relation to the development of production.
Furthermore, the demands of the production system can influence the way in which scientific institutions develop and the content of science.
Industrialized market economies developed based on the relationship between science and production. The form in which scientific institutions developed and linked to production in advanced countries was further strengthened through linkage of network of engineering institutions and machinery manufacturers and the types of research carried out.
Some schools of thought are of the opinion that scientific institutions such as research institutes, scientific societies, science policy organizations do not have the same social role everywhere. They argued that scientific institutions in less developed countries might as well serve different social purposes from those in advanced countries. They concluded that by building new research institutes, there are indications that they will function in the same way as the existing ones and may have very little to do with the development of production (Cooper, 1978).
An alternative view to the current state of development of scientific institutions in less developed countries was linked to “technological dependence”. The dynamics of the underdeveloped economy was observed to create a situation where local scientific institutions were alienated from production.
For instance, the import substitution industrialization strategy adopted by most less developed countries encouraged technological dependence. In most countries foreign technology was substituted for technologies that might have been developed by local scientific research and development institutions. The most important element in this view is not that there are import–substitution policy, but simply that the technologies needed generally exist already in the industrialized countries and are often proprietary (ie owned by private enterprises). This technological dependence adversely affected the thinking and orientation of the potential beneficiaries of local scientific endeavours.
For instance, there were cases where local research institutions have successfully developed the types of technology required by local enterprises, but they were rejected in preference to the foreign version on grounds that it is less likely to work.
The consequence of this is that scientific institutions over the years became alienated from production activities. In fact, they became “marginalized” as there were no demands for locally developed technologies from the production sector. Invariably, science became largely for consumption rather than an investment as in the industrialized countries. Also, lack of pressures on science from the local economy, implies that the main determinants of research orientation are the individual decision of research workers. In Nigeria, the situation was not different from other less developed countries.
The incapacity of Nigeria to use scientific and technological research as dynamic elements for social development is a consequence of the characteristics of the prevailing national projects. Unless the approach to implementation of national projects takes into consideration the aspirations of the majority of Nigerian populace, scientific resource will continue to be cultural luxury.
Since after the independence there has been considerable national activity to increase scientific and technological capacity of the country. This is reflected in the number of institutional frameworks for S &T development in the country.
Early efforts to promote the development of S & T national capacity after independence centred on direct aid from developed countries. This type of aid include donations and loans for scientific equipment, subsidies for research project, missions of qualified personnel to train nationals or to help formulate S&T policy and scholarships for further study abroad. Though the foundation was laid through foreign assistance, however, very limited efforts were made to build on this foundation and also to strengthen the existing institutional frameworks.
Consequently, scientific and technological systems in the country were very limited and totally unconnected with national problems. In contrast to situation in developed countries, science planning endeavoured to control and direct existing efficient scientific and technological research system. After more than four decades of efforts at S& T development, what are the results? A cursory analysis indicates that in general terms, there has been very limited progress made in absolute terms. One remarkable observation is the quantitative deficiencies of Nigerian R & D system.
In developed countries for instance, most R&D is on subjects that were connected directly or indirectly with national goals such as defence, social development or prestige. Scientific development was reflected in the development of industrial and agricultural technology and in the growth of production. In Nigeria, considerable numbers of scientific researches were not designed to address the basic societal problems. This lack of connection between the goals of scientific research and the needs of society is a characteristic of underdevelopment (Herrera, 1978). The irrelevance of much scientific works in developing countries is widely acknowledged and hardly requires proof.
Evidence abound that agricultural production in Nigeria increased after the second world war, of which two-thirds of the increase was as a result of more land cultivated and not due to increased productivity or yield. (Adeniyi,1999). In contrast to Europe, despite the limited land availability, production increased remarkably due to increase in yield and productivity within the same period. In the industrial sector, the situation is not different either. Industrial technological research is practically non-existent.
The bottom line of the whole scenario lies in the prevailing nature of economic and social structure.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
The importance of science and technology to Nigerian political system cannot be overemphasized. However, the approach and strategies for achieving an S&T-driven economic development deserves consideration and appraisal. A wide variety of different policies have been pursued in Nigeria in an effort to foster technological development with the aim of accelerating the pace of economic development.
Furthermore, these sectoral development policies were formulated to guide the process of development in relevant areas of the economy.
These policies include among others, the following:
The key questions to these policies are as follows:
This study intends to address these questions as well as identify factors responsible for inability of Nigeria to fully realize its national objectives of S&T-driven rapid industrialization geared towards increasing national productive output and developing a dynamic and self-reliant economy. Also, efforts shall be made to unravel why the following ineffective mechanisms hindered the national S&T objectives:
The above issues underline the rationale for this study and it is expected that the outcome will provide strategies for establishment of frameworks for short-term, medium-term and long-term plan of action for operation of the current S&T policy. Also, practical programmes and projects will be identified for consideration by the Nigerian government in order to give focus and relevance to the S&T policy in addressing societal needs.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The immediate objectives of the study are:
The development or futuristic objectives are as follows:
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The essence of this study is encapsulated in the review of the past and current efforts made in Nigeria to achieve Nigerian political system through the application of science and technology (S&T). Opinion makers believed that science and technology have not contributed to the growth and development of the country despite decades of its recognition as contributory sources of economic development. These opinions often shape the society’s’ appreciation and understanding of the role science and technology could play in achieving sustainable development. It had far-reaching implications and influences on Nigerian political system both in the area of education, agriculture, health, environment and industrial development.
Although studies have been conducted in the country on the role of research in Nigerian political system as well as management of R&D and the various constraints limiting commercialization of R&D, not much has been done in the area of science and technology policy and societal development. Moreover, the first national policy on S&T was enunciated about 18 years ago and the current policy was formulated a year ago. Considering the time frame between the first policy and the current policy and relating the implementation of the first policy to the socio-economic development of Nigeria within this period, there are some challenges in terms of determining the level of impact made by S&T policy.
This study therefore, attempts to relate the two science and technology policy frameworks to societal development from the point of view of the nature of the policies, its awareness and appreciation by the society, its application in guiding societal development as well as the overall level of S&T literacy. It is expected that the study will reveal the various limitations to the evolution of S&T in Nigeria and make valid suggestions on what could be done to improve on the current approach so as to make S&T truly international and competitive in the country.
The findings of the study will be of immense benefits to all stakeholders in the science and technology sector and more importantly, to the government. Since government is the major stakeholder and financier of S&T programmes and activities, the study will provide a framework for government to begin its reform process in the field of S&T by making it more market-driven and private sectorled.
Also, it will provide a guide towards formulating measures to promote S&T in the country. The findings shall provide the background information to assess the effectiveness of S&T structure and the overall performance of its institutional frameworks. Part of the overall expectation from this study is the development of national indicators for the assessment of the impact of S&T on Nigerian political system .
The study shall emphasize on the need for development of S&T infrastructure and total utilization of S&T capacity in pursuance of national projects aimed at socio-economic development. Also, the organized private sector will find the outcome of the study quite useful in shaping opinion on the need for government to foster effective and unbroken linkage sector in order to ensure that the private sector benefit from indigenous research efforts and promote technology acquisition and transfer from developed and developing countries.
It was therefore, anticipated, that the ideas emerging from the study could be used by voluntary and non-governmental agencies when implementing policies relating to science and technology. It could also be used by educational (universities), training and R&D institutions as bases for planning new programmes and research strategies and evolving appropriate support systems for application of S&T to national development. Finally, it is hoped that the research findings from this study will generate diverse interests in the field of S&T policy formulation and implementation, especially policy study in Nigeria and Africa in general.
1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
In order to validate the findings from the study a quantitative analysis was carried out through the use of statistical instrument. To this end, the following hypotheses were formulated for testing.
HYPOTHESIS 1
Null (Ho): The Nigerian society is not aware of and do not contribute to the formulation of S&T policy.
Alternative (H1): The Nigerian society is aware of and do contribute to the formulation of S&T policy.
HYPOTHESIS 2
Null (Ho): Science and technology policy has not been a critical determinant of development performance in Nigeria.
Alternative (HI): Science and technology has been a critical determinant of development performance in Nigeria
HYPOTHESIS 3
Null (Ho): Science and technology policy has not played a critical role in the political system of Nigeria.
Alternative: Science and technology policy has played a critical
(HI): role in the political system of Nigeria.
HYPOTHESIS 4
Null (Ho): Lack of demand for innovations in industry and agriculture is not responsible for inability of S&T to impact on Nigerian political system .
Alternative: Lack of demand for innovations in industry and
(HI): agriculture is responsible for inability of S&T to impact on the Nigerian political system .
The above hypotheses were tested using chi-square (X2) statistical
analysis.
1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study looked at the past (1986) and current (2003) National policy on Science and Technology and reviewed the documents along the line of their explicit and implicit functions. The assessment of the impact of R&D on Nigerian political system was limited to applied research carried out by Research Institutes in Nigeria. The study will examined among other issues, the following:
Review of the National S&T Policy
Critique on the National S &T Policy
Science and Technology Literacy
Research Policy and Development
Research Planning, Analysis and Implementation.
Institutional Frameworks for Research (Research Institutions)
Achievements and Constraints
Infrastructure and Management of R&D
Innovation and Technology Acquisition.
Capacity Building
Funding of S & T development and Research
Market-driven R&D and the Role of Private sector
Communication with Scientists and the Public
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