ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
Variety Reduction as a Tool for Effective Materials Control
(A Case Study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc)
Abstract
This research study is based on variety reduction as a tool for effective material control, a case study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc. To understand the research work better, efforts was made at the introductory stage to explain the general importance of variety reduction with special consideration being placed on company especially Nigeria Bottling Company Plc, Kaduna. Also the general problem was also emphasized on such non recognition of the role of variety reduction on storage of different articles that can serve the same purpose. Effort was also made to identify the purpose of the study such as the degree of importance attached to variety reduction, areas covered by variety reduction and its operational activities. It also focused on its significance to the organization, the academics, the populace and the researcher. Research question were also generated to determine the importance the organization placed on variety reduction and how variety reduction facilitate the organization operational efficiency. The survey research design is employed; also simple random sampling procedure was employed. The researcher used questionnaire and documentary sources. The likert four rating scale technique is used to analyze the data, findings made among which are, that the organization considered variety reduction to facilitate the organizational efficiency and that the variety reduction minimizes cost and avoid storing the same item that can serve the same purpose in making material available in the store. However, the researcher summarized and concluded the research study and made recommendations to the company, amongst which are formulation of variety reduction policy to align with the vision and mission of the organization, always employed a competent hand to handle variety reduction activities, to strive as much as possible to create a variety reduction unit to be controlled by a qualified store manager, purchasing and supply officer and engineer.
Table of Contents
Title i
Approval ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
Chapter Four: Presentation and Analysis of Data
Chapter Five: Summary, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
Bibliography 50
Appendix
CHAPTER I: Introduction
Variety reduction can be applied to any production process. The technique certainly has more effect if applied in the right place and at the right time.
Apparently in many organization, it is clearly to see organization be it manufacturing holding different number of types, size or grade of a product that can perform the same function, this means duplication of items, the cost of materials is the last remaining cost that is truly variable, a reduction in the cost of material clearly offers on usual opportunity for profit improvement, therefore the need for purchasing to minimize waste and enhance maximum services within the organization has resulted in the use of variety reduction. Variety reduction can make a substantial savings in inventory by standardizing and rationalizing the range of materials, parts and component kept in store. Variety reduction can be achieved by using, so far as possible, standardized components and subassemblies to make end products that are dissimilar in appearance and performance so that variety of final products uses only a few basic components, variety reduction can also be applied when considering capital purchases, by ensuring compatibility with existing machinery, the range of spares carried to ensure against breakdowns can be substantially reduced also variety reduction can be undertaken periodically to examine arrange of stock items to determine
the intended use for each item of stock, how many stock item serve the same purpose, the extent to which items having the same purpose can be gives a standard description, what range of sizes is essential and lastly what items can be eliminated all these are done to ensure effective material control. Therefore, variety reduction can be defined as “the process of reducing the number of types, size or grades of a product that are purchase made or stocked (Hassan 2008 p. 445).
Among the objectives of all private sector is to maximize profit and reduce costs. These objectives can be achieved in material control aspect of the organization by imploring a strategy that will help or ensure that the number of types, sizes or grades of a product held in the organization are not duplicated when purchased, this will help in investing minimum cost on materials. But is quite unfortunate that these objectives are rarely achieved as a result of non recognition of the role of variety reduction in an organization as a tool for effective material control.
Variety reduction is the process used to describe standardization and simplification where different items that are capable of performing the same function are carried in large quantities, variety reduction is required but hardly did any organization take cognizance of this vital function as a tool for effective material control, as a result many organizations continue to hold materials, parts, items that are similar and capable of performing the same function this affect the material control unit of the organization efficiency be holding excess stock.
Variety reduction helps to reduce the number of varieties in the store, it also help to stipulate suitability of purpose, reduce the stock held and its associated cost another importance of variety reduction is to establish datum as a basis for development, but despite all these importance of variety reduction to an organization the researcher observed that most organization lost foresight of this important function that required a proactive approach for better control of materials held in an organization.
Also variety reduction assist the organization in avoiding buying different types of item that can serve the purpose, quicker and effective stock taking, reduce obsolete, overhead cost, it also facilitate easier inspection due to product uniformity and easier stock control and less storage space required, in view of all these benefits of variety reduction to an organization, the researcher observed that hardly can any organization show a unit or professionals bestowed with the responsibility of performing this vital function as a result many of these benefits are not derived by organizations.
The purpose of embarking on this research work by the researcher is to determine the effect of variety reduction on materials control.
Specifically, the research work is set out;
This study will bring to light the effect of variety reduction on materials control in Nigeria Bottling Company Plc Kaduna plant.
The study will also be of great benefit to potential investors, those in academics, other researcher in business management fields and the entire populace.
The significance of the research work to the organization is to provide them with relevant information on how important variety reduction is in facilitating organizational efficiency, productivity and materials control and also to change their orientation in terms of how best to manage, maintain and handle their material or inventory level and this will also be applicable to other industries that is into production activities.
The study will also be of immense benefit to the potential investors, in the sense that it will provide them with freehand information on how important variety reduction is in promoting material flow. In the academics, the research work can stand as a study material and reference book they can consult to broaden their knowledge on what it meant by variety reduction.
The research work will also serve as a reference book to the other researcher on this type of project topic. To the entire populace, come across this research work, the research work will provide them with the knowledge on how important variety reduction is to an organization and it will also add value to their knowledge.
The research work is embarked on by the researcher to broaden and ad value to his knowledge on variety reduction on materials control.
Lastly, the research work is also a requirement in fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma in Purchasing and Supply Department of Kaduna Polytechnic.
This research work is based on variety reduction as a tool for effective material control. A case study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc Kaduna plant which is situated at Kaduna South industrial layout Kaduna, Kaduna State.
The researcher intends to examine the extent to which variety reduction techniques if applicable may lead to effective material controls in the organization.
The findings of this research work will primarily base on the data collected from the staff of the plant draw from the stores, design, production, suppliers and purchasing and supply personnel of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc Kaduna Plant.
This study will attempt to provide answers to the following research questions:
Material Control: Is a key activity which covers a wide range of different tasks from the moment the product is designed up to and including its final delivery.
Standardization: Is a process of reducing the number of varieties stocked to a controlled workable minimum.
Simplification: Is the elimination of all labour and materials that are absolutely essentials so that more effective production can be carried out.
Redundancy: Is the excess over the normal holding of stock.
Surplus Materials: Having more than what is required or necessary.
Variety Reduction: Is the process of reducing the number of types, size or grades of a product that are purchased, made or stocked.
Store: Is a place where goods are kept upon onward delivery.
Suppliers: Those that supply or makes material available to an organization when needed and when required.
Value: Is the cost from which the function of a product or service may be obtained or accomplished at a form or place with the require quality.
Value Engineering: This is simply the application of value technique to a ‘new’ product, process, components and system, commencing with the conceptual design or prototype stage of the product.
Value Analysis: Is a tool or technique for identifying unnecessary cost factors with a view to eliminating or reducing them.
Cost: What it takes to make or buy a certain material or product.
Organization: Is the process of dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, by creating and maintaining like-groups to achieve specific objectives.
Personnel: The human resources and labour relations function.
Purchasing: The buying of required equipments, materials and services.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
The Impact of Material Handling Cost Reduction Effort In Public Institution
(A Case Study of PHCN, kaduna)
ABSTRACT
This project work is centered on The Impact of material handling cost reduction effort in public institutions a case study of PHCN kaduna. It begins with the first chapter that deals with the background of the study which gives brief introduction about the subject matter under study. Statement of problem which is the reason why the researcher under take the study to exploit such problem and come up with recommendation which will be beneficial to the organisation and entire society. Research question is drawn up which is in line with the objective of the research work to be open up to get variables for questionnaires to be administered. Chapter two deals with the review of previous work carried out by other authors on a similar topic. Chapter three deals with the research methodology with research design correlation studies to establish the relationship between material handling and profitability. The study have a sample size of 50 which is 20% of the population of 250 drawn from materials management related department and the sample size selected randomly and questionnaire were administered to them for their response. The findings of the study show that material handling have relationship with the profitability of the organisation. Thus it was concluded that material handling in PHCN is not properly carried out, because replenishment drive is not according to actual materials requirement. Therefore recommended that material handling unit should be established and the use of actual materials requirement should be the principle upon which material replenishment is carried out to ensure that materials are not hold in excess and also not.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title – – – – – – – – – – – i
Approval – – – – – – – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgment – – – – – – – – – v
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – vi
CHAPTER I: Introduction
1.1 Background of the study – – – – – – 1
1.2 Statement of the problems – – – – – – 2
1.3 Objectives of the study – – – – – – – 4
1.4 Significance of the study- – – – – – – 5
1.5 Delimitation of the study – – – – – – 6
1.6 Research questions- – – – – – – – 7
1.7 Definition of terms – – – – – – 7
CHAPTER II: Literature review
2.1 Concept of materials management – – – – – 9
2.2 Material management system in HPCN — – – – 12
2.3 Reason for holding stock – – – – – – 14
2.4 Cost of holding stock – – – – – – – 18
2.5 Material handling procedure – – – – – – 21
2.6 Purpose for material handling – – – – – 23
2.7 Importance of material handling in an organisation – – 33
2.8 Effect of Material Handling in an organisation – – – 34
2.9 Importance of material handling- – – – – – 38
2.10 Source of information for material handling – – – 40
2.11 Effect of Material handling – – – – – – 42
CHAPTER III: Research Methodology
3.1 Area of study – – – – – – – – 45
3.2 Research design – – – – – – – – 46
3.3 Population and sample – – – – – – – 47
3.4 Sample and sampling procedure – – – – – 48
3.5 Instruments for data collection – – – – – 48
3.6 Administration of the instrument – – – – – 49
3.7 Statistical techniques used in analyzing data – – – 50
CHAPTER IV: Data Presentation and analysis
4.1 Presentation of result – – – – – – – 52
CHAPTER V: Summary, conclusion and recommendation
5.1 Summary of procedure – – – – — – — 65
5.2 Discussion of findings – – – – – – – 66
5.3 Implication of findings – – – – – – – 69
5.4 conclusion – – – – – – – – – 70
5.5 Recommendation – – – – – – – 71
5.6 Suggestion for further studies – – – – – 72
Bibliography – – – – – – – – 74
Appendix – – – – – – – – – 76
CHAPTER I
1.1 Background of the Study
During the Second World War after the industrial revolution, industries sprang up in hundreds every day. As a result of the increase in industries, raw materials became scarce. This made production to be complex. Accounts needed to be prepared and customers needed to be attended to within a short period of time. Alternative sources were required and new product needed improvement and development. With this problem in mind, the material management concept was introduced with the view to solving them in a scientific manner to achieve optimal success and reduce production cost. By the 1950s and 1960s an uneven transition from the old concept of material management as clerical function to a newer function or concept of material management emerged which embraced inventory control, distribution and buying function. By late 1960s material management was recognized as an important function in an organization. Thus, the importance of material management lies in the fact that any significant contribution made by the materials manager in reducing material cost will go along way in reducing production cost and improving the profitability and the rate of return on investment. Today, materials are the livelihood of any industry, no industry can operate without them, they must be made available at the proper time, in proper quality, at the proper place and at the proper price.
Material handling is an integral aspect of material management that is concerned with the means by which materials move in the materials are moved from one stage of processing to the other in such a way that processing, safe movement and use of space is enhanced. Hence, it is also an integral part of a production process which does not really contribute to the value of what is being processed, but an integral part of a production process which does not really contribute greatly to the processing cost. It is for this reason that this research work tends to take a clerical look at the significance of material handling and its impact on production cost.
1.2 Statement of Problems
As it has been stated earlier, the impact of material handling on the production cost of an organization with particular reference to the PHCN industry, forms the basis of the research. This is not only because materials cost forms the overall 65% of the cost of running any organization according to some research in material management, but also because materials must be moved from one processing stage to another. Thus, there is always the need to effectively manage materials in order to curtail the amount of waste and also enhance maximum service in such organizations. This particularly calls for effective materials handling and maintaining a standard in the cost of production.
Another problem is the employment of unqualified personnel to handle the store activities. This problem often results to poor material handling, deterioration, pilferage, theft and redundancy. Now that store operation is beginning to receive attention of those in authority, the necessity to actively coordinate these activities for better performance to create more impact and subsequently more recognition can not be over emphasized. Effective material handling and its prime function is a matter of ensuring that sufficient materials are retained in the store to meet all requirement without carrying unnecessary large stock or too little to ensure efficiency and profitability in PHCN.
The researcher also gathers that there has been negligence of the store department and sometime brought under unrelated department which result in poor performance. This scenario depicts the existence of material handling deficiencies in the area of planning, replenishment, recording and inventory control which effect profitability in the organization.
The rationale for this study is to examine critically the application and to understand the impact of effective material handling which deals with the inflow and out flow of materials into within and right through to the consumer of the products in relationship to its operational performance and economic.
This study is specifically designed to
The research work is carried out to be of benefit to individual, organizations and the society in general. Thus the significance of the study are:
The project work will be beneficial to subsequent researcher who will want to undertake a research into similar or related fields of study as it will provide them with relevant information on the subject matter.
The study will also provide the public with first hand information and knowledge on how stores or materials are managed and control in public establishment with regard to PHCN.
Similarly the research work has been undertaken to broaden the knowledge of the researcher and the society on how efficient material handling can contribute to the survival and profit level of an organization with particular reference to PHCN. Therefore the project will highlight the benefit which PHCN and other organization stand to gain if they employ and apply the right material handling system manned by qualified and trained professionals.
The scope of these study is restricted and confined to the material handling system in public institutions from 2007-2009 with the population of 250 staff drawn from production, materials management, power plant and utility units and a sample size of 50 which represent 20% of the population.
The study seek to established the impact of effective method of material handling on the profitability of PHCN putting into consideration the enormous materials that serve as input for the organization.
To measure the impact of material handling to the profitability of PHCN, the researcher has drawn up some research questions which are:
Stock: All the tangible asset of a company other than the fixed asset.
Control: Standard set for checking the result of an activity.
Profitability: Adding or bringing to profit of an organization.
Stock taking: This is a complete process of writing the quantity balance of the entire range of items held in stock.
Stock Checking: This is any other check on physical quantity which may be applied either regularly or intermittently.
Redundant: Holding excess stock over normal equipment.
Materials: These are components, spare parts, semi processed goods in an organization.
Store: Is the place where all raw materials, component parts, are held for safe keeping.
Stock out: It is not having the required parts or materials on hand when and where they are needed.
Stock level: Is a predetermined quantity of stock to be held.
Obsolete: When an item is no longer usable by the organization concern because of a change in operational practice or method of production.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
NEGOATIATION AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MATERIALS PRICING
CHAPTER ONE:
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
One of the fundamental responsibilities of procurement function in an organization is source selection. It deals with the entire process of how prospective suppliers are being surveyed, evaluated and determine policies relating to those who can most suitably meet the requirement of the organization, before they are being considered for a buyer and supplier relationship. However, this assessment is base on a number of essential instrument which price is one of the such.
Price in general term refers to the amount offered for the purchase of an item. It can also be value pay for obtaining something, it is quite crucial to purchasing as price play vital role on the product manufacturing and its sales value.
Negotiation among other relevant tools in sourcing selection function that purchasing employ in making an organization to actualize their goals to arrive at a most judgment on which suppliers are to be selected.
Negotiation usually requires that the buyer have a face discussion with the suppliers in order to arrive at a common understanding on essence of a purchase/sale contact among which is price. Infact, price determination is the main focus of negotiation.
In negotiation, to determine purchase price buyers and supplier usually discuss such element, as cost of production overhead market conditions. Speeds needs of the buyer and supplier eventually arrive at a mutual price, that both deliver the best value of item and at reduced cost to the buyer as well as favours the supplier fair interest to ensure a continued supplier-buyer rapport.
This study set out to investigate some related problems having to do with purchasing a high item cost also looks at how negotiation as a tool for effective material pricing can be deployed to determine the right price of supply.
1.2 Statement of Problem
Most problems associated with negotiation especially when the issues of price is the pivot, buyers tend to overlook the variables that determine the price itself. This most time leads to arriving at a very high price for the purchase or contract.
Moreso, lack of proper planning before approaching the negotiation table is very high fundamental and essential for any successful negotiation. The other negotiation exercise such as source of information and idea delivery time, quality of suppliers, fair and reasonable deal. Hence, since negotiation comes before any purchase or contract, what will happen to purchase without negotiation on specification and at multiple effect on terms of payment etc.
Also the negotiation must not over power by one part or one principles, dirty trick all they lead to failure in the objective. One can derive benefit as solving problem source for information learn some experience, quality fair and reasonable price, control and relationship management.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objective of conducting this research among others are as follows:
1.4 Research Questions
In dealing with the research question, the following question will be answered or addressed:
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study will be of benefit to the organization which the study is being carried an investigation, and also it will serve as guide for relevant organization which have similar departments or problems, also it will serve as reference to the similar topic and serve as reference for further studies.
Also, it will be beneficent to research in future, the organization also broaden the knowledge of the researcher; it will also assist the research especially in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Higher National Diploma in Purchasing and Supply, Kaduna Polytechnic.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The research work will cover carious department with the store function and look at the process at which negotiation and its effect on materials pricing in Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Ltd. Furthermore, the research cover various departments with the total population of 65 and with the sample size of 30-49 staff. It will be carried out within department of procurement, administrative production, quality control and material inspection unit as well as close department.
Also, it will look at requirement for successful negotiation and the method employed in the conduct of negotiation also it will cover from 2010 – 2012 how they conduct their negotiation and we will look into quality control.
1.7 Definition of Terms
Negotiation: This is a process of where people come together to reach an agreement.
Procurement: This term is mostly used in the military organization as well as the public set up mean purchasing, it is activity which involve logistic, buying, transportation and distribution
Lead Time: This is the period between placing an order to its fulfillment or delivery.
Expediting: This is a continual progressing orders with suppliers to make sure that goods are received on time.
Inspection: This is a process whereby incoming items are examined so as to ensure that the quality and quantity conform with specification.
Quality: This is the standard feature of an item that make it different from item of the same characteristics.
Effective: This is the ability of producing a sound and successful result.
Purchasing: This is the process of buying things or item especially for a company.
Price: This is the amount of money to be paid for obtaining an item or items.
Suppliers: A supplier can be individual or company whose sole business is to supply items for people or companies.
Specification: This is the detailed description of how an item is or should be.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
Negotiation as A Cost Reduction Technique In Material Procurement at Nigerian Bottling Company Plc Kaduna Plant
ABSTRACT
Negotiation as a reduction technique in material procurement is to ensure that high cost incurred in material procurement is manage hence the negotiation is one of the tool in spend cost management to optimise profit in every organization. Lack of knowledge to some guide when negotiating by procurement manages lead to high cost of finished product and it makes the product not to compete well with its competitors in the market. The impact expected at the end of negotiation is to minimize cost and maximise profit of the organisation. In both private and public sectors between 50% to 80% of the total expenditure is spend on acquiring either materials or services. The high percentage of charges by company’s agent could lead to additional cost of production over invoicing and overpayment. What else can be done, and what other mean can be used to acquire raw materials without incurring high cost. To reduce high cost, negotiation is one of the technique of spend cost management to arrive at a mutually acceptable bargain by planning. Objectives and strategy in order to arrive at an agreed pace term and condition of service between a procures and supplier. To ensure prudence and judicious utilization of the limited resources available in an organization. To expose ideas to procurement manager on how to achieve the objectives and enhance the profitability of organization as materials procured when adequately negotiated reduce cost incurred in acquisition of material for production process. To expose purchasing manager to possible tools of spend and cost management. The major research question of what re the techniques for negotiation the strategies for effective negotiation, the rate of material availability, how coordination and management of suppliers to ensure cost reduction and constant flow of materials to avoid interruption at the point of production. The research Design would be descriptive and analytical in nature. Interview would be conducted on selected staffs of Production, Stock Control section, Human Resources and Procurement Department. The Instrument for data collection are Questionnaire, Record, Interview, Observation. This work also comprise of summary of findings, conclusions and recommendation.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
Every human being needs water to survive, so also every organization needs materials to survive. In the private and public sector, their total expenditure is mainly spent on acquiring either materials or facilities or services. There is no way business operations can be effectively carried out without them. Negotiation is vital to organizations so as to reduce cost or minimize cost and to maximize profit.
1.1 Background of the study
Negotiation as a cost deduction technique in material procurement is for efficiency of any business, and also contingent upon obtaining the right materials and have it available in the right quantity from the right source, at the right price, delivered at the right place at the right time, whereby failure to any of these adds to costs and decreases the profit level of any organization.
There has been procurement fraud because of the idea of speed money in the mind of some of the procurement managers or officials who buy materials or items for the organization. Lack of transparency has lead to excess spending, increasing cost of production, losing a lot of money through the inflating of prices, over invoicing and overpayment of materials procured.
High cost incurred in material procurement is as a result of procurement manager not doing his home work well that is by planning his objectives and strategy before hand and he enters the session without a positive attitude of success.
Lack of knowledge and not been conversant to some guide when negotiating by the procurement manager in respect to issue such as, when to negotiate, the agenda, negotiation technique and behaviour, some attribute of a good negotiator, the team leader to negotiate term of payment not stipulated and followed add to the cost of production. These could also lead to high cost of finished products and make it not to compete well with its competitors in the market, and calls for extra expenses on promotions and advert, renovation and so forth, just to improve sales in order to make profit or keeps the organization living.
Hence procurement being a process whereby all classes of resources such as materials, facilities, people required to render services are obtained procurement covers a wider range of supply activities than buying alone. Negotiation as cost reduction technique in materials procurement is embarked on to solve some of the problem earlier mentioned. Negotiation is a very vital and essential technique in every organization in both private and public sector to reduce high cost incurred in material procurement, the role in negotiation and all that it takes to negotiate effectively. The impact expected at the end of these is to minimise cost and maximise profit of the organization, and also to ensure that the end products stand in the competitive market, to satisfy the taste of consumers and promote the standard of living economy and the society at large.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In both the private and public sectors, between 50% and 80% of their total expenditure is spent on acquiring either materials or services, procurement is thus the biggest item of expenditure of an organization. Excessive costs are incurred when enquiring these materials in private sector about 60% to 75% of company’s procurement (purchases) of materials examples raw material is done by the company agent or foreign officials of the company based abroad , who usually charge certain percentages for their work which could lead to additional cost of production, over-invoicing and over payment. What else can be done, and what other means can be used to acquire raw materials.
Further more, when there is a need to render service that is the award of contract we know that every one is interested in buying, although they call it purchasing but it has lead to mismanagement and squandering of funds. What are the procedures, measures technique to ensure that such contract or procurement of materials, goods and services are carried out appropriately and so on.
To reduce cost, negotiation is one of the techniques to use, since negotiation is an art of arriving at a common understanding through bargaining on the essentials of a contract such as delivery, price, terms and condition of service, payment. These communication of inter-changing ideas and information as a result of which procurer and the supplier arrived at a mutually acceptable bargain enhance the procurement manager with a positive attitude of success, planned his objectives and strategy before hand.
The procurement manager would have to collect and study all relevant facts before meeting the supplier, and then develop an agenda for the meeting to negotiate with the supplier. Adequate arrangement or preparation would be made in respect to the negotiation team, the leader with the technique that would be used to negotiate and when to negotiate will be spelled out.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of these study is to ensure negotiation technique of communication for bargaining are well understood so that the buying organization and the supplier will arrive at and agreed price, terms and condition of service, payment and so on.
To ensure prudence and judicious utilization of the limited resources available in an organization, all procurement undertaken must comply with the principle of openness between the procurer and the supplier, transparency, accountability, competition among suppliers, cost effectiveness and value for money are monitored to enhance profitability of organization. Between the procurer and supplier there should be an understanding which leads to reducing cost involved in competitive bidding.
To also make room for meetings in order to attain the desire goal of the organization, and to ensures that suppliers perform according to the terms of the negotiation.
This study is specifically designed to:
1.4 Significance of the Study
This research work would be useful or the beneficiaries of this research work is the management of the organization under study, Nigerian Bottling Company Coca Cola Plc to re-address the way and manner by which materials are procured with regard to cost consciousness
The research work would also be of benefit to private and public procurement entity when negotiating on either organization or government contract. Negotiation is a trick to win supplier’s heart to willingly enter into a business traction and not using authority or power.
The research work would add to the findings of the previous and future researchers who intend to study or have studied similar topic and will also help the other incoming researcher to build up on their findings.
As a procurement manager the knowledge acquired would be used at the field to practice the profession in acquisition of materials to enhance profitability of the organization. To also expose some development suppliers stand to benefit from the organization the supply materials.
1.5 Research Questions
i. What are the techniques for negotiation?
ii. What are the strategies for effective negotiation and how can negotiation enhance purchasing activity to function effectively as purchasing in the organization?
iii. What is the rate or extent of materials availability in the organization under study?
iv. How can coordination and management of supplier ensure or enhance cost reduction in material procurement, and how does negotiation team help the business in actualizing it cost reduction objectives.
1.6 Definition of Terms
Negotiation: this is the process of planning, receiving, and analysing used by the buyer and the seller, to reach an acceptable agreement or compromise is an aspect of business transactions of payment and so on.
Purchasing: This is used as a process of buying in the market, but in a broader sense, it is a professional term used when buying goods and services by organisations, companies, industries, commerce and corporation by a professional buyer.
Procurement: Is where large quantity of goods and services are exchanged for money with the aim of reselling them to industrial or ultimate consumer markets. Examples of these markets are distributors, wholesalers, retailers and associations.
Bargaining: Is an agreement to buy, sell or exchange made after discussions in order to arrived at compromise
Specification: a specification is a details description of item, its dimension, analysis, performance or other relevant characteristics in sufficient details to ensure that it will be suitable in all respect for the purpose it is intended or wanted.
Buyer: a buyer is a person who buys goods at a particular price without the technicalities involved being taken into consideration. He is not regarded as a purchaser in real sense.
Purchaser: is anyone from the professional to the top executive or any departmental member with the tag ‘Purchasing Manager’ that select suppliers and also have the responsibility for implementing the policies of the organization related to the acquisition of material, services, and production equipments or assets.
Competitive Bidding: is calling for bids and evaluating the bids to arrive at the best price.
Tactics: is expedient means of achieving an objective.
Service: it could be after sales services, delivery dates, sellers meeting, and providing information on materials availability.
Confrontation: is a situation where both sides refuse to bulge, which often result to surrender or no deal.
Persuasion: is a situation where one party knows best and will therefore subtly impulse his will on the other.
Dimension: this implies not only quoting the sizes of the various parts of articles, but also indicating the amount of tolerance which may be permitted in the sizes.
Material: Is an element of production that is used to produce a product.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ON THE SUPPLY FUNCTION OF AN ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
It has been part of our history that goods produced are not usually consumed by those that produced them or where they are produced. They need to be moved and moved to the location they are needed. These goods passed through a long chain and are usually handled by many people, with each contributing to adding value to the product, from point of extraction to the transformation, and eventually consumption. This extraction – transformation – consumption stage is what is referred to as supply function.
History has also told us that at a point those activities were undertaken crudely and primitively. No easy access to information. In the organization, sometimes information are passed wrongly between buyer and the supplier on what is to be supplied, where it should be supplied and the time to supply it. But as time goes on man develop methods, technique and technology that allow man make this activity easier and more efficient, which is information technology.
Information technology is considered as a pre-requisite for effective control of today’s complex function, indeed a recent study conducted by Forrester Research indicate that US manufacturers are increasingly dependent on benefits brought by information technology to improve supply function agility, reduce cycle time, achieve higher efficiency and deliver products to customer in a timely manner. The implementation of information technology in supply function has also enable firm organization to develop and accumulate knowledge about stores, about its customers, supplier and market demands, which in turn influence performance.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Before the introduction of information technology to supply function, the keeping of records (information) manually often resulted in keeping copies of the same document in different places. information is not easily accessible relating to supply function and sometimes information don’t get to the buyer and supplier on time on what is to be supplied and this will tied down activities and it will also affect the organization.
Keeping of stock record is manually done which is time consuming, not cost effective, even the calculation of stock level is very, very difficult and at times it causes delay in the delivery of materials. Not only that before the advent of the use of information technology in supply function stock checking and stock taking becomes very difficult which at times lead to discovery of huge number of items. Either going bad or becoming obsolete. Even the location of material and identification becomes very difficult because identifying and location of materials could be time consuming and this could lead to bottleneck.
It is with this in mind that researchers will attempt to see how the application of information technology can impact on supply function of Peugeot Automobile of Nigeria (PAN).
1.3 Objectives of the Study
i. To identify the impact of information technology on supply function
ii. To identify the condition under which enterprise resource planning (ERP) can be a critical enabler or severe handicap for superior chain performance.
iii. To identify the basic concept involving in the analysis, design and operation of information system in relation to supply function
iv. To identify the innovative approaches that had been recently developed in relation to supply function.
v. To determine whether the process is reliable enough in ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in increasing organizational performance.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is to know the impact of information technology in an organization by creating and developing sound management information system to meet organizational goals and objectives.
The effective use of information technology offers manager several significant advantages because it is the ability to process large volume of data rapidly. Computer can do much routine clerical works; thus, freeing departmental personnel from many mistakes and repetitive tasks.
Information technology offers supply functions executives immediate availability of more complete data and information for use when making purchasing and related materials decisions, because of its fantastic speed. It can also supply management with virtually instant report which might otherwise take an army of clerks month to prepare or update, this will enable the supplier to manage by exemption and do more effective and economical good job and managing the flow of materials throughout operation.
Another significance is to look into information technology method of supply function of Peugeot Automobile Nigeria Kaduna with the view of making students for automated system for obvious reasons.
The researcher provides valuable suggestion and advice on problem facing the store departments. This will help the organization to adopt a recommended stock control technique to improve service and profit level of the organization.
Further more the project is requirement in partial fulfillment for the award of a Higher National Diploma in Purchasing and Supply of Kaduna Polytechnic. The project work will help other students that will research on the topic.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The scope of this study covers the idea behind information. Peugeot Automobile Nigeria was chosen as a case study.
This study is conducted in Peugeot Automobile company Nigeria , located at Kakuri, Kaduna South local government.
The main focus of the study is the impact that information technology has on supply function of Peugeot Automobile of Nigeria. The information obtained will be used for purchasing department, stores and production department because the use of information technology will have a lot of impact on supply function of Peugeot Automobile Nigeria (PAN)
1.6 Research Question
i. What impact does information technology has on supply in your organization?
ii. Under what conditions can enterprise resource planning (ERP) enhance performance of supply function in the organization?
iii. What are the basic concepts that are involved in the analyzing information system in relation to supply function in the organization?
iv. What are the innovation approaches that are currently adopted to develop in relation to supply function in the organization?
v. Is the process reliable enough to ensure efficiency and effectiveness in increasing organizational performance?
1.7 Definition of Terms
Information: information is any thing that adds to our knowledge either consciously or unconsciously positively or negatively.
Information technology: Any computer-based tool that people use to work with information and support the information and information – processing needs of an organization
System: A system is a whole with parts working together to achieve a goal.
Management: this is the planning and control of the use of a of resource to achieve more objectives
Management information system (MIS); is the function that plans for, develops, implement and maintains IT hardware, software and applications that people use to support the goals of an organization.
Procurement; is a managerial process, aimed at ensuring continuous flow of materials, projects and services into and within the organisation in order to meet with its goals and objectives, profitably and efficiently in an ever-changing business environment.
e-Procurement: A simple and fast means of business transaction that requires telephone lines and other communication equipments.
Supply: Flow of materials within the firm, i.e. the stores function covering such issues as consumption of raw materials, office items and other MRO items
Supply chain management (SCM); is the process of planning implementing, and controlling the operation of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements is efficiently as possible.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
Effect of Material Inspection on Product Quality in Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Kaduna
Table of Contents
Title – – – – – – – – – – –
Approval – – – – – – – – – –
Declaration- – – – – – – – – –
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – –
Abstract – – – – – – – – – –
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study – – – – – – –
1.2 Statement of the Problems – – – – – –
1.3 Objectives of the Study – – – – – – –
1.4 Significance of the Study – – – – – –
1.5 Scope of the Study – – – – – – – –
1.6 Research Questions – – – – – – –
1.7 Definition of Terms – – – – – – –
CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review
2.1 The Concepts of Specification and Standardization – – –
2.2 Objectives of Specification and Standardization – – –
2.3 Developing an Effective Specification – – – – –
2.4 Inspection as a Mechanism for Service Assurance – – –
2.5 Types of Inspections – – – – – – –
2.6 Defective Materials Prevention Approach – – – –
2.7 The Concept of Quality Products/Service – – – –
2.8 The Effects of Inspection on Quality Products and Services –
CHAPTER THREE: Research Methodology
3.1 Area of the Study – – – – – – – –
3.2 Research Design – – – – – – – –
3.3 Population of the Study – – – – – – –
3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure – – – – –
3.5 Instrument for Data Collection – – – – – –
3.6 Administration of the Instrument – – – – –
3.7 Techniques for Analyzing Data – – – – – –
CHAPTER FOUR: Data Presentation and Analysis
4.1 Presentation of Results – – – – – – –
CHAPTER FIVE: Summary, Discussions, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Procedures – – – – – – –
5.2 Discussion of Findings – – – – – – –
5.3 Implications of Findings – – – – – – –
5.4 Conclusions – – – – – – – – –
5.5 Recommendations – – – – – – – –
5.6 Suggestions for Further Study – – – – – –
Bibliography – – – – – – – –
Appendix – – – – – – – – –
CHAPTER I: Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Philip Crosby in his book “Quality is free” summarizes the effect of inspection in the following statement:
“A prudent company makes certain that its products and services are delivered to the customers by a management system that does not condone remake, repairs, waste or non-conformance of any sort. These are expensive problems, they must not only be detected and resolve at the earliest moment, they must be prevented from occurring at all”.
Product quality as a strategy for competitiveness has become the focus of going concerns today, be it a manufacturing or a service industry. Be that as it may, quality product or service goal in any organization will be difficult to realize without the watchful eyes of inspection. Materials outsourced or insourced as the case may be either as raw materials, components, spareparts or maintenance repairs and operation items, must be subjected to thorough examination to ensure that they are the right materials of the correct quality according to agreed standards and specifications. This is because the slightest deviation from standards, oversights of any defect in in-coming or insourced materials results to numerous and serious consequences on the life of the organization. As a result of these consequences, organizations are forced to set in place a system to ensure that only materials of quality are allowed to come into the organization. This is achieved always through the mechanism of inspection.
The responsibility for inspection in an organization differs from organization to organization depending on the nature, make up and policy of the organization in question. The purchasing or procurement or materials department however plays an important role because they are responsible for the sourcing of the materials used by the organization.
Inspection depicts the general idea and concept which signifies the ascertaining and determination of quality or conformity of sourced materials or services to established standards and specification. This, therefore brings to mind the fact that inspection and quality can hardly be discussed separately without reference to one. It is a major tool for the determination of quality. This study therefore, shall focus on specification, standardization, inspection and quality control and assurance.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Oversights and deviation from standard for supplied materials due to the inability of organizations to closely inspect these materials remains the bane of most government agencies and parastatals failure. These problems are further exacerbated by the overall management approaches and attitudes to these issues. These has resulted to continued accurate and epileptic power supply in the state which are often blamed on the failure of installed equipments such as transformers and cables.
The choice of Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) Kaduna is to examine the issue arising from these. The question that is asked is; what measures are put in place in the organization to determine the needs for materials and specifications? Again, what mechanisms are put in place by the organization to ensure that purchased or outsourced equipment and materials are properly inspected for quality?
1.3 Objective of the Study
Because of the effect of substandard materials allowed into the organization on the quality of services rendered by the organization, the major objective of the study is built around the determination of the effectiveness of the inspection programs employed by the organization.
The study is therefore, aimed at:
1.4 Significance of the Study
The significance of this study is enormous. First, the researcher will be the first beneficiary as it is a prerequisite requirement in partial fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma [HND] in the Department of Purchasing and Supply Management, Kaduna Polytechnic, without which the researcher cannot graduate.
Secondly, it will serve as a store of knowledge and guide for which future researchers can consult. Students will also benefit as it will help to expand their scope of knowledge.
It will also benefit the organization understudied, as they can utilize it to improve or ensure that defective materials, substandard materials do not enter the production process.
Finally, the general public will also gain from its depth to utilize against purchases or orders they will place from time to time since everyone buys one material, product or components or parts at times.
1.5 Scope of the Study
The focus of this research work is on the effect of inspection on the quality of services in Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Kaduna, located in the heart of Kaduna, along Ahmadu Bello Way, Central Area Kaduna. The periods of 2009-2012 were considered and concern was given to the Material Management (Purchasing and Store), quality control and the inspection departments of the organization.
1.6 Research Questions
1.7 Definition of Terms
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
APPLICATION OF PURCHASING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN ORGANIZATIONAL OBJECTIVE IN SERVICE INDUSTRY (A CASE STUDY OF IMO TRANSPORT COMPANY(ITC))
ABSTRACT
This work discusses application of purchasing and its implications in organizational objective in service industry(a case study of imo transport company(itc)). A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among employees from ITC. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that there is a strong and significant relationship between the application of purchasing and its implications in organizational objective in service industry.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
EFFECT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
All over the universe reduced delivery time, higher customer satisfaction, reduced financial cost and a high level trust amongst suppliers established results produced by supply chain management. Supply chain management (SCM) is the coordinated set of procedures which is used in receiving raw materials from suppliers, process those into finished goods and then supply to end users. It involves a whole lot of skills ranging from gathering of information, to planning and control to resources management, communication and performance measurement. This concept which was born out of Just-In- Time (JIT) production and logistics flourishes in product based and manufacturing companies.
The delivery of product items in shape of lead time and cost has changed the competition has raised and has become hostile in current times (P. Vogt & A. Wojak, 2007). As organisations try to support strategic management practices such as market entry, introduction of new products, growth and expansion, improvement and reliability and speed of delivery of order while trying to lower cost. For organisations to work closely with their suppliers, logistics providers, distributors/ wholesalers and retailers, their supply chain must be streamlined and backed up with technological aids.
As global completion increase, manufacturing companies should be more involved in how their suppliers and customers conduct their businesses. To compete successfully in today’s challenging business environment manufacturing companies should be able to effectively integrate the internal functions within a company and effectively link them with the external operations of suppliers and supply chain members. They need to focus on supply chain management practices that have impact on enhancing SCM activities and ultimately performance (Arawati, 2011).
However, several external forces continue to strive the organisation to adopt the new way of conducting business i.e. increasing globalisation, decreased barriers to international trade, improvement of information availability through information technology and increased customer demand ( Sahay & Mohan, 2003: Gunasekaran et al 2003). In other to survive, companies must be able to reduce cost, improve quality and provide fast response to the customer needs, one of the ways of achieving that competitive edge is through the implementation of SCM practices (Muhammad, 2004).
The manufacturing sector in Nigeria contributes a good portion to its GDP thus plays an important role in its economy. Nigerian manufacturing firms include multinationals, large, small and medium scaled companies. These companies are all involved in supply chain whether they recognise it or not. They may be assemblers, sub- contractors or small participants. However, as a result of the governments underscore on the increase of foreign direct investments, joint ventures or associate companies from developed countries, require local supporting companies (i.e. supplier, services, logistic) to organise their SCM operations to meet up with global standards.
Despite various evidences regarding performance improvements related to SCM, relatively few empirical study exist to measure the extent of performance improvements resulting from the SCM programs especially in the Nigerian context. We sought to address this apparent gap in literature by conducting an appraisal of the use of supply chain for distribution of products by manufacturing organisations in Nigeria.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to appreciate the level at which the Nigerian manufacturing companies are involved in SCM practices as well determine the effect of these practices on SCM performance.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Increasingly, supply chain management is being recognized as the management of key business processes across the network of organizations that comprise the supply chain. While many have recognized the benefits of a process approach to managing the business and the supply chain, most are vague about what processes are to be considered, what sub-processes and activities are contained in each process, and how the processes interact with each other and with the traditional functional methods. Regardless of how much effort is put into obtaining a good product, if it does not get to the customer in good time, in good condition and at the right cost all efforts will be in futility.
Issues and challenges in supply chain management, as listed by Fawcett, Ellram and Ogden (2007) are poor coordination of effort, incompatible information systems, long cycle times, communication problems, customer service issues, excessive waste and environmental degradation, relatively high inventory for the level of customer service achieved and lower than optimal profits. On the other hand Chandra and Grabis (2007) have identified supply chain issues and related problems as distribution network configuration, inventory control, supply contract, distribution strategies, supply chain integration and strategic partnering, outsourcing and procurement strategies, information technology and decision support systems (DSS) and customer value. They also categorized these problems into general and specific problems. The specific problems are those that deal with one particular issue like inventory management, production, maintenance, procurement etc… while the general problems are problems that cross multiple specific problems. For example, information communication involves all members from the customers back to the other end suppliers.
For this particular research, the researcher would identify the general problems that have an impact on the service delivery of Coca Cola Company since the introduction of SCM techniques and its level of compliance with SCM standards. An appraisal of the extent to which SCM has affected Coca Cola Company will be our major focus.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of the study are to find out the following:
1. To find out whether the supply chain management system has enhanced service delivery at Coca Cola Company in terms of their strategic, tactical, and operational levels.
2. To find out whether the introduction of SCM at Coca Cola Company is successful in terms of profitability and customer satisfaction.
3. To find out the challenges of products distribution at Coca Cola Company.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. Does supply chain management enhance effective service delivery in Coca Cola Company?
2. Does using supply chain management reduce product delivery time at Coca Cola Company?
3. Does supply chain management reduce cost of product distribution in Coca Cola Company?
4. How does supply chain management affect profitability at Company?
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between supply chain management and performance of manufacturing companies
H1: There is a relationship between supply chain management and performance of manufacturing companies
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
SUPPLY CHAIN OPTIMIZATION IN FERTILIZER DISTRIBUTION
Abstract
The optimization of supply chain operations in fertilizer distribution is crucial for enhancing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. This study explores the key strategies and methodologies employed in optimizing supply chain processes within the fertilizer distribution sector. By focusing on the integration of advanced technologies, logistics management, inventory control, and demand forecasting, the study aims to identify best practices that can streamline distribution, reduce costs, and improve the timely delivery of fertilizers to farmers.
The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data analysis with qualitative insights from industry experts and stakeholders. Data is gathered from various sources, including agricultural organizations, fertilizer manufacturers, distributors, and end-users. Advanced optimization techniques such as linear programming, simulation models, and machine learning algorithms are utilized to analyze and enhance different components of the supply chain.
Findings indicate that effective supply chain optimization in fertilizer distribution can significantly reduce lead times, minimize wastage, and lower transportation costs. The study highlights the importance of adopting a holistic approach that integrates real-time data analytics, robust logistics planning, and collaborative partnerships among supply chain participants. Additionally, the research underscores the role of government policies and support systems in facilitating a conducive environment for supply chain optimization.
This study contributes to the body of knowledge by providing actionable insights and recommendations for policymakers, industry practitioners, and researchers. By implementing the strategies and best practices identified, stakeholders in the fertilizer distribution sector can achieve greater efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in their operations, ultimately supporting the agricultural sector’s growth and sustainability.
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The supply chain is a critical component in the distribution of fertilizers, encompassing the entire process from production to the delivery of the final product to end-users. Effective supply chain management (SCM) ensures that fertilizers are available at the right time, place, and cost, enhancing agricultural productivity and food security. In many developing countries, including Nigeria, inefficiencies in the fertilizer supply chain have been identified as a major constraint to agricultural development.
Supply chain optimization involves improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply chain operations to minimize costs and maximize productivity. In the context of fertilizer distribution, optimization can address several issues, including delays, high transportation costs, inadequate storage facilities, and poor logistics management. The application of advanced SCM practices and technologies can significantly improve the distribution process, ensuring that fertilizers reach farmers timely and cost-effectively.
Agriculture is the backbone of many economies in East and Southern Africa, providing livelihoods for millions and contributing significantly to regional GDP. A critical aspect of ensuring sustainable agricultural growth is an efficient supply chain management system for fertilizers. Fertilizers play a crucial role in enhancing soil fertility, increasing crop yields, and promoting food security. However, the complex and diverse agricultural landscape in the region poses unique challenges to the supply chain of fertilizers. This article explores the key issues and proposes strategies to optimize the supply chain management of fertilizers in East and Southern Africa.
Infrastructure limitations: The lack of adequate transportation infrastructure in many areas of East and Southern Africa hampers the timely and cost-effective distribution of fertilizers from manufacturers to retailers and farmers.
Seasonal demand fluctuations: Agriculture in the region is predominantly rain-fed, resulting in seasonal variations in fertilizer demand. This dynamic demand pattern can strain the supply chain’s capacity to deliver fertilizers when and where they are needed.
Market access and affordability: Smallholder farmers, who form a significant portion of the agricultural community, often face challenges in accessing fertilizers due to their remote locations and limited financial resources.
Quality assurance and counterfeit products: Ensuring the availability of high-quality fertilizers is crucial for optimal crop productivity. However, the presence of counterfeit and substandard products in the market poses risks to farmers and undermines the credibility of the supply chain.
Strategies for Enhanced Supply Chain Management
Investment in infrastructure: Governments and private sector stakeholders must invest in improving transportation networks, storage facilities, and last-mile distribution channels. This includes upgrading roads, railways, and ports to facilitate the smooth movement of fertilizers from production centers to end-users.
Technology integration: Embracing digital solutions can significantly enhance supply chain efficiency and transparency. Implementing GPS tracking systems, IoT-enabled sensors for monitoring inventory levels, and data analytics for demand forecasting can help optimize logistics and reduce waste.
Regional collaboration: East and Southern African countries can benefit from regional cooperation to harmonize trade and transportation policies. By sharing best practices and coordinating efforts, they can create a more seamless and cost-effective regional supply chain for fertilizers.
Subsidy and financial support: Governments can introduce targeted fertilizer subsidy programs to make fertilizers more affordable for smallholder farmers. Additionally, providing credit facilities and financial assistance can help farmers procure fertilizers during peak seasons.
Quality control and certification: Establishing stringent quality control measures and certification programs for fertilizers will ensure that farmers have access to genuine and effective products. Public and private sector partnerships can play a pivotal role in implementing and enforcing these standards.
Farmer education and extension services: Investing in agricultural extension services is essential to educate farmers about the correct and efficient use of fertilizers. This will not only improve their yields but also reduce overuse and environmental impacts.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the critical importance of fertilizers in enhancing agricultural productivity, the supply chain in many regions, including Nigeria, remains fraught with challenges. These include poor infrastructure, inefficient logistics, supply-demand mismatches, and high costs associated with transportation and storage. These challenges often result in delayed delivery, increased costs for farmers, and ultimately, reduced agricultural output.
Given these issues, there is a need to explore strategies and technologies that can optimize the fertilizer supply chain. This study seeks to identify the key factors affecting the efficiency of the fertilizer supply chain and propose optimization strategies that can enhance the distribution process, reduce costs, and improve agricultural productivity.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are to:
Analyze the current state of the fertilizer supply chain in Nigeria.
Identify the key challenges and bottlenecks in the fertilizer distribution process.
Evaluate the impact of these challenges on agricultural productivity and costs.
Propose strategies for optimizing the fertilizer supply chain to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
Assess the potential benefits of supply chain optimization for stakeholders, including farmers, distributors, and policymakers.
1.4 Research Questions
This study will address the following research questions:
What is the current state of the fertilizer supply chain in Nigeria?
What are the key challenges and bottlenecks in the fertilizer distribution process?
How do these challenges impact agricultural productivity and costs?
What strategies can be implemented to optimize the fertilizer supply chain?
What are the potential benefits of supply chain optimization for stakeholders?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons:
Improving Agricultural Productivity: By optimizing the fertilizer supply chain, this study aims to enhance the availability and affordability of fertilizers, thereby improving agricultural productivity.
Policy Development: The findings can inform policymakers and help in the formulation of policies that promote efficient supply chain practices in the agricultural sector.
Economic Benefits: Optimization of the supply chain can reduce costs associated with fertilizer distribution, providing economic benefits to farmers and other stakeholders.
Sustainability: Efficient supply chain management can contribute to sustainable agricultural practices by reducing waste and ensuring timely availability of inputs.
1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study
Scope
The study focuses on the fertilizer supply chain in Nigeria, examining the entire process from production to delivery to end-users. It includes an analysis of key components such as transportation, storage, logistics, and distribution channels. The study will use both qualitative and quantitative methods to gather data from various stakeholders, including farmers, distributors, and policymakers.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720
VARIETY REDUCTION AS A TOOL FOR EFFECTIVE MATERIALS CONTROL
(A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA BOTTLING COMPANY PLC)
Abstract
This research study is based on variety reduction as a tool for effective material control, a case study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc. To understand the research work better, efforts was made at the introductory stage to explain the general importance of variety reduction with special consideration being placed on company especially Nigeria Bottling Company Plc, Kaduna. Also the general problem was also emphasized on such non recognition of the role of variety reduction on storage of different articles that can serve the same purpose. Effort was also made to identify the purpose of the study such as the degree of importance attached to variety reduction, areas covered by variety reduction and its operational activities. It also focused on its significance to the organization, the academics, the populace and the researcher. Research question were also generated to determine the importance the organization placed on variety reduction and how variety reduction facilitate the organization operational efficiency. The survey research design is employed; also simple random sampling procedure was employed. The researcher used questionnaire and documentary sources. The likert four rating scale technique is used to analyze the data, findings made among which are, that the organization considered variety reduction to facilitate the organizational efficiency and that the variety reduction minimizes cost and avoid storing the same item that can serve the same purpose in making material available in the store. However, the researcher summarized and concluded the research study and made recommendations to the company, amongst which are formulation of variety reduction policy to align with the vision and mission of the organization, always employed a competent hand to handle variety reduction activities, to strive as much as possible to create a variety reduction unit to be controlled by a qualified store manager, purchasing and supply officer and engineer.
Table of Contents
Title i
Approval ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii
Chapter One: Introduction
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Chapter Three: Research Methodology
Chapter Four: Presentation and Analysis of Data
Chapter Five: Summary, Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation
Bibliography 50
Appendix
CHAPTER I: Introduction
Variety reduction can be applied to any production process. The technique certainly has more effect if applied in the right place and at the right time.
Apparently in many organization, it is clearly to see organization be it manufacturing holding different number of types, size or grade of a product that can perform the same function, this means duplication of items, the cost of materials is the last remaining cost that is truly variable, a reduction in the cost of material clearly offers on usual opportunity for profit improvement, therefore the need for purchasing to minimize waste and enhance maximum services within the organization has resulted in the use of variety reduction. Variety reduction can make a substantial savings in inventory by standardizing and rationalizing the range of materials, parts and component kept in store. Variety reduction can be achieved by using, so far as possible, standardized components and subassemblies to make end products that are dissimilar in appearance and performance so that variety of final products uses only a few basic components, variety reduction can also be applied when considering capital purchases, by ensuring compatibility with existing machinery, the range of spares carried to ensure against breakdowns can be substantially reduced also variety reduction can be undertaken periodically to examine arrange of stock items to determine
the intended use for each item of stock, how many stock item serve the same purpose, the extent to which items having the same purpose can be gives a standard description, what range of sizes is essential and lastly what items can be eliminated all these are done to ensure effective material control. Therefore, variety reduction can be defined as “the process of reducing the number of types, size or grades of a product that are purchase made or stocked (Hassan 2008 p. 445).
Among the objectives of all private sector is to maximize profit and reduce costs. These objectives can be achieved in material control aspect of the organization by imploring a strategy that will help or ensure that the number of types, sizes or grades of a product held in the organization are not duplicated when purchased, this will help in investing minimum cost on materials. But is quite unfortunate that these objectives are rarely achieved as a result of non recognition of the role of variety reduction in an organization as a tool for effective material control.
Variety reduction is the process used to describe standardization and simplification where different items that are capable of performing the same function are carried in large quantities, variety reduction is required but hardly did any organization take cognizance of this vital function as a tool for effective material control, as a result many organizations continue to hold materials, parts, items that are similar and capable of performing the same function this affect the material control unit of the organization efficiency be holding excess stock.
Variety reduction helps to reduce the number of varieties in the store, it also help to stipulate suitability of purpose, reduce the stock held and its associated cost another importance of variety reduction is to establish datum as a basis for development, but despite all these importance of variety reduction to an organization the researcher observed that most organization lost foresight of this important function that required a proactive approach for better control of materials held in an organization.
Also variety reduction assist the organization in avoiding buying different types of item that can serve the purpose, quicker and effective stock taking, reduce obsolete, overhead cost, it also facilitate easier inspection due to product uniformity and easier stock control and less storage space required, in view of all these benefits of variety reduction to an organization, the researcher observed that hardly can any organization show a unit or professionals bestowed with the responsibility of performing this vital function as a result many of these benefits are not derived by organizations.
The purpose of embarking on this research work by the researcher is to determine the effect of variety reduction on materials control.
Specifically, the research work is set out;
This study will bring to light the effect of variety reduction on materials control in Nigeria Bottling Company Plc Kaduna plant.
The study will also be of great benefit to potential investors, those in academics, other researcher in business management fields and the entire populace.
The significance of the research work to the organization is to provide them with relevant information on how important variety reduction is in facilitating organizational efficiency, productivity and materials control and also to change their orientation in terms of how best to manage, maintain and handle their material or inventory level and this will also be applicable to other industries that is into production activities.
The study will also be of immense benefit to the potential investors, in the sense that it will provide them with freehand information on how important variety reduction is in promoting material flow. In the academics, the research work can stand as a study material and reference book they can consult to broaden their knowledge on what it meant by variety reduction.
The research work will also serve as a reference book to the other researcher on this type of project topic. To the entire populace, come across this research work, the research work will provide them with the knowledge on how important variety reduction is to an organization and it will also add value to their knowledge.
The research work is embarked on by the researcher to broaden and ad value to his knowledge on variety reduction on materials control.
Lastly, the research work is also a requirement in fulfillment for the award of Higher National Diploma in Purchasing and Supply Department of Kaduna Polytechnic.
This research work is based on variety reduction as a tool for effective material control. A case study of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc Kaduna plant which is situated at Kaduna South industrial layout Kaduna, Kaduna State.
The researcher intends to examine the extent to which variety reduction techniques if applicable may lead to effective material controls in the organization.
The findings of this research work will primarily base on the data collected from the staff of the plant draw from the stores, design, production, suppliers and purchasing and supply personnel of Nigeria Bottling Company Plc Kaduna Plant.
This study will attempt to provide answers to the following research questions:
Material Control: Is a key activity which covers a wide range of different tasks from the moment the product is designed up to and including its final delivery.
Standardization: Is a process of reducing the number of varieties stocked to a controlled workable minimum.
Simplification: Is the elimination of all labour and materials that are absolutely essentials so that more effective production can be carried out.
Redundancy: Is the excess over the normal holding of stock.
Surplus Materials: Having more than what is required or necessary.
Variety Reduction: Is the process of reducing the number of types, size or grades of a product that are purchased, made or stocked.
Store: Is a place where goods are kept upon onward delivery.
Suppliers: Those that supply or makes material available to an organization when needed and when required.
Value: Is the cost from which the function of a product or service may be obtained or accomplished at a form or place with the require quality.
Value Engineering: This is simply the application of value technique to a ‘new’ product, process, components and system, commencing with the conceptual design or prototype stage of the product.
Value Analysis: Is a tool or technique for identifying unnecessary cost factors with a view to eliminating or reducing them.
Cost: What it takes to make or buy a certain material or product.
Organization: Is the process of dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, by creating and maintaining like-groups to achieve specific objectives.
Personnel: The human resources and labour relations function.
Purchasing: The buying of required equipments, materials and services.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420