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LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTONOMY-A SOLUTION TO LGA PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This work discusses local government autonomy: a solution to local government problems in Nigeria. Questionnaires were distributed. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary data were used. Simple percentages and tables were used in the analysis. It was discovered that local government autonomy has a significant impact in the development of Nigeria. There is a strong relationship between local government autonomy and the development of Nigeria
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background of the study
The 1976 local government reform defines local government as: government at local level exercised through representative council, established by law to exercise specific powers within defined areas. These powers should give the council substantial control over local affairs as well as the staff, institutional and financial powers to initiate and direct the provision of services. To determine and implement projects so as to complement the activities of the State and federal governments in their areas, and to ensure, through these councils and active participation of the people and their traditional institutions, that local initiative and response to local needs and conditions are maximised.
It is in this context I wish to re-evaluate the impact of local governments on the general well being of the grassroot people as well as our democratic system for sustainable development.
Many critics have argued that the 774 Local Governments areas that currently exist are not alive to their responsibilities in terms of development and grassroot reach. No doubt, the expediency for the creation of local government anywhere in the world stems from the need to facilitate development at the grassroots and gets governance close to the people.
However, this universal aim is being stifled in Nigeria by the conspiratorial attitude of the two sister tiers of Government, Federal and States Government.
Many Nigerians crave for change and adjustment in the structural deficit in local government system as presently constituted in order to not only bring it in conformity with present day realities, but also to make it live up to the expectations of the people who have been yearning for grassroots development. But this will however require a lot of processes like constitutional amendments and attitudinal change from the government as well as the general public.
As it is today, Local Government administration is anything but what it was meant to be. The original idea of bringing governance close to the grassroots by encouraging participation by the local people has since being hijacked and replaced with a sadistic intent to oppress the grassroot by the State Government. This tier of government has been reduced into an a political and financial apparatus with which Governors dispenses favour to willing accomplices, and serve punishment for errant and recalcitrant opponents. It has also being turned into a sort of a piggy bank for ruling parties, which funds are always used to canvass for votes in lieu of tangible developmental projects. This, in essence gives birth to poor management system of the whole administrative structure of the Local Government system. Things were done within the ambition and demands of Governors in complete violation of laid down administrative procedure.
Many may like to argue about the constitutional provision of joint account operation between the local and state government as a safety valve. This was a mechanism put in place to check the menace of public funds pilfering and ensure accountability and probity. However, this mechanism has since lost out to the creativity of Governors who take advantage of a poor and obsolete system of public financial accounting procedure in a manner that defies logic, common sense and patriotism. Governors have over the time perfected the art of muscling the local governments using their supervisory role to usurp the powers of the councils. Relations between State and local governments has been turned into a fraudulent affair with which the general public are short changed. Funds meant for developmental projects by Local Governments have been turned into some sort of slush funds with which the State Governments finances its extra governmental activities. This
activities includes settling political adversaries, political thugs, party hangers on etc, in addition to servicing unscrupulous public servants.
It is normal nowadays for funds to be released to Local Governments, under the joint account arrangement, for execution of certain projects, only for the funds to find their way back into the hands of State Chief Executives in collaboration with Local Government Chairmen and staff of the Ministry for Local Governments losing a fraction of the original value on the two way trip.
This further explains the frenzy of activity in the councils whenever elections are round the corner. In this jamboree, contracts are awarded without fulfilling the necessary requirements stipulated by law. This has gotten so bad that otherwise meaningful projects are haphazardly executed by incompetent contractors who rely on their loyalty to the Governor to have their contracts approved. That is why many public buildings are mere disaster waiting to happen. At best, these projects hardly survive a fraction of their expected lifespan.
This obtains generally in all the States of the federation, with some more alarmingly displaying a sense of fake patriotism than the others.
Council Chairmen are no longer “Executive”, with power technically taken away from them leaving them powerless to exercise control of financial and political decisions in their councils. Simply put, they are simple errand boys selected with utmost care, based on loyalty, regardless of suitability to overlook the affairs of the Councils without the relevant powers as enshrined in the constitution. Needless to say, this gave birth to the “absentee chairman” syndrome. These anointed council leaders can always be found hanging in the vicinity of sprawling government houses waiting for the the Governors to throw crumbs their way.
The 1999 constitution sadly compounded the problem by giving governors enormous windows to retard the local system by refusing to give it the free hand to operate. Equally, state assemblies, another lame duck, lack the will power to address the injustice being done to local governments because most have been compromised and pocketed by the governors. This lackadaisical attitude to rule of law has reduced local government administration to mere intricate cosmetic show of democratic activity without the corresponding gains.
Perhaps, that may explain why, for instance a Local Government badly in need of drinking water or a decent Healthcare Centre would end up with a badly thought, over ambitious, economically irrelevant and outrageously expensive dual carriage road network, even when it is apparent the project would neither add value nor solve any meaningful problem in the locality. Some that needed functional schools end up with badly constructed housing estates which contracts were shared to loyal followers of the Governor, even when it is obvious that they lack the capacity to perform credibly. To add salt to injury, such houses always ended up in the hands of the Governor’s loyalists and hangers on. In a particular State, cases abound where such legacies where shared among the cabinet of the Governor. In some cases, people living as far away as London or America were allocated houses while those living in the locality, and badly in need of these houses watch in awe.
This, in a way highlights the general misgovernance and executive rascality that defines the workings of Local Government administration in relation to State Governments.
It is in regard to this that many advocate for complete autonomy of Local Governments to enable them reach the grassroot without inhibition.
A situation where a Governor is in complete control of the Local Government machinery, even if by proxy spells doom for the system. At the heart of these problems is the issue of free and fair elections into the councils, and in fact into any elective post. In view of the new alpha and omega roles governors assumed in determining who wins what, it is imperative to address the issue of Local Government elections by removing the power of conducting such elections from the hands of State Chief Executives back into the hands of Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) to give the process some semblance of fair play.
As it is now, all we have are ceremonies of anointing favoured candidates. It is no longer news that one cannot aspire to become a Local Government Chairman without the blessing of the State Chief Executive. The meddlesome with electoral process in national elections by these governors is enough pointer to the fact that they do not have the moral capacity and democratic courage to conduct free and fair elections in the local councils.
A situation where popular candidates lost out to anointed government candidates with poor credentials as well as low public ratings describe the rot in the processes that defines our elections. This process has assumed a completely new definition from what obtains universally. Today, it is only in Nigeria that a ruling party keep winning every election despite poor ratings among the voting public. Internal party democracy has been stifled by government interference that no longer can any party boast of elected officials. All we have are selected officials to overlook the affairs of the party for the State Chief Executive, or the President at the Federal level. It was on record that a National Party Chairman of a ruling Party was once forced to resign at gun point by no less a person than the President himself. Such is the kind of democracy we celebrate.
The way and manner the executive arm of government at all levels suffocate every effort at building a decent democratic culture is more despotic than the military and calls for concern and urgent address of the menace. We can’t say we are practising democracy with all the necessary requirements down to the simple basics missing from our equation. What kind of democracy comes with poor tolerance of vibrant opposition and total neglect of internal party democracy. What manner of democracy would have one person at the top, President or Governor calling all the shots while denying the general public the right to vote and be voted. People are no longer under the illusion that democracy is a game of numbers. Sure, its a game of numbers, but our governors have perfected the art of cooking up these numbers using brutal force and monetary inducement. The possibility of opposition parties forming Local Government councils or wrestling power from a ruling party
exist only as a mirage. That may explain why in each State of the federation Local Government elections and in fact any other election is considered a rituals, and rightly so. What would one expect from a State Electoral Board constituted and funded by the Governor but results that will make the Governor happy. He who pay the piper, they say dictates the tune. Just as the President uses his power to coerce INEC into doing his bidding, so does State Governors arm twist State’s Independent Electoral Commissions to conduct elections that are anything but free and fair.
Funny enough, I read recently of a certain Governor who claimed he could not conduct Local Government election for lack of funds. Apparently the Governor was trying to justify his illegal act of constituting caretaker committees to overlook the affairs of Local Governments in his state.
Such is the mindset of our Governors, working with ambiguous and manipulative constitutional provisions that can be twisted to serve personal whims and caprices.
In this regard, there is an overwhelming need to consider overhauling the constitution to address the infractions and excesses of State Chief Executives over their over bearing interference with Local Governments administration and give them the much needed spa
1.2 Statement of the problem
The problem of governance particularly at the local level has been a recurring decimal in the political history of Nigeria. Local government in Nigeria started during the colonial era when it was vested in the hands of traditional rulers, and it operated in a very undemocratic manner.
Over the years, efforts have been made to democratise local government and make it more responsive to developmental needs. Similarly, the problems of local government in Nigeria have been documented and they include among other things, inadequate planning, poor implementation of policies, inadequate revenue, corruption and mismanagement, lack of adequate manpower, lack of autonomy, lack of participation by the people and inter-governmental conflict.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1.4 Research Questions
1. Does local government autonomy have a significant positive impact in Nigeria
2. Does local government autonomy have a significant negative impact in Nigeria
3. Is there a strong relationship between local government autonomy and the development of Nigeria
4. Is there a weak relationship between local government autonomy and the development of Nigeria
1. 5. Research Hypothesis
H0: Local local government autonomy have a significant negative impact in Nigeria
H1: Local government autonomy have a significant positive impact in Nigeria
H0: There a weak relationship between local government autonomy and the development of Nigeria
H1: There a strong relationship between local government autonomy and the development of Nigeria
1.6 Limitations of the study
There was limited time, funds and uncooperative responses from the respondents
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A STUDY OF BUREAUCRATIC CORRUPTION AND PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY IN NIGERIA. CASE STUDY OF OYO STATE WATER CORPORATION
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of bureaucratic processes on the public service delivery, a case of Oyo State Local Government Pension Board. This was a descriptive study focusing on process of implementing and results thereof. A case study was conducted in the department of Lands in Mandera East. The study was guided by the following research objectives: to identify bureaucratic challenges which consumers encounter in public service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board, to determine how bureaucratic principles affect service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board and to examine the initiatives established by Oyo State Local Government Pension Board to improve delivery of services to its citizens. This Study was guided by Marxian class theory and Weberian bureaucratic theory. The population of study was the civil servants in the department of lands which was 121 and the sample size was calculated at 30% which translated to 36 respondents but successfully filled questionaires were 30 thus representing a response rate of 83.3%. The data was collected using questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics using statistical package for social science (SPSS 22) in order to give quantifiable statistics and the results were presented in tables. The study found out that the majority of staff of Oyo State Local Government Pension Board, forming 73% of respondent accepts the fact that Officials of the Oyo State Local Government Pension Board have ability to influence social and economic development of the citizens, whereas 27% of the respondents disagreed to this fact. Further, the study identified the need for administrative reforms for better service delivery.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The term bureaucracy is often heard and used in connection with the conduct of public affairs and the activities of public officials in particular (Justice, Okereke, & Ogbonna-Nwaogu, 2009). The real burden of government which is about running the administration fall on the shoulders of the bureaucracy which is responsible for the administration of a country.
In global, the system of bureaucracy is as old as ancient civilization. It existed in the ancient period in Rome, China, India and several other countries. Their duties were fixed in the statecraft (the art or skill of conducting government affairs) of those periods. Some account of the development is available throughout the pages of history. However, their duties were limited to spheres of taxation, collection of taxes, maintaining records, gathering data for the information of the king, conveying the orders of the kings to the public, maintaining accounts, controlling the treasury and managing the affairs of the palace (Johnston, 2011). But with the systematic development of state craft during the middle ages and the development of the activities of the modern states, the function of civil servants were highly enlarged.
Public services account for a substantial share of all economic activity; in social sectors such as health, water and education, government provided services are often especially important. Effective public service delivery also matters from a microeconomic perspective: program evaluations of micro-scale interventions are often partly motivated by the assumption that successful interventions can be faithfully scaled-up by governments (Deolalikar, 2013). Despite the importance of government effectiveness for citizen welfare, the literature on public administration is almost devoid of concrete evidence linking practices in civil service organizations to public goods outcomes.
Public services differ substantially from private-sector services in a number of ways, the difference comes from the funded source where the public services are defined as those services which are mainly, or completely, funded by taxation and the private sector servicers are funded by the money of customers. According to that public services would include the following areas of public management: The health authorities, education, defense, justice/home affairs and noncommercial organizations (Humphreys, 1998).
Alornyenku (2011) indicates that a client in private-part business condition will proceed to buy and expend a given item or administration relying upon the level of fulfillment got from such an item and reasonableness as far as cost. In this manner, guaranteeing that high caliber in items or administrations upkeep is a basic factor for the survival and development of both open and private segment associations.
Alornyenku (2011) contends that associations everywhere throughout the world are looked with the difficulties of consumer loyalty and maintenance, which require the use of arrangement of administration standards keeping in mind the end goal to stay in business and this has seen the requirement for quality administration conveyance that have been valued by organizations in the private area. Be that as it may, their partners in people in general segment are not bothered by the nature of administrations conveyed and have for a very long time, stayed unaltered, most likely because of the way that, open area associations don’t ordinarily confront the danger of rivalry by rivals giving comparative administrations. This mentality gives administration a terrible name, as confirm by poor administrations offered by a considerable lot of these open organizations.
Keeping in mind the end goal to win open certainty and make expected financial increases, governments have presented regulatory changes in the general population administrations.
Max Weber (2015) alludes to organization as the perfect and normal sort of organization helpful for accomplishment of positive outcomes. He anyway takes note of the dysfunctions of organization because of over the top use of its controlling standards by office holders. In fact unnecessary administration adversely impacts on social and monetary advancement particularly in poor nations. Merton (1957) notices that unreasonable administration makes open associations more ligament and self-serving, less ready to accomplish their center missions, and less receptive to benefit clients are; nepotism. It is portrayed by red-tapeism, dread of development, poor client administration, and duplication of working techniques, strict adherence to methods, feeble administration practices and low spirit.
Keeping in mind the end goal to survive the difficulties postured in a profoundly aggressive condition, numerous organizations; particularly private associations have moved concentration and are de-bureaucratizing their regulatory procedures for better administration conveyance. For any nation to create, it is extremely basic for its administration to give merchandise and enterprises that the private division does not more often than not wander into, particularly water, sanitation, squander transfer, street, wellbeing, lodging, instruction, power, and so forth. These administrations, as indicated by World Bank Report (1997), are typically those that the private division does not have any desire to give or those that individuals can’t manage the cost of the cost at the given market esteem (Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, 2006).
At the point when open establishments neglect to meet the desires for shoppers in benefit conveyance, the gradually expanding influences result in grave outcomes on political, social and financial development of a state. As per an investigation done in Ghana by Private Enterprise Foundation (PEF) (2008), the nature of utility administration conveyed to the private part by the legislature is by and large poor and these outcomes progressively in organizations causing immense spontaneous expenses.
1.1.1 PUBLIC SERVICES DELIVERY
Public services as referred to by Private Enterprise Foundation (PEF) (2008), are water, electricity, waste management, health, housing, business registration and road networks. Further to this, making sure they reach the people and places they are intended to for social and economic growth. However, issues that resurrect public displeasure are the manner in which these services are delivered by public institutions concerned. Complaints from clients/consumers are that public officials are not responsive and mishandle businesses and people who approach them for services.
Governments around the world face challenges of revitalizing the public services to deliver a more efficient and cost-effective services especially in Nigeria. However, citizen began to therefore demand public services that are of timely, quality and convenient devoid of the processes involved or where or by whom the services is delivered.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Wise et al (1993) quoting March & Olsen (1989), state that demands for institutional reform suggest that public bureaucracies are too complex, centralized and rigid, as well as too little oriented toward the needs of citizens. This further suggests that a time has come for local authorities to reform their bureaucracy in service delivery. The primacy of the customer of public service dictates that the Civil Service provides services that are responsive to the needs of its primary customer and the public. The standards of service should be stipulated in line with customer expectations for efficient, fast and friendly services. Consumer concerns are for reliability, credibility, accessibility and timelines in service delivery (PSM, 2003).
According to Tamrakar (2010) efficient, responsive and prompt service delivery is now prominent agenda of most countries. People cannot get easy access to public services if they don’t know about formalities and other requirements in connection with receiving public services in advance. Informed citizen can properly seek service fulfilling the responsibilities in their side. Therefore, the provisions of bureaucracy information and public service delivery have strong relationship. Service delivery can be seen from two perspectives; one from service provider’s perspective and another from service seeker’s perspective. Pervasive unawareness on the part of the service seekers and lack of citizen friendly way (responsive behavior or positive attitude) on the part of the service provider can lead to slow and ineffective service delivery (Tamrakar, 2010).
As per PSM (2003) the standards of public service should be instructed in line with customer or citizen expectations for efficient, fast and friendly services. Consumer concerns are for reliability, credibility, accessibility and timelines in service delivery. The issue of this study is
much concerning about public service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board has become more bureaucratic. The study sought to determine effects of bureaucratic processes on public service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board.
1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
To determine how bureaucratic structures affect service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board.
To examine how bureaucratic initiatives by Oyo State Local Government Pension Board affect public services.
To identify how bureaucratic challenges affect public service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS:
How do bureaucratic structures affect service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board?
How do bureaucratic initiatives by Oyo State Local Government Pension Board affect public services?
How do bureaucratic challenges affect public service delivery in Oyo State Local Government Pension Board?
1.5 JUSTIFICATION
Bureaucratic processes are doing more harm than good in public service delivery in county government. The study would allow comparison of public service efficiency in Mandera compared to other published studies to allow generalization. The research study aimed at determining bureaucratic inclination that holds back quality delivery of service to the citizen who make up the client base in the county. It is time organizations and key to mention county administrations, to reduce and match bureaucratic inclinations to become focused on the consumer and be market-centered in the delivery of public service.
This research intends to give emphasis that beneficiaries of public service are entitled to demand quality service from the county and from the bureaucrats. Therefore, services should not be delayed nor should corrupt practices not be allowed. The study further seeks to review bureaucratic challenges in delivery of public service within public entities because the resultant barriers make such organizations not competitive. Finally this study will give providers of public service recommendations on how to improve and make their services competitive.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study on the effects of bureaucratic processes on the public service delivery among the county governments will cover the bureaucratic challenges which clients face in land related businesses, the extent to which bureaucratic principles affect service delivery and seek ways through which the Oyo State Local Government Pension Board can improve service delivery for enhanced consumer satisfaction in the Oyo State Local Government Pension Board.
1.6 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Like all empirical studies, this research study also has its own limitations due to the methodology that will be employed. Use of questionnaire to collect data always has also its own limitations, since responses could be biased because of the common method used for the collection of all data. This will address by ensuring that extensive care is taken when designing the questionnaire and the pilot study to refine the questions, still the criticism of the survey method can never be completely ignored and should be taken into account.
From generalization of the results point of view, measuring research questions based on the opinion of the respondents would limit our generalization of the findings. As a result of this, the study may not investigate other bureaucracy characteristics due to data constraints. Therefore, important factors such as insider ownership, employment based on technical qualification, purposely impersonal among others would not be included. Furthermore, the delivery of public service is influenced by other factors than just bureaucracy.
The social, legal, economic and the political environment are equally important. It is therefore suggested that future research should consider some of these factors in exploring the effect of bureaucracy on public service delivery. However, the above mentioned constraint will not invalidate the findings of the study but rather pave way for future research on the concept and any related topic.
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TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION-KEY DRIVERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
Abstract:
Transparency and accountability are pivotal elements in public administration that drive sustainable development in Nigeria. This study examines the role of transparent governance and accountable leadership in fostering long-term growth, reducing corruption, and enhancing public trust. It highlights how the integration of these principles into government policies can lead to improved resource management, effective service delivery, and equitable distribution of national wealth. The research also addresses the challenges hindering transparency and accountability, such as weak institutional frameworks and political interference, while suggesting actionable strategies for reform. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the significance of these values in achieving Nigeria’s sustainable development goals and advancing social, economic, and environmental progress.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Transparency and accountability are fundamental principles that underpin effective governance and public administration. In Nigeria, these principles have gained increasing attention due to widespread concerns about corruption, mismanagement of public resources, and lack of trust in government institutions. Transparency refers to the openness and accessibility of government actions and decision-making processes, while accountability ensures that public officials are held responsible for their actions and decisions. Together, these concepts are crucial for fostering a culture of integrity, trust, and civic engagement, which are essential for sustainable development.
The importance of transparency and accountability in public administration cannot be overstated, especially in a country like Nigeria, where the challenges of governance are compounded by socio-economic disparities, political instability, and inadequate infrastructure. These challenges hinder the effective delivery of public services and the achievement of development goals. As such, promoting transparency and accountability is not only a moral imperative but also a strategic necessity for fostering economic growth and social cohesion.
Transparency and accountability are essential components of good governance and critical drivers of sustainable development in any nation. In the context of public administration, transparency involves the openness of government processes, actions, and decision-making, ensuring that citizens have access to information and can scrutinize the activities of public officials. Accountability, on the other hand, refers to the obligation of public officials to be answerable for their actions and the effective use of public resources. Both principles are foundational to building trust between the government and its citizens, fostering participation, and promoting ethical conduct within public institutions.
In Nigeria, the importance of transparency and accountability has been underscored by decades of governance challenges, including widespread corruption, misuse of public funds, and lack of accountability mechanisms. These issues have significantly hindered the country’s development, eroded public trust in institutions, and contributed to socio-economic disparities. As one of the largest economies in Africa, Nigeria’s capacity to achieve sustainable development is intricately linked to the effectiveness of its governance systems, which must be grounded in transparency and accountability.
Sustainable development, as defined by the United Nations, refers to development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This concept is multidimensional, encompassing economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion. For Nigeria to achieve its development goals, transparency and accountability in public administration are indispensable. They help ensure that public resources are utilized efficiently, that policies are implemented fairly, and that the voices of all stakeholders, particularly marginalized groups, are considered in decision-making processes.
In recent years, Nigeria has made some strides in promoting transparency and accountability, particularly with the introduction of policies such as the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act, the establishment of anti-corruption agencies, and efforts to digitize government services. However, challenges remain, including weak institutional frameworks, lack of political will, and inadequate enforcement of laws and regulations. These challenges continue to undermine the potential for transparency and accountability to drive sustainable development in the country.
This study seeks to explore the relationship between transparency, accountability, and sustainable development in Nigeria. It will examine how the effective implementation of these principles in public administration can contribute to achieving Nigeria’s development objectives, while also identifying the key barriers to their full realization. By focusing on these governance principles, this research aims to provide insights into how Nigeria can strengthen its public administration system and promote long-term development that benefits all citizens.
In summary, the need for transparency and accountability in Nigeria’s public administration is more critical than ever, as the country seeks to address persistent governance challenges and foster sustainable development. This study highlights their significance as key drivers of effective governance and explores strategies for improving their implementation in Nigeria’s public institutions.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the recognition of transparency and accountability as critical drivers for sustainable development, Nigeria continues to grapple with significant governance challenges. Reports of corruption, lack of access to information, and weak institutional frameworks have eroded public trust in government institutions. Moreover, the absence of effective mechanisms for citizen participation and oversight further exacerbates these challenges. As a result, the potential for transparency and accountability to contribute to sustainable development remains largely untapped.
This study seeks to investigate the extent to which transparency and accountability in public administration can drive sustainable development in Nigeria. It will explore the barriers to effective governance and assess the current state of transparency and accountability within various public institutions.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are to:
Assess the current levels of transparency and accountability in public administration in Nigeria.
Identify the key challenges and barriers to achieving transparency and accountability.
Examine the relationship between transparency, accountability, and sustainable development.
Propose strategies to enhance transparency and accountability in public administration.
1.4 Research Questions
This study aims to answer the following research questions:
What is the current state of transparency and accountability in public administration in Nigeria?
What are the main challenges to achieving transparency and accountability in public institutions?
How do transparency and accountability influence sustainable development outcomes in Nigeria?
What strategies can be implemented to improve transparency and accountability in public administration?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. Firstly, it contributes to the existing body of knowledge on governance and public administration in Nigeria by providing a comprehensive analysis of transparency and accountability as drivers of sustainable development. Secondly, the findings of this study will be useful for policymakers, government officials, and civil society organizations in formulating strategies to enhance transparency and accountability in public institutions. Finally, the study aims to raise public awareness about the importance of transparency and accountability in governance and their role in achieving sustainable development goals.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study is limited to the examination of transparency and accountability in public administration in Nigeria. It will focus on various public institutions at the federal, state, and local levels. The study will utilize qualitative and quantitative research methods, including surveys, interviews, and case studies, to gather data and analyze the current state of transparency and accountability in these institutions.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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AN ASSESSMENT OF ROUTINE SANITARY INSPECTION BY ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH OFFICER IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ABSTRACT
The growing awareness of the impact of human activities on the environment and the resulting threat to both nature and man have convinced most governments of the need to include prevention of air, water and soil pollution as well as the sanitation of polluted sites in their priority action programmes. Since relatively few people have so far been trained to properly address pollution issues, it is imperative that, in addition to research into environmental matters, the education and training of specialists in pollution prevention and remediation are given urgent attention in every country. The ICP ‘Environmental Sanitation’ aims the formation of environmental specialists with sufficient knowledge of (1) the concept of pollution and what it actually means, (2) the detection and quantification of environmental pollution, (3) the possible impact of environmental pollutants on ecosystems and biota , coupled with the current techniques for risk assessment, and (4) the available technologies for prevention and remediation of environmental pollution and how they are applied in practice. The program mainly focuses on graduates from developing countries with a responsible position in the field of environment within local administrations, universities or NGOs.
An assessment of the status of housing was carried our in Ile-Ife, a typical Nigerian town in south-western part of Nigeria with a population of more than 180,000 inhabitants made up of people from different parts of the country . Two hundred and thirty-four residential buildings were observed for the purpose of assessing their compliance with minimum standard of fitness as stipulated in existing regulations. Results showed that most of the dwellings were found deficient in meeting the basic requirements expected of living premises and therefore remain unfit for habitation according to Public Health Standard. Economic viability as well as level of education of owners/occupiers have been found to be major determinants of housing condition and government`s effort at addressing problems of housing may not be able to achieve the desirable success without making conscious effort to improve the socio-economic status of the people. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGRPOUND OF THE STUD
Environmental health is as old as man s though changes name from time to time, so it has been with us time immemorial. Environmental health is the control of all factors that may have direct or indirect effect on physical, social and mental well being of man in his society. As such, its public health importance cannot be overemphasized. This is because it dealt with many things that affect man’s life in one way or the other from environmental and food hygiene to building/water sanitation technology and waste treatment disposal to healthful housing and control of disease[s] vectors and others. In view of this, this paper looks at the historical background of Environmental Health Officer[s] [EHOs] in Nigeria , their duties, and the present circumstances the officers found themselves and what might be done to address the situation. About the historical background and their duties, I come across a book titled “Preventing disease through proper environmental management in the 21st century in Nigeria” [2001], published by the then Professional Association of Environmental Health Officers of Nigeria [PAEHON] and now Environmental Health officers Association of Nigeria [EHOAN] which I unashamedly so copiously quote for the reader to see and read clearly from the association of the profession, for no other information that will be better than theirs. My intention of quoting the book is to clear the darkness that circumscribed many people who see the profession [environmental health] that produces environmental health officers [or technologist] as unprofessional, unimportant, and even underrate it; and to re-inform other Nigerian about the role played by them since the time of colonial administration and the present Nigeria in shaping Nigeria’s health sector which as at now has been downplayed in favour of other health services [especially curative aspect of health] that to some extent is far away within the community reach and costly to afford. More so to encourage leaders to focus their policy toward prevention, which is better and cheaper than cure in spending much on environment than fighting disease[s] elsewhere [hospital precisely]. Environmental Health Officers (also known as Public Health Inspectors) are responsible for carrying out measures for protecting public health, including administering and enforcing legislation related to environmental health and providing support to minimize health and safety hazards. They are involved in a variety of activities, for example inspecting food facilities, investigating public health nuisances, and implementing disease control. Environmental health officers are focused on prevention, consultation, investigation, and education of the community regarding health risks and maintaining a safe environment.
EHOs bring to the position an understanding of microbiology, risk assessment, environmental science and technology, food science, as well as the skills and knowledge related to the tracking and control of communicable disease. They must also have strong investigative skills and a thorough understanding of the application of legislation related to public health and the environment. Working in partnership with Government Ministries (such as Health, Agriculture and Environment), local municipalities, businesses, community groups, other agencies and individual members of the community, the EHO plays a major role in protecting public health.
Some past/historic titles include inspector of nuisances, sanitarian, and sanitary inspector. Other titles that currently exist include environmental health specialist/practitioner/professional, public health officer, health officer, health inspector, and health official. The legal title used will depend on the definitions found in local legislation/jurisdiction. Environmental health professionals are usually employed by local government or state health authorities to advise on and enforce public health standards. However, many are employed in the private sector and in the military. A Public Health Inspector (also known as an Environmental Health Officer) is a public employee who investigates health hazards in a wide variety of locations, and will take action to mitigate or eliminate the hazards. Usually the public perception of a health inspector is someone who examines restaurants and ensures they maintain sanitary standards for food safety set by the regulating authority. However, public health inspectors have much broader job duties, including inspecting swimming pools, substandard housing conditions, public schools, day cares, nursing homes, and personal service establishments such as tattoo parlours. Depending on their jurisdiction, Registered Environmental Health Officers often permit and inspect wells, private water systems, and individual subsurface sewage disposal (septic) systems. Other tasks include: campground inspections, tanning salon inspections, beauty salon inspections, correctional facility inspections and mobile home park inspection. The public health inspector (environmental health officer) also plays a vital role in community projects such as those concerning health promotion, tobacco reduction, healthy built environments/healthy communities, food security, and emergency preparedness.
They may also respond to complaints such as animal bites, garbage complaints, odor complaints, or sewage overflows. Due to their educational background they can provide information and referrals with regards to; lead, radon, mold, and emerging diseases such as West Nile Virus and Avian Flu. The field also overlaps with hazardous materials (Hazmat) and many Hazmat responders are also Licensed Environmental Health Practitioners or Registered Environmental Health Specialists.
Working conditions
Environmental health officers work with many different people in a variety of environments. Their jobs often involve considerable fieldwork, and some travel frequently. Many environmental health officers work long and often irregular hours. They inspect pools, childcare centers, restaurants, septic systems, and many other types of establishments that relate to health and safety. Environmental health officers may be exposed to many of the same physically strenuous conditions and hazards as industrial employees, and the work may be performed in unpleasant, stressful, and dangerous working conditions. They may find themselves in an adversarial role if the management of an organization disagrees with the recommendations for ensuring a safe working environment. Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage wastewater. Hazards can be either physical, microbiological, biological or chemical agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems include human and animal feces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewage and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple handwashing with soap).
1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY
Environmental Sanitation has remained consistently poor in Nigeria for a long time. Consequently, there is high morbidity and mortality from sanitation related diseases. This scenario, which is associated with impoverishment and poor standard of living among the populace, has been of great concern to successive Governments and efforts albeit piecemeal and uncoordinated, have been made at various times/levels to complement the socio-cultural norms of sanitation practices in the communities. The Environmental Sanitation related diseases exacerbate poverty by diminishing productivity and household income. In addition, the national cost of lost productivity, reduced educational potential and huge curative health costs constitute a major drain on the local and national economy. Besides, a dirty environment with its attendant health consequences, prevailing in most of our cities, can discourage tourists/investors and undermine the economic benefit of tourism to the country.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
i) To coordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles;
ii) To strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes;
iii) To develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases;
iv) To achieve positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation;
v) To encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation;
vi) To identify local funding mechanisms for Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria.
4.3.2 Management Objectives
i) Identify key Stakeholders, assess existing operations and define expected roles in policy implementation;
ii) To define manpower requirements and training needs, implement training programmes and strengthen existing institutions;
v) Develop and implement a Master Plan for Solid Waste Management in Nigeria;
vi) Define the required attitudinal changes and create an enabling environment for their realisation;
vii) Promote public education and enlightenment on Environmental Sanitation;
viii) Establish appropriate sanctions and enforcement mechanisms;
ix) Establish indicators and assess performance and service standards in sanitation related public and private institutions/organisations;
x) Determine funding requirements and identify sources of fund for sustainable Environmental Sanitation programmes.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTION
i) How can local government environmental inspection officer coordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles?
ii) Can it be possible to strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes?
iii) Can the study help to develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases?
iv) Can it bring about achievement of positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation?
v) Can the study also, encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation?
vi) Can one identify local funding mechanisms for Environmental Sanitation in Nigeria?
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H0: Local government environmental inspection officer cannot coordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles.
H1: Local government environmental inspection officer cancoordinate the activities of all Stakeholders involved in Environmental Sanitation and streamline their roles.
H0: It is impossible to strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes.
H1: It is possible to strengthen the capacity of all institutions and Agencies involved in Environmental Sanitation programmes.
H0: The study cannot help to develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases.
H1: The study can help to develop healthy human habitation and reduce the incidence of Environmental Sanitation related diseases.
H0: The study cannot bring about achievement of positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation.
H1: The study can bring about achievement of positive attitudinal changes in people towards sound Environmental Sanitation.
H0: The study does not also, encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation.
H1: The study also, encourage research and development, define local standards and establish database on Environmental Sanitation.
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This blog is dedicated to environmental health in Nigeria, the effort of stakeholders in reviving environmental health management and practice in Nigeria. This blog will also serve as an avenue where development of environmental health issues in Nigeria would be shared;=
This study is centered on assessment of routin sanitary inspection by environmental health officer in local government using Ivo local government Ebonyi state as a case study.
.
1.8 LIMITATION OF STUDY
Despite the limited scope of this study certain constraints were encountered during the research of this project. Some of the constraints experienced by the researcher were given below:
i. TIME: This was a major constraint on the researcher during the period of the work. Considering the limited time given for this study, there was not much time to give this research the needed attention.
ii. FINANCE: Owing to the financial difficulty prevalent in the country and it’s resultant prices of commodities, transportation fares, research materials etc. The researcher did not find it easy meeting all his financial obligations.
iii. INFORMATION CONSTRAINTS: Nigerian researchers have never had it easy when it comes to obtaining necessary information relevant to their area of study from private business organization and even government agencies. Ivo local government environmental inspection officers find it difficult to reveal their internal operations. The primary information was collected through face-to-face interview getting the published materials on this topic meant going from one library to other which was not easy.
Although these problems placed limitations on the study, but it did not prevent the researcher from carrying out a detailed and comprehensive research work on the subject matter.
1.9 DEFINITION OF TERMS
For the purpose of this Policy document, Environmental Sanitation is defined as the principles and practice of effecting healthful and hygienic conditions in the environment to promote public health and welfare, improve quality of life and ensure a sustainable environment.
The essential components of Environmental Sanitation include:
i) Solid waste management;
ii) Medical waste management;
iii) Excreta and sewage management;
iv) Food sanitation;
v) Sanitary inspection of premises;
vi) Market and abattoir sanitation;
vii) Adequate potable water supply;
viii) School sanitation;
ix) Pest and vector control;
x) Management of urban drainage;
xi) Control of reared and stray animals;
xii) Disposal of the dead (man and animals);
xiii) Weed and Vegetation Control;
xiv) Hygiene education and promotion.
Environmental Health Officers :Environmental Health Officers (also known as Public Health Inspectors) are responsible for carrying out measures for protecting public health, including administering and enforcing legislation related to environmental health and providing support to minimize health and safety hazards. They are involved in a variety of activities, for example inspecting food facilities, investigating public health nuisances, and implementing disease control.
A Public Health Inspector: A Public Health Inspector (also known as an Environmental Health Officer) is a public employee who investigates health hazards in a wide variety of locations, and will take action to mitigate or eliminate the hazards.
Sanitation: “Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide and improving sanitation is known to have a significant beneficial impact on health both in households and across communities.
SANITATION SERVICE DEPARTMENT: The Sanitation Services Department is responsible for ensuring a clean environment for healthy and sustainable living in line with the policy of an integrated approach to environmental sanitation and enhancement. The department also organizes seminars on environmental Advocacy/Awareness campaign for the informal sector (artisans, market men and women, taxi drivers etc).
Improved sanitation – refers to the management of human faeces at the household level. This terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goal on sanitation, by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation.
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THE IMPACT OF MORTGAGE BANKING IN NIGERIA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES
ABSTRACT
This is a research on Mortgage Banking in Nigerian Economic Development Programmes.
The research sorted to know for the existence of mortgage banking has been fact by the people and to the extent their objectives has been achieved.
In carrying out this research the researches made us of oral interested and questionnaire and the finding infere that mortgage bank it towards the economic development has been felt through many areas of their promotional activities such as loan advancement home and house renovators and refurbishment etc.
Therefore, it was this base that mortgage banking has been appreciated by the greatly achieved.
Chapter One
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Statement of Problem
1.3 Introduction
1.4 Purpose of the Study
1.5 Significance of Study
1.6 Scope of the Study
1.7 Limitation of the Study
1.8 Definition of Terms
Chapter Two Literature Review
2.1 Functions and Importance of Mortgage Banking
2.2 Economic Development Programmes Facing Mortgage Banking
Chapter Three
3.1 Research Design and Methodology
3.2 Sources of Data
3.3 Location of Data
3.4 Method of Data Collection
3.5 Method of Data Analysis
Chapter Four
4.1 Summary of Findings
Chapter Five
5.1 Recommendation and Conclusion
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THE EFFECT OF PRIVATIZATION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT OWNED INDUSTRIES IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses the effect of privatization and commercialization of government owned industries in a developing economy. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst citizens from selected states, and managers and employees of selected government owned establishments. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that privatization and commercialization has a significant positive impact on government owned industries in a developing economy. Also, there is a strong positive relationship between privatization and commercialization and a developing economy.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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A REVIEW OF STRATEGIES OF IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA CIVIL SERVICE. A CASE STUDY OF EDO STATE CIVIL SERVICE.
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses strategies of improving productivity in Nigeria civil service. A case study of Edo state civil service. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst workers of the Edo state civil service. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that improved welfare and remuneration packages, good management and leadership styles, constant training and orientation programs and workshops are strong factors that can cause improvement in productivity.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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SECURITY MARKET AS A SOURCE OF FINANCE FOR THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses security market as a source of finance for the public and private sector in Nigeria. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst managers and employees of selected public and private sectors in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that security market is a positive source of finance for the public and private sector in Nigeria. Also, there is a positive relationship between security market and finance for the public and private sectors in Nigeria.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
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PROMOTION POLICY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS. CASE STUDY OF AKS MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses promotion policy in the public sector, problems and prospects. Case study of AKS ministry of education. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst selected workers in the public sector in akwaibom state ministry of education. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that promotion policy has a significant impact on akwaibom state ministry of education. Also, there is a relationship between promotion policy in the public sector and the performance of akwaibom state ministry of education.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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NIGERIA’S FOREIGN POLICY AND FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: A STUDY OF OBASANJO ADMINISTRATION, 1999-2007
ABSTRACT:
This work discusses Nigeria’s foreign policy and foreign direct investment: a study of Obasanjo Administration, 1999-2007. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst people from selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that Nigeria’s foreign policy and foreign direct investment had a significant improvement from 1999-2007,and this have a significant positive impact on the development of the Nation’s economy. Also, there is a strong and significant positive relationship between foreign direct investment, an improved foreign policy and the development of the Nation.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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]]>