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THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY IN PREVENTION OF HIV-AIDS AMONG YOUTHS IN THE SOCIETY.A CASE STUDY OF OSHIMILI SOUTH LGA OF DELTA STATE
ABSTRACT
The family remains the most fundamental social unit responsible for shaping the behaviour, values, and health practices of young people. This study examined the role of the family in the prevention of HIV/AIDS among youths in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. The study specifically explored how parental communication, supervision, emotional support, and value transmission influence youths’ awareness and adoption of preventive behaviours. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from sampled parents and youths using a structured questionnaire. Findings revealed that families play a significant role in shaping youths’ attitudes toward sexual health, with open parent–child communication emerging as the strongest predictor of HIV-preventive behaviour. Results also showed that parental monitoring, moral guidance, and supportive family environments significantly reduce risky behaviours such as unprotected sex and multiple sexual partnerships. Despite this, challenges such as cultural taboos around sexuality discussions, lack of adequate parental knowledge, and weak parental–youth interaction limit the family’s effectiveness in HIV prevention. The study concludes that strengthening family communication and empowering parents with accurate HIV/AIDS information are essential for reducing infection rates among youths in the area. It recommends community-based family health education programmes, improved parent–youth dialogue initiatives, and school–family partnerships aimed at enhancing preventive practices. The study contributes to the growing evidence that the family remains a crucial pillar in HIV/AIDS prevention among young people in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Certification
Dedication
Acknowledgements
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 General Objective
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Research Hypotheses
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Scope of the Study
1.8 Limitations of the Study
1.9 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework
2.1.1 Concept of HIV/AIDS
2.1.2 Concept of Family and Family Involvement
2.1.3 Youths and Risk Behaviours
2.1.4 Family Role in Health Education
2.1.5 Parental Monitoring, Guidance and Communication
2.1.6 Cultural and Societal Influences on Youth Behaviour
2.2 Theoretical Review
2.2.1 Health Belief Model
2.2.2 Social Learning Theory
2.2.3 Family Systems Theory
2.3 Empirical Review
2.3.1 Studies on Family Influence on Youth Sexual Behaviour
2.3.2 Studies on Prevention of HIV/AIDS Among Youths
2.3.3 Studies on Family-Based Interventions in Health Promotion
2.4 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Area of the Study (Oshimili South LGA)
3.3 Population of the Study
3.4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
3.5 Instrumentation (Questionnaire/Interview Guide)
3.6 Validity of the Instrument
3.7 Reliability of the Instrument
3.8 Method of Data Collection
3.9 Method of Data Analysis
3.10 Ethical Considerations
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Response Rate
4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Respondents
4.3 Analysis of Research Questions
4.4 Test of Hypotheses
4.5 Discussion of Findings
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
5.5 Suggestions for Further Research
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FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
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THE PUNCH AND SUN NEWSPAPER REPORTAGE ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN NIGERIA FROM JUNE 2004 – DECEMBER 2024
Abstract:
Human trafficking remains a pervasive and devastating issue in Nigeria, with widespread social, economic, and human rights implications. This study examines the role of media in shaping public awareness and discourse on human trafficking through a content analysis of reportage in two prominent Nigerian newspapers, The Punch and The Sun, from June 2004 to December 2024. The research explores the frequency, framing, and thematic focus of human trafficking coverage, assessing how these newspapers have contributed to raising awareness, influencing policy, and mobilizing action against the crime. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study analyzes news articles, editorials, and opinion pieces to identify trends, biases, and gaps in reporting. Findings reveal that while both newspapers have played a significant role in highlighting the issue, there are disparities in the depth, tone, and consistency of their coverage. The study also identifies challenges such as sensationalism, underreporting, and limited follow-up on trafficking cases. By evaluating the media’s role in combating human trafficking, this research provides insights into the potential of journalism as a tool for social change and offers recommendations for improving media coverage to better inform, educate, and mobilize the public and policymakers in the fight against human trafficking in Nigeria.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background and Context of Human Trafficking in Nigeria
Human trafficking is a global crisis that has plagued Nigeria for decades, with the country serving as a source, transit, and destination for trafficked persons (UNODC, 2020). Nigeria’s socio-economic challenges, including poverty, unemployment, and weak law enforcement, have exacerbated the problem, making it one of the leading African nations affected by human trafficking (IOM, 2019). Victims, predominantly women and children, are often trafficked for forced labor, sexual exploitation, and domestic servitude, both within and outside the country (Aronowitz, 2009). Despite efforts by the government and non-governmental organizations to combat this menace, human trafficking remains a significant human rights violation in Nigeria.
The media, as a powerful tool for social change, plays a critical role in shaping public perception and policy responses to human trafficking. Newspapers, in particular, have the capacity to raise awareness, influence public opinion, and hold stakeholders accountable (Cullen, 2018). In Nigeria, The Punch and The Sun are two of the most widely read newspapers, known for their extensive coverage of social issues. Their reportage on human trafficking over the years provides a valuable lens through which to examine the media’s role in addressing this crisis.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Human trafficking is a complex and multifaceted issue that requires sustained attention and action. While the Nigerian government and international organizations have implemented various measures to combat trafficking, the media’s role in amplifying these efforts remains underexplored. Existing studies have focused on the legal and socio-economic dimensions of human trafficking, but there is limited research on how Nigerian newspapers frame and report on the issue (Okeke, 2017). This study seeks to address this gap by analyzing the reportage of The Punch and The Sun on human trafficking from June 2004 to December 2024. Specifically, it examines the frequency, framing, and thematic focus of their coverage, as well as the implications for public awareness and policy responses.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are:
To analyze the frequency and consistency of human trafficking reportage in The Punch and The Sun from June 2004 to December 2024.
To examine the framing and thematic focus of human trafficking coverage in both newspapers.
To assess the role of The Punch and The Sun in raising public awareness and influencing policy responses to human trafficking.
To identify gaps and challenges in the media’s coverage of human trafficking and propose recommendations for improvement.
1.4 Research Questions
This study is guided by the following research questions:
How frequently did The Punch and The Sun report on human trafficking between June 2004 and December 2024?
What frames and themes dominate their coverage of human trafficking?
What role did The Punch and The Sun play in raising awareness and influencing policy responses to human trafficking?
What are the gaps and challenges in their reportage, and how can they be addressed?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the media’s role in addressing human trafficking, particularly in the Nigerian context. Second, it provides insights into how newspapers can be leveraged as tools for social change, highlighting best practices and areas for improvement. Third, the findings will be valuable for journalists, policymakers, and anti-trafficking organizations seeking to enhance public awareness and policy responses to human trafficking. Finally, the study underscores the importance of ethical and consistent media coverage in combating human rights violations.
1.6 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on the reportage of human trafficking in The Punch and The Sun from June 2004 to December 2024. It examines news articles, editorials, and opinion pieces, analyzing their content, framing, and impact. However, the study is limited by its reliance on secondary data, as it does not include interviews with journalists or trafficking victims. Additionally, the findings may not be generalizable to other media outlets or regions due to variations in editorial policies and reporting styles.
1.7 Structure of the Report
This report is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 provides the introduction, background, and objectives of the study. Chapter 2 reviews existing literature on human trafficking and media reportage. Chapter 3 outlines the research methodology, including data collection and analysis techniques. Chapter 4 presents the findings and discusses their implications. Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the study and offers recommendations for future research and practice.
This chapter establishes the context, objectives, and significance of the study, while also outlining its structure and scope. It highlights the critical role of the media in addressing human trafficking and sets the stage for an in-depth analysis of The Punch and The Sun’s reportage.
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Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
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A STUDY OF IMPACT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN OWO LGA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Domestic violence is a pervasive social issue that affects individuals and families across the globe, with significant implications for the well-being and development of children. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2021), domestic violence includes physical, emotional, and psychological abuse, often perpetrated by intimate partners or family members. In Nigeria, domestic violence is a widespread problem, with studies indicating that approximately 30% of women and 20% of men have experienced some form of domestic abuse (National Population Commission [NPC], 2019).
The impact of domestic violence extends beyond the immediate victims, often affecting children who witness or experience such violence. Research has shown that children exposed to domestic violence are at risk of developing emotional, behavioral, and academic difficulties (Holt, Buckley, & Whelan, 2008). In the context of education, domestic violence can lead to poor academic performance, absenteeism, and dropout rates among secondary school students (Gracia & Herrero, 2006).
In Owo Local Government Area (LGA) of Ondo State, Nigeria, domestic violence remains a significant concern, with reports of increasing cases of abuse within households (Ondo State Ministry of Women Affairs, 2022). Despite this, there is limited research on how domestic violence affects the academic performance of secondary school students in the area. This study seeks to address this gap by examining the impact of domestic violence on the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Domestic violence is a critical issue that undermines the educational development of children, particularly in secondary schools. In Owo LGA, anecdotal evidence suggests that many students are exposed to domestic violence, which may negatively affect their academic performance. However, there is a lack of empirical data on the extent of this problem and its specific impact on students’ academic outcomes.
The absence of such data hampers the development of targeted interventions to support affected students. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the impact of domestic violence on the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA, with the aim of providing evidence-based recommendations for addressing this issue.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study aims to achieve the following objectives:
To examine the prevalence of domestic violence among secondary school students in Owo LGA.
To assess the impact of domestic violence on the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA.
To identify the types of domestic violence most commonly experienced by students and their effects on academic outcomes.
To propose strategies for mitigating the impact of domestic violence on students’ academic performance.
1.4 Research Questions
The study is guided by the following research questions:
What is the prevalence of domestic violence among secondary school students in Owo LGA?
How does domestic violence impact the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA?
What types of domestic violence are most commonly experienced by students, and how do they affect academic outcomes?
What strategies can be implemented to mitigate the impact of domestic violence on students’ academic performance?
1.5 Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were formulated to guide the study:
There is no significant relationship between domestic violence and the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA.
There is no significant difference in the academic performance of students exposed to domestic violence and those not exposed.
The type of domestic violence experienced by students does not significantly affect their academic performance.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it provides empirical data on the prevalence and impact of domestic violence on the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA. This information can inform policymakers, educators, and social workers in developing targeted interventions to support affected students.
Second, the study raises awareness about the issue of domestic violence and its consequences for children’s education. By highlighting the link between domestic violence and academic performance, the study advocates for the protection of children’s rights and the promotion of safe and supportive learning environments.
Finally, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on domestic violence and its impact on education, particularly in the Nigerian context. It provides a foundation for further research on this important topic.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the impact of domestic violence on the academic performance of secondary school students in Owo LGA, Ondo State. It examines the prevalence of domestic violence, its effects on students’ academic outcomes, and the types of violence most commonly experienced. The study is limited to public secondary schools in Owo LGA and covers the 2022/2023 academic session.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Domestic Violence: Physical, emotional, or psychological abuse perpetrated by intimate partners or family members.
Academic Performance: The measurable outcomes of students’ learning, as reflected in their test scores, grades, and examination results.
Secondary School Students: Students enrolled in junior and senior secondary schools, typically aged 10-18 years.
Owo LGA: Owo Local Government Area in Ondo State, Nigeria.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
CAUSES AND EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTHS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The oxford advanced Dictionary (7th edition) describe the term alcoholism as “the medical condition caused by drinking too much alcohol regularly”. While, the encyclopedia Encarta (2006) describes the term alcoholism as “the consumption of either spirits wine, bee and malt to such an extent that it affects the social or work related functioning of an individual”.
Alcoholism has become a common practice especially among youths it in Chukun Local Government Area. Most of the youths find it necessary to use alcohol in order to feel comfortable or if their lives are lacking meaning they resort to taking alcohol as a reliever to them.
An addicted person could be psychologically dependent on alcohol; this means that the person thought he or she must take alcohol at all time His body may actually need it or not need it at all. But the point is that, he goes on craving for it because he thinks he need it. This craving can be so strong that he find it difficult to give up to alcohol.
An addicted person could also be physically dependent on alcohol. This means that the person’s body actually needs the alcohol different from the feelings in the addicted person’s mind that needs the alcohol.
There is a general observation that the youths in Chikun Local Government Area, have a serious problem of Alcoholism and which affect the psychologically, physically and also educationally. Alcohol addition is a process of habitual cause of alcohol by an individual when a person becomes an addict, it means he/she cannot do without taking it.
Most of the youths have become psychologically and socially dependent on alcohol. This tend to manifest in everything they do each day where by most of them find it had to work without taking alcohol even some of them that are into sports, cannot step into pitch or count without taking some alcohol.
In view of this, I want to focus my attention on the following questions in which are the research question?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General objectives of this study is:
A Study on the cause and effect of alcoholism among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State is because of its advise effect on the society and the state in general. Alcoholism has become one of the problem facing our society most especially among youths. Therefore the study is carried out to highlight some of the problem associated with alcohol addiction and how this problems influences their performance, economically, psychologically and socially.
Another important aspect of this study is that it helps to tackle one of the greatest social problem happening the development or progress of our society in addition, it need urgent attention since the future of every society lies greatly on its youths who are economically productive. Therefore this study will draw attention to the problems of reliance on alcohol by youth in Chikun Local Government Area and how it can be negative force to the society.
This study will also be of benefit as a reference material to other researchers.
Finally, this study will also help in enlightening those who are involved in alcohol taking on the habit. This will also help in the contribution to the social discipline and source of information from where polices shall be drawn to tackle problems and issues on alcoholism not only in Chikun Local Government Area, but to the state at large.
1.5 LIMITATION/SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The subject of Alcoholism among the youth cannot be comprehensively covered within the limited time of this study. This is because alcoholism among youth extends beyond geographical boundary that means it is multi-national.
For this reason this research project is limited to the Causes And Effect Of Alcoholism Among Youths in Chikun Local government Area of kaduna State.
Communication with some of those interview was not easy because most of them did not want to tell the researcher their problems or why they are involved in alcohol.
Another limitation includes time factor and finance. In addition, there are transportation problems with the current high cost of transportation. As a student, the finance to carryout a project of this nature is not easy, unless with the help of God all mighty and also assistance by my family members.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How can social change be created among the youth of Chikun Local Government Area on the consumption of alcohol leads to alcoholism?
2. What are the effects of alcoholism on youths?
3. What are the general percentage of youths that are addicted to this alcoholism?
4. What are the possible solutions for reducing the intake of alcohol?
1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
“Kaduna” is derived from a house word” (crocodiles). This is the name given to a vast fertile land that is found in the heart of middle belt of northern Nigeria. The river Kaduna from which the state derived its name’ is know to be a heaven for crocodiles.
Kaduna was formally the capital territory of the northern Nigeria in 1956. In 1966, Chikun Local Government Area was created by the federal government. In 1976, the federal government created more local government and marked the beginning of election of the chairman in the Kaduna local government area as a result of the reform during the reign of Murtala Ramat Mohammad in 1976.
Kaduna state had fourteen (14) Local Government Areas and today there are twenty three (23) Local Government area, name Musa Makama Chikun Local Government Area comprises of six (6) districts namely U/Yelwa, Sabo, U/Baro, Mahutar, Maraban-Rido and Kujama districts.
The Christians and Islamic and their traditional leaders in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna state have lent their support to current news technologies and development of Chikun. The major activities of the people in the Area bare business, farming and government workers, they are mostly culturally, the have similar culture practice include marriage rate festival and there is similarity in-term of their way they speak and interaction with one another. The have respect for the elders as an accepted tradition in Chikun Local Government Area. Both the Christians, Muslims their elders men Big grown and turbans while the young ones wear Kaftan, for the ladies, they mostly tie wrappers and head-ties lastly, business is one of their main occupation as well as farming e.g. groundnuts, maize, millets and potatoes.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
– Youth: is a person of moderate and productive age of year ranging from 16 years to 35 years according to united Nation and Nigeria definition of youth.
– Alcoholism: Is a complex services of condition that involves physiological and sociological factor.
– Alcohol: Is a colourless liquid, contained in drink such as lever, wine and spirit that can make people drunk.
– Alcoholics: Are those excessive drinkers whose dependence on alcohol has attained such a degree that show a noticeable mental disturbance or a person who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot easily stop drinking because it has became an illness to him/her.
– Delinquent: Minor crime especially committed by a youth person.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
CAUSES AND EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTHS
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The oxford advanced Dictionary (7th edition) describe the term alcoholism as “the medical condition caused by drinking too much alcohol regularly”. While, the encyclopedia Encarta (2006) describes the term alcoholism as “the consumption of either spirits wine, bee and malt to such an extent that it affects the social or work related functioning of an individual”.
Alcoholism has become a common practice especially among youths it in Chukun Local Government Area. Most of the youths find it necessary to use alcohol in order to feel comfortable or if their lives are lacking meaning they resort to taking alcohol as a reliever to them.
An addicted person could be psychologically dependent on alcohol; this means that the person thought he or she must take alcohol at all time His body may actually need it or not need it at all. But the point is that, he goes on craving for it because he thinks he need it. This craving can be so strong that he find it difficult to give up to alcohol.
An addicted person could also be physically dependent on alcohol. This means that the person’s body actually needs the alcohol different from the feelings in the addicted person’s mind that needs the alcohol.
There is a general observation that the youths in Chikun Local Government Area, have a serious problem of Alcoholism and which affect the psychologically, physically and also educationally. Alcohol addition is a process of habitual cause of alcohol by an individual when a person becomes an addict, it means he/she cannot do without taking it.
Most of the youths have become psychologically and socially dependent on alcohol. This tend to manifest in everything they do each day where by most of them find it had to work without taking alcohol even some of them that are into sports, cannot step into pitch or count without taking some alcohol.
In view of this, I want to focus my attention on the following questions in which are the research question?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General objectives of this study is:
A Study on the cause and effect of alcoholism among youths in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State is because of its advise effect on the society and the state in general. Alcoholism has become one of the problem facing our society most especially among youths. Therefore the study is carried out to highlight some of the problem associated with alcohol addiction and how this problems influences their performance, economically, psychologically and socially.
Another important aspect of this study is that it helps to tackle one of the greatest social problem happening the development or progress of our society in addition, it need urgent attention since the future of every society lies greatly on its youths who are economically productive. Therefore this study will draw attention to the problems of reliance on alcohol by youth in Chikun Local Government Area and how it can be negative force to the society.
This study will also be of benefit as a reference material to other researchers.
Finally, this study will also help in enlightening those who are involved in alcohol taking on the habit. This will also help in the contribution to the social discipline and source of information from where polices shall be drawn to tackle problems and issues on alcoholism not only in Chikun Local Government Area, but to the state at large.
1.5 LIMITATION/SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The subject of Alcoholism among the youth cannot be comprehensively covered within the limited time of this study. This is because alcoholism among youth extends beyond geographical boundary that means it is multi-national.
For this reason this research project is limited to the Causes And Effect Of Alcoholism Among Youths in Chikun Local government Area of kaduna State.
Communication with some of those interview was not easy because most of them did not want to tell the researcher their problems or why they are involved in alcohol.
Another limitation includes time factor and finance. In addition, there are transportation problems with the current high cost of transportation. As a student, the finance to carryout a project of this nature is not easy, unless with the help of God all mighty and also assistance by my family members.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTION
1. How can social change be created among the youth of Chikun Local Government Area on the consumption of alcohol leads to alcoholism?
2. What are the effects of alcoholism on youths?
3. What are the general percentage of youths that are addicted to this alcoholism?
4. What are the possible solutions for reducing the intake of alcohol?
1.7 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA
“Kaduna” is derived from a house word” (crocodiles). This is the name given to a vast fertile land that is found in the heart of middle belt of northern Nigeria. The river Kaduna from which the state derived its name’ is know to be a heaven for crocodiles.
Kaduna was formally the capital territory of the northern Nigeria in 1956. In 1966, Chikun Local Government Area was created by the federal government. In 1976, the federal government created more local government and marked the beginning of election of the chairman in the Kaduna local government area as a result of the reform during the reign of Murtala Ramat Mohammad in 1976.
Kaduna state had fourteen (14) Local Government Areas and today there are twenty three (23) Local Government area, name Musa Makama Chikun Local Government Area comprises of six (6) districts namely U/Yelwa, Sabo, U/Baro, Mahutar, Maraban-Rido and Kujama districts.
The Christians and Islamic and their traditional leaders in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna state have lent their support to current news technologies and development of Chikun. The major activities of the people in the Area bare business, farming and government workers, they are mostly culturally, the have similar culture practice include marriage rate festival and there is similarity in-term of their way they speak and interaction with one another. The have respect for the elders as an accepted tradition in Chikun Local Government Area. Both the Christians, Muslims their elders men Big grown and turbans while the young ones wear Kaftan, for the ladies, they mostly tie wrappers and head-ties lastly, business is one of their main occupation as well as farming e.g. groundnuts, maize, millets and potatoes.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
– Youth: is a person of moderate and productive age of year ranging from 16 years to 35 years according to united Nation and Nigeria definition of youth.
– Alcoholism: Is a complex services of condition that involves physiological and sociological factor.
– Alcohol: Is a colourless liquid, contained in drink such as lever, wine and spirit that can make people drunk.
– Alcoholics: Are those excessive drinkers whose dependence on alcohol has attained such a degree that show a noticeable mental disturbance or a person who regularly drinks too much alcohol and cannot easily stop drinking because it has became an illness to him/her.
– Delinquent: Minor crime especially committed by a youth person.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
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EFFORTS OF WOMEN EDUCATION ON PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS IN JOS SOUTH LGA OF PLATEAU STATE
Abstract
This study investigates the Efforts of Women Education on Participation of Women in Community Development Programs in Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State. The research explores how access to education empowers women and enhances their active involvement in developmental initiatives within their communities. The objectives of the study include assessing the level of women’s education, identifying the extent of their participation in community development programs, and examining the challenges that hinder their involvement.
A descriptive survey research design was adopted, and data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to women in the area. A sample size was determined using simple random sampling, ensuring representation of various educational backgrounds and age groups. Both quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as frequency counts, percentages, and charts.
The findings reveal that women with higher levels of education exhibit greater participation in community development programs, such as health initiatives, skills acquisition projects, and infrastructure development. However, factors such as cultural beliefs, limited access to education, and financial constraints were identified as barriers to active participation.
The study concludes that women’s education plays a critical role in fostering their involvement in community development, leading to sustainable growth and improved living standards. Recommendations include increased government investment in female education, awareness campaigns on the importance of women’s participation, and the removal of cultural and economic barriers limiting women’s engagement in development programs.
Keywords: Women Education, Community Development, Participation, Empowerment, Jos South LGA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Education is a key driver of individual and societal development. Over the years, women’s education has been recognized as a fundamental tool for empowerment and societal transformation. Education equips women with the necessary skills, knowledge, and confidence to participate actively in decision-making processes and developmental activities. In Nigeria, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas such as Jos South Local Government Area (LGA) of Plateau State, women’s education remains a significant determinant of their participation in community development programs.
Community development programs aim to improve living standards, infrastructure, and access to resources within communities. Such programs include health initiatives, economic empowerment schemes, education projects, agricultural development, and social welfare programs. However, the level of women’s participation in these programs often depends on their educational background. Educated women are more likely to understand the importance of these initiatives, contribute ideas, and actively engage in leadership roles.
Despite global and national efforts to improve female education through policies such as the National Policy on Education and Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), women in Jos South LGA still face challenges that hinder their educational opportunities. Consequently, their limited education negatively impacts their ability to fully contribute to community development programs. This study examines the relationship between women’s education and their participation in developmental activities, exploring both the efforts made to educate women and the barriers they face in engaging in meaningful community development.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Women’s participation in community development programs is essential for achieving sustainable growth and societal progress. However, in many parts of Nigeria, including Jos South LGA, women’s involvement in such initiatives remains low. A critical factor contributing to this problem is the limited access to quality education among women in the area.
Despite government interventions and the efforts of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to promote women’s education, many women still face challenges such as cultural norms, poverty, and early marriages that limit their educational attainment. As a result, women’s potential to actively contribute to community development remains underutilized.
This study seeks to address the following concerns:
To what extent does women’s education influence their participation in community development programs?
What are the barriers that limit women’s education and their subsequent engagement in community initiatives?
What strategies can be employed to enhance women’s education and increase their participation in developmental programs?
1.3 Research Objectives
The main objective of this study is to examine the efforts of women’s education on their participation in community development programs in Jos South LGA of Plateau State. The specific objectives are:
To assess the level of women’s education in Jos South LGA.
To examine the extent of women’s participation in community development programs.
To analyze the relationship between women’s education and their participation in community development initiatives.
To identify the challenges hindering women’s education and participation in community development programs.
To suggest strategies for enhancing women’s education and increasing their involvement in developmental activities.
1.4 Research Questions
The study seeks to answer the following research questions:
What is the current level of women’s education in Jos South LGA?
To what extent are women participating in community development programs?
How does women’s education influence their participation in community development programs?
What are the challenges preventing women from acquiring education and participating in developmental activities?
What strategies can be implemented to improve women’s education and increase their involvement in community development?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following hypotheses will guide this study:
H₀1: There is no significant relationship between women’s education and their participation in community development programs.
H₁1: There is a significant relationship between women’s education and their participation in community development programs.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant in several ways:
Policy Makers: Findings will assist policymakers in formulating strategies to improve women’s education and encourage their active participation in development programs.
Community Leaders: The study will raise awareness among community leaders on the importance of supporting women’s education as a means of driving development.
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs can use the findings to design programs that focus on educating women and enhancing their role in community development.
Women in the Community: The research will empower women by highlighting the benefits of education and its impact on their ability to participate in developmental initiatives.
Academia: The study will add to the body of knowledge on women’s education and community development, serving as a reference for future researchers.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the impact of women’s education on their participation in community development programs in Jos South Local Government Area of Plateau State. It examines women’s educational levels, their involvement in developmental activities, and the challenges they face. The study is limited to selected communities within the LGA, with respondents drawn from women’s groups, community leaders, and development program facilitators.
1.8 Limitations of the Study
The study may encounter certain limitations, including:
Limited access to data due to cultural barriers that may prevent women from freely sharing their experiences.
Time constraints and financial limitations that may affect the depth of data collection.
Possible reluctance of some respondents to participate due to low literacy levels or mistrust.
1.9 Definition of Terms
For clarity, the following terms are defined as used in this study:
Women’s Education: Formal and informal learning processes that provide women with knowledge, skills, and confidence.
Community Development Programs: Planned activities aimed at improving the social, economic, and physical conditions of a community.
Participation: The active involvement of individuals or groups in decision-making processes and developmental initiatives.
Empowerment: The process of enabling individuals, particularly women, to gain control over their lives and participate actively in societal activities.
Jos South LGA: A local government area in Plateau State, Nigeria, where this study is conducted.
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ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA. A STUDY OF IKORODU LGA LAGOS STATE
Abstract
The role of local government in rural development is critical to the socio-economic progress of communities in Nigeria. This study examines the contribution of local government to rural development, with a specific focus on Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA) in Lagos State. Rural development encompasses a wide range of activities aimed at improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas.
The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining both qualitative and quantitative research methods. Data were collected through structured questionnaires, interviews with key stakeholders, and a review of relevant documents and reports. The research aims to identify the extent to which the Ikorodu LGA has been successful in implementing rural development projects and the challenges it faces in fulfilling this mandate.
Findings indicate that the Ikorodu LGA has made significant contributions to rural development through initiatives such as infrastructure development, healthcare services, educational improvements, and agricultural support programs. However, the study also reveals several challenges, including inadequate funding, bureaucratic bottlenecks, lack of skilled personnel, and limited community participation in decision-making processes.
The study concludes that while Ikorodu LGA has achieved some success in promoting rural development, there is a need for improved funding mechanisms, capacity building for local government officials, and enhanced community engagement to ensure sustainable development. The recommendations provided aim to guide policymakers and stakeholders in addressing the identified challenges and optimizing the role of local governments in rural development across Nigeria.
This research contributes to the broader understanding of local governance and rural development in Nigeria, highlighting the importance of strengthening local government capacities to achieve meaningful and lasting improvements in rural communities.
Chapter One:
Introduction
1.1 Background
Local government plays a pivotal role in the development of rural areas, serving as a critical intermediary between the central government and grassroots communities. In Nigeria, where a significant portion of the population resides in rural areas, the effectiveness of local government in driving rural development is of paramount importance. This chapter introduces the role of local government in rural development, focusing on Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA) in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Rural development stands as a cornerstone for achieving equitable and sustainable progress in Nigeria. With a significant portion of the population residing in rural areas, the effectiveness of local governance structures in driving development initiatives becomes paramount. Local government institutions, as the closest administrative units to rural communities, bear the responsibility of catalyzing development efforts and addressing the unique challenges faced by rural dwellers. This study seeks to explore the role of local government in rural development within the context of Ikorodu Local Government Area (LGA) in Lagos State, Nigeria.
Nigeria, as a diverse and populous nation, grapples with the intricate task of balancing development disparities between urban and rural areas. While urban centers often benefit from infrastructure, services, and economic opportunities, rural communities encounter barriers to development, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to essential services such as healthcare and education, and challenges in livelihood sustainability. Understanding the dynamics of rural development within the Nigerian context requires a nuanced examination of the roles, responsibilities, and capacities of local government structures, particularly in LGAs like Ikorodu.
The significance of this study lies in its potential to contribute to informed policy decisions and interventions aimed at promoting rural development in Nigeria. By focusing on Ikorodu LGA in Lagos State, the study aims to provide insights into the efficacy of local governance mechanisms in addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by rural communities. Additionally, the study seeks to highlight best practices, identify areas for improvement, and offer recommendations to enhance the role of local government in fostering sustainable rural development.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Nigeria, despite being a resource-rich country, faces numerous challenges in rural development, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to basic services, and high levels of poverty. Rural areas often lag behind urban centers in terms of socio-economic development, exacerbating inequalities and hindering national progress.
1.3 Significance of the Study
Understanding the role of local government in rural development is crucial for addressing these challenges and promoting inclusive growth. By examining the case of Ikorodu LGA in Lagos State, this study aims to shed light on the strategies, policies, and practices employed by local authorities to foster rural development in Nigeria.
1.4 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are as follows:
To analyze the historical and institutional context of local government in Nigeria and its mandate for rural development.
To assess the socio-economic status of rural communities in Ikorodu LGA and identify key development challenges.
To examine the role and effectiveness of local government institutions in addressing these challenges and promoting rural development.
To provide recommendations for enhancing the capacity and impact of local government in driving sustainable rural development in Nigeria.
1.5 Scope and Structure of the Study
This study focuses specifically on the role of local government in rural development within the context of Ikorodu LGA in Lagos State, Nigeria. It adopts a multi-disciplinary approach, incorporating insights from political science, public administration, development studies, and urban planning. The study comprises five chapters organized as follows:
Chapter One: Introduction: Provides an overview of the study, its significance, objectives, and scope.
Chapter Two: Theoretical Framework: Reviews relevant literature and theoretical perspectives on the role of local government in rural development.
Chapter Three: Methodology: Describes the research methodology, including data collection methods, sampling techniques, and analytical approaches.
Chapter Four: Analysis of Findings: Presents the findings of the study, including an assessment of the socio-economic status of rural communities in Ikorodu LGA and an evaluation of local government interventions.
Chapter Five: Conclusion and Recommendations: Summarizes the key findings, draws conclusions, and provides recommendations for policy and practice.
1.6 Conclusion
This chapter has provided an introduction to the study on the role of local government in rural development in Nigeria, with a focus on Ikorodu LGA in Lagos State. The subsequent chapters will delve deeper into theoretical frameworks, research methodologies, empirical findings, and policy recommendations aimed at enhancing rural development outcomes in the study area and beyond.
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INVESTIGATION INTO THE CAUSE OF LOW ACCEPTANCE OF FARMING AS AN OCCUPATION BY YOUTH
ABSTRACT
This work gives an investigation into the cause of low acceptance of farming as an occupation by youth. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among youth from selected states in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that lack of orientation, and lack of entrepreneurial drive have a strong and significant impact on the acceptance of farming as an occupation by youth.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The expediency for the creation of local government anywhere in the world stems from the need to facilitate development at the grassroots. The importance of local government is a function of its ability to generate sense of belongingness, safety and satisfaction among its populace. All forms of government, regimes or political systems have so far ensured the attainment of this goal. Such strategy for ensuring national administrative development and political efficacy is found in the concept and practice of local government. Whatever is the mode of government, local government has been essentially regarded as the path to, and guarantor of, national integration, administration and development.
In Nigeria’s socio-political context, with multiplicity of culture, diversity of languages and differentiated needs and means, the importance of such an organization in fostering the needed national consciousness, unity and relative uniformity as well as preservation of peculiar diversities cannot be over-emphasized. Central to the creation of local government, however, is its ability to facilitate an avenue through which government and the people intermix, relate and more quickly than any other means resolve or dissolve issues that may have heated the system. Local government has been perceived as a panacea for the diverse problems of the diverse people with diverse culture.
As important as this tier of government has been, there seems to be some impediments that have been infringing on its performance and functions in recent times. These impediments range from political but undue interference of the higher
levels of government i.e. federal and state governments, bribery and corruption to embezzlement and gross inadequacy of well-trained and qualified personnel to mention a few.
According to Nnoli (1981:36) and Rodney (1972:11), all people have shown a capacity for independently increasing their ability to live more satisfactory life than before. This is then a progressive process that has no end.
A local government is semi-autonomous territorial unit created by the constitution or general laws of a state to undertake certain functions within specified or limited geographical area. According to Agbakoba (2004:3), a local government is a political and administrative unit that is empowered by law to administer a specified locality. It involves philosophical commitment to the idea of community participation in government at grassroots level.
There is general assumption among scholars and practitioners, that local government are not only established as representative organ but also as a channel through which goods and services are delivered to the people within the framework of laws establishing them.
In fact, democracy itself originated and developed along the line of local government initiatives. This is why the executive, legislative and judicial arms of these governments are elected or appointed as the case may be. In Nigeria, local government is created to bring government closer to the people. The definition of local government by the Nigerian Federal Government leaves one with no iota of doubt that it is largely both theoretically sound and service oriented to the people. It talks of representative councils with substantial control over local affairs, for the provision of services and implementation of projects in their areas, to complement the activities of both the State and Federal governments. The definition also amply
recognizes the need for local government autonomy as the substantial control of local governments is aimed at staff, institutional and financial matters, among others (Nigeria, 1976). In addition to the above, the Nigerian Federal Government is one of the few governments in the world perhaps in addition to Brazil (Erero, 1998) that have elevated LGs to a third tier of government. By so doing, the State governments do not exercise absolute controls over local governments.
Therefore, the work seeks to contribute in illuminating the actual status of Warri North local government as regard community or rural development which it purports to be raison d’etre of its existence. The empirical analysis will show whether creation of local government is really for the sake of ensuring grassroots development or mere political compensation for the government loyalists. It is in this light that we chose to study the topic.
Specifically, the paper carefully, critically and objectively examines operational definitions, local government, and development and opinion of the people expressed through the print media about the impact of the Warri North local government council in their areas. And of course, germane recommendations which emanate from the study are provided for the improvement of local government in the development of the localities/communities.
1.2 Statement of Problem
The need to catalyze balanced development, maximize citizens’ participation, and arouse government response necessitates the creation of the local government. The local government serves as a form of political and administrative structure facilitating decentralization, national integration, efficiency in governance, and a sense of belonging at the grassroots. The local government is a unit of administration all over the world (Agagu, 2004).
Local government has been the root of development in terms of dealings with the people which democracy is centred upon. Hence, local government is visibly seen as co-agent of rural development and as partners in progress with both states and federal governments in rural developments.
To this end, this study sets out to investigate the impact of local government on rural/grass root development with emphasis on Warri North Local Government of Delta State. Knowing the roles the government needs to play in development of any society and the obvious inability of the national and state governments in the task of rural areas, Local government has been created essentially to compliment the efforts of the states and national government in the task of rural development. Nevertheless, abject poverty and underdevelopment remains a common feature in these rural communities.
Thus, in pursuance of the central problem in this research a number of questions have been raised (posed) for this research purpose. They are:
i) Has Warri North local government Area contributed substantially to rural development?
ii) Does Inadequacy of Skilled Workers (like qualified engineers of all types, medical doctors etc) affect the ability Warri North local government council in carrying out rural development programme?
iii) Does inadequate financing of the local government by the state and federal government affect the ability of Warri North local government council to contribute to rural development?
1.3 Objectives of Study
The broad objective of this study is to assess the performance of Warri North local government council in the area of rural development.
The specific objectives of the study are as follows.
1. To ascertain whether Warri North local government has contributed substantially to rural development.
2. To find out if inadequacy of skilled workers (like qualified engineers all types, medical doctors, etc) affect the ability of Warri North local government council in carrying out rural development programme.
3. To verify whether inadequate financing by both state and federal governments hinders the council in carrying out developmental programmes.
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study has both theoretical and practical significance. Theoretically, the study provides a theoretical framework for the understanding of the role of local government in rural development in Nigeria. Therefore considering the pivotal role of local government in development in general, such information will be of immense help for policy formulation on the development of grassroots. The result of the study will equally be of help to other researchers who may want to research on such topic or related topics on development in the academia in the future.
On the practical significance, the study will draw attention of, and enlighten both the stakeholders and those who implement policies on rural development in Nigeria who may not really understand the central role of rural development on the crucial and inescapable role of local government system. As a result, the rural dwellers will endeavour to participate full in grassroots democratization and development, while those who implement policy on development in Nigeria will become dedicated to policy formulation, recommendations and implementation.
1.6 Operational Definition of Concept
Grassroots/Rural development: The term grassroots development as used in this study refers to the act or process of developing and empowering the well-being of the vast majority of the rural dwellers through the provision of basic social and economic infrastructures. Hence, it is a development from below. According to Todaro (1985) grassroots development is an advancement that makes life more meaningful in all its entirety. Whether political, economic, socio-cultural and infrastructural.
Rural Dwellers
Rural dwellers are the people living in the remote areas of a country and lack basic infrastructure like good road network, pipe borne water, electricity, good health facility etc. The term refers to the ordinary people who are far from political decision making process at the centre. These groups includes small scale farmers, tenants, etc who seek livelihood in the rural areas.
Democracy/local government
The term democracy “literally signifies” the rule of the people: the term democracy as it is used in the study synchronizes with Abraham Lincoln’s definition of democracy. Gauba (1981:421) quoting Lincoln and it reads: Democracy is the government of the people by the people and for the people. It implies that ultimate authority of government is vested in the common people so that the public policy is made to conform to the will of the people and to serve the interests of the people.
From the foregoing, one can rightly say that democracy is all about “peoples” participation in government–and local government. Therefore, Democracy and local government are inseparable and are synonymous.
1.7 Literature Review
1.7.1 Local Government and Rural Development
Communal effort has not been a recent phenomenon. It dates back to the time of primitive communalism when people searched for their living communally. In the early state of man, he always sought ways of conquering nature. Bryne (1983:55) argues that the concept of community development is not new, that rather it is an old ideology. The reality in Bentham’s assertion that community development is a man in the society can be sustained by the fact that communities throughout history constructed and maintained their roads, bridges, square, sunk their well for good drinking water supply, and constructed their markets, village churches and village halls by community efforts.
Lawal, (2008:56) community development is not new in Nigeria, that what is actually new nowadays in community development are techniques and methods through which new pattern of leadership emerges from the rank and file.
Dare, (1989:38) in his own contribution argues that though local government is a veritable vehicle for community development, most local government have not made appreciate impact in this direction. He attributes the problem to the myriad of functions allocated to local government without commensurate financial backing.
Ogunna (1980:44) attributed the low performance of local government to the following factors; inadequate revenue, low executive capacity, poor and inadequate working materials, incompetence and ineptitude of existing staff and excessive control by the state government which result in delays and red-tapism. The solution, he suggested, lies in the review of the local government system particularly in areas of financial relationship with the state government and personnel. This control of local
government was made clear in the implementation, guideline on the application of the civil service. Reform in the local government service.
Okunade, (1988:).expressing his own idea, state that the spread of counties has provided the awareness among rural dwellers, and has provided the existence for a concept of the process of community development and of project which have been set in motion since the United National Organization development its concepts since thirty years ago. Community development draw greater inspiration from the desire for a change and in the ability of man to learn and charge through the voluntary method, (that is, free from coercion) and through the participation of individuals and groups in the development process for the achievement of some definite goals.
According to Sehinde, (2008:9) community development is:
A process of education by which people of all ages and interest in the community, learn to share their thoughts, their ideas, the participation, their joys and their sorrows and in a large measures to mould and shape the communal destiny for themselves. It is a process of self discovery by the while the people of a community learn to identify and solve their community problems.
A firm grasp at their beliefs and value system will throw light on what the community accepts as good and bad, as right or wrong. In turn, changes achieved by community effort can influence the beliefs and value system of a community. It is necessary to stimulate the self-help spirit of the people by mobilizing them for communal efforts, which should be sustained with the assistance of the government. Blue Print for rural development, argues that for effective implementation of strategies for community development the town and community unions, age grades, etc should be linked with government. This idea he said is to involve the community people fully through their union, age grades and other similar policies that are designed to improve their economic, social, political and cultural development. He stated that this would enable them to make positive contributions to both rural and national development. The community union and age grade in every community have usually served as point of articulation and fully aware of the needs of the people. However, if they are fully integrated into the planning stage of development project, a lot will be achieved.
Writing on rural development in Nigeria, Mabogunje, (1992:191) in his book “leading issues in Nigerian Rural Development” accused successive Nigerian government at being previous regimes, rather than developing the rural areas. He content that this is the general pattern all over the third world countries. Mabogunje, remarked that many strategies such as “authoritarian hand out” from the administration which prescribed the facilities suitable for the rural areas and two, the so-called development from below have been tried in the past, in the attempt to solve rural poverty in Nigeria. These strategies have however not proved successful; he looks at rural development problem such as lack of co-ordinated community development programmes, manpower problems of infrastructure, problem of relevant rural education. He suggest solutions to these problems, which include clear understanding of the concept community development, an integrated development programmes, provision of infrastructure, relevance at rural education to the peculiar need and aspiration of the rural areas.
Local government and rural development in Nigeria, Olowo, et al., and (1991) describes government approach to rural development as a more sham. According to him, government has succeeded in imposing development programme on the rural masses, such programme he argues, only benefited a few rich and powerful urban elite. He calls for a model of rural development, which involves the genuine participation of the rural people. Such he continues will be relatively independent of centralized urban-oriented bureaucratic machines.
Nwaka, (1999:33-36) on his part argued that government imposition of rural development programme on the communities have been Cog in the wheal of rural development. As he put it, government have often set community development; priorities without the participation of the target or relevant communities. He suggests
that since government, communities are the engines of growth; government should play down its excessive control in betting out development goals and priorities for local communities.
Nnoli, (1980) sees self-help, as a strategy for rural development as a form of exploitation because, according to him, for the rural people it is viewed as the task resort to their survival due to government neglect. According to him, the community development process arises from the crying need of the rural population for social welfare services, unwillingness of the rural class to provide these amenities, the exploitation of the ruling class of the competition among communities for those social artefacts which are deemed to reflect social progress, and the exploitation by the ruling class at the tendency by Nigerians to invest more time, energy and resources and those tasks approved by their communities than those sanctioned by the national collectively via-the-state.
Okoli, (2000) in his book contends that the British colonialists in Nigeria hatched community development ideology in order to under develop the people through his negative manipulation strategy. He regrets that his strategy has continued to be employed by indigenous rulers in the post-colonial state. He further contends that this strategy predicated upon the colonial policy of economic exploitation of the local area in an instrument used to sustain the self-interest of the ruling classes while the rural communities suffer under poor, hash and stagnated conditions.
Aborisade (1988) in his book highlighted the various development programmes designed by successive governments in Nigeria, which aimed at developing the rural communities. He gives an example of River Basin and Rural Development Authorities established in 1975 to promote rural development. He laments that in practice the scheme bloated bureaucracies feeding on mega million
naira contracts for irrigation and other agricultural projects while the rural areas for which they are meant seemed to have recorded deeper in debilitating poverty.
Finally, from the extensive review of literature, it is obvious that scholars like Akpan, (1982), Olisa (1992) and Olowu (1988) regretted that rural development activities and programmes of the past decades of national independence have not transformed the country’s rural areas in the modern, well supplied contended that prosperous population envisaged are the beginning of national sovereignty. They concluded that in terms at the number of programmes identification pursued, rural development in Nigeria has made little transformatary impact. They cite basic social services, public utilities and essential infrastructure as still being woefully inadequate in almost all corners of the country.
1.7.2 Inadequate Finance and Rural Development
One of the perennial problems which has not only defied all past attempts at permanent solution, but also has a tendency for evoking high emotions on the part of all concerned (each time it is brought forth for discussion or analysis) is the issue of equitable revenue allocation in Nigeria. It is an issue which has been politicised by successive administrations in Nigeria both Military and civilian regimes. Indeed, in virtually all country in which the constitution shares power between the central and regional or state governments and, for each level to be “within a sphere co-ordinate and independent” (Wheare 1963:93) enough resources need be allocated to each tier to justify their existence.
Perhaps, more important at this juncture is a consideration of the adequacy of the total revenue profile of LGs, from all sources, for their operations. In the works of Ikelegbe, (2005) and Aghayere, (2008) they are of the view that local governments obtain adequate revenue for their operations. However, as Ikelegbe (2005:54), for
example, puts it, there is ‘tremendous strengthening of local government funding, structuring, autonomy and democratization. Adequate finance is an indispensible tool for local government administration and the execution of project for which it was not up.
According to Orewa (1968:225) the raison d’être of local authority is to collect it revenue efficiently and to use such revenue to prove many social service as possible for its tax payers while at the same time maintaining a reasonable amount reserve tide it over any period of financial stringency. Hence the ability of local authorities to generate revenue to manage it properly. Blau and Scout as a cited by Mukoro, (2001:1) in their local government have noted that they do not exist but in communities and societies and have roots in large social system.
Following from the foregoing, the basic environment of a local in Nigeria with regard to revenue generation can be identified based on the provision at chapter (vi)
(c) of the 1999 constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria which deals with public revenue and the fourth schedule there provides functions of a local government council section 162 (of chapter (vi) such section 3,5,6,7 and 8) provide that “Any amount standing to the credit of the federation account and shall be distributed among the federal and state government council in such state on such terms and in manner as may be presided by the National Assembly.
According to Okoli (1998:125), despite the elaborate provision made in both decree No. 36 of 1998 and 1999 constitution for the financial autonomy of the local government doubt still remains as to the financial relationships among the three tier of government for one thing the direct funding of the local government which has been jettisoned by the ambiguities in the provision of 1999 constitution as far as finance of the local government are concerned.
The financial crisis of most local government in developing counties is worsened by the fact that they are located in the rural areas. As a result of rural poverty, they are unable to generate enough internal revenue. They, therefore, rely mainly on statutory allocation from the federal government which is usually inadequate for any meaningful development activity. As aptly stated in the local government Yearbook (1998:18).
Adedeji (2000:96) asserts that the success or failure and the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of local government depends on the financial resources available to the individuals local authorities and the way the resources are utilized indeed the problem associated with inadequacy of finding continue to remain quite high among factors most frequently of local government to effectively perform their statutorily developed function.
Akpan, (1965:126) argued that the bottom line in judging the effectiveness of local government is the amount of funds at their disposal. He notes that “the success of a local authority is often measured in terms of its ability to provide services to the public. These services cost money”, which the local government do not have sufficiency.
Ogbonnia (2004:34) say’s that other sources of local government revenue depend on the resourcefulness and ingenuity of the council. He further explains that, there are several ways the council can generate funds but the major problems lies in the ability of the chairman to look inwards to create means of generating funds for the council.
The inadequacies of operational and capital funds constitute a set-back on local government implementation of regular services and investment programmes. Consequently, most local government can only pay workers salaries and take care of
recruitment expenditure. In the case of Nigeria, the financial crisis in the local government has been worsened by the failure of the Federal Government to recognize the new local government created by some states. The state governors new use part of statutory allocations meant for the newly created ones, which in Enugu referred to as development centres (Ezeani, 2004).
1.7.3 Paucity of Skilled Manpower and Rural Development
When we are talking about manpower, we are referring to human resources. Manpower to often taken as the most important resources of an organization because other resources are harnessed to meet the need to men. This problem has been a major constraints to the effectiveness and efficiency of local government in Nigeria vis-à-vis Warri North local government.
Adewumi (198), Nkala (1985), Onah (1995) and Nkala (1985), noted that at the inception of democratic local government system in the former Eastern region of Nigeria in 1950, early recruits into the local government service were mainly “Sons of the soil”. Orewa and Adewumi (1983) rightly stated that recruitment based on patronage, have created problems of redundancy in local governments where stern measures like termination of appointment and suspension of staff are rarely contemplated.
There is no doubt that the effectiveness of any organization to a large extent depend on the calibre of its staff. The local government does not have enough graduates employed in its services. The people who work in the local government are employed based on favouritism and not on merit. Most of the staffs or the council don’t know what is expected of them as local government staff. Most of them did not go beyond primary school, and therefore cannot perform well. They don’t even know
the function of the department they found themselves let alone the work they expected to perform, and this contributes in affecting the rural development.
Staff training and development is another important aspect that has been neglected in local councils. According to Blum and Mayor (1976), effective training programmes can result in increased production, reduced labour turnover, and greater employee satisfaction.
The people who work in the community development department because of lack of skills for the nature of their job use wrong approach or measure in appealing to the communities to contribute and take part in community development.
According to Onah (1995:114), the inability to provide management training in areas of operations other than finance and general administration such as engineers, architects, accountant, doctors, nurses, agriculture extension workers etc continues to militate against effective performance in most local governments in Nigeria.
In an effort to address this quandary of manpower in terms of (skilled manpower like Engineers and Doctors and Administrators) in local government system in Nigeria, the federal military government in 1979 introduced three university-based Department of Public Administration and local government: University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Obafemi Awolowo University, Ille-Ife Ezeani (2004:183-184).
This paper intends to study local government as an instrument of rural development and see if there has been any significant change in terms of the effect in Warri North Local Government Area of Delta State.
1.8 Theoretical Framework
The theory which informs our discussion of local government and rural development, a study of Warri North local government council is the general systems
theory. The scholar most associated with this theory is Easton (1965) “sees the political system as a set of interrelated and reciprocally regulated patterns of actions and orientation, pattern that cluster together in equilibrium and that have certain needs of maintenance and survival. It is a phenomenon of whatever type, including physical, biological, social, political, etc., which is an organized whole with identifiable, interrelated structures delineating it from the environment (supra system) in which it is located and with which it interacts, processing the inputs from it into outputs for it. The general systems theory seeks to argue that every system, including political system, has subsystems which make up the entire system. They are assigned functions and provided with enabling empowerment, including resources, appropriate authority, etc. to enable them discharge their responsibilities optimally. Where this is the case, there is said to be homeostasis (stability) in the political system. On the other hand, instability reigns in the political system where the contrary is the case and the subsystems and entire system are also unable to function optimally.
Input and output analysis of a political system is very important. A political system is said to obtain its inputs (demands, supports, liberty or autonomy, cooperation, criticisms, resources, information, direct labour, etc.) from the environment. These inputs are what the subsystems employ to discharge their responsibilities, so that the political system can send out its outputs into the environment and obtain further inputs for its operations.
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RURAL DEVELOPMENT AS A MEANS OF COMBATING RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the study
Rural areas are a key sector in every nation’s economy and their rapid development and modernization have gained the attention of policy makers and governments all over the world. This is because a sizeable majority of the population lives therein therefore; the future of the country depends largely on it.
The American Bureau of Census classifies a group of people living in a community having a population of not more than 2,500 people as rural, whereas in Nigeria, the Federal Office of Statistics defines a community with less than 20,000 people as rural. According to Afolayan (1995), rural areas can be easily identified by various criteria, apart from population. Such criteria include the level of infrastructural development i.e. road networks, educational institutions, water supply, electricity, health facilities, communication, etc. Other criteria used include Occupation, Housing, Extent of community planning etc.
Typically, rural dwellers are less vocal, characterized by a culture of poverty, as most people live barely above subsistence level (Laah et al, 2013). Rural areas in developing countries are usually deprived of the basic needs of life such as housing, medical care, postal communication, education, transport etc.
Specifically, rural areas refer to geographical areas that lie outside the densely built-up environment of towns, cities and the sub-urban villages and whose inhabitants are engaged primarily in agriculture as well as the most basic of rudimentary form of secondary and tertiary activities (Ezeah, 2005). Rural area, which is the opposite of an urban area, refers to the country side whose population engages mainly in primary production activities like agriculture, fishing, and rearing of livestock (Ele, 2006). About 90 percent of the rural labour workforce engages directly or indirectly in agriculture (Nyagba, 2009).
The rural sector of Nigeria is, very vital to the socio-economic development of the nation. According to Nyagba (2009), the most important sector of the Nigerian population is the rural areas. This is because the rural sector is the major source of capital formation for the country and a principal market for domestic and raw materials for industrial processes (Ugwuanyi and Emma, 2013). Rural area dwellers have been found to engage in primary economic activities that form the foundation for the country’s economic development (Abah, 2010).
Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be central to government and public administration. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development. In most countries, development is most desirous in the rural areas where bulk of the population resides. The development of rural areas signals to a greater extent the level of national development and the situation of the nations in the development ladder.
Rural development has therefore been described in different ways by different authors, depending on the discipline or line of thought. This is because the approach to rural development is multidisciplinary. According to Aslam (1981) rural development is a process aimed at developing the rural poor, their economy and institutions from a state of stagnation or low productivity equilibrium into dynamic process leading to higher levels of living and better quality of life. Similarly, Schumacher (1983) defined rural development as developing the skill of the masses to make them self-reliant through instructions which supply appropriate and relevant knowledge on the methods of self-help. Rural development is a strategy which is designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people, the rural poor.
It involves extending the developmental strides and benefits people who seek a livelihood in the rural areas such as small-scale farmers, tenants etc in order to improve their means of livelihood and mitigate the massive rural urban migration (Aliy, 1999). Rural-urban migration occurs at varying levels in every country. However, the challenges and prospects of rural development in Nigeria have been of great concern to the different tiers of government due to the rate of rural-urban migration.
Different motives account for rural urban migration amongst rural dwellers such as socio-cultural issues where people are forced to migrate to avoid numerous social problems at their place of origin (Agyemang, 2013), poor infrastructural development and lack of basic amenities, search for better economic opportunities such as jobs etc. Accessibility and ease of transportation and communication has also been noted to facilitate rural urban migration, this view is based on the extension of road networks from major towns to peripheral-urban and rural areas that resulted in the decrease in transportation cost and improved communication systems.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be priority to government and relevant stakeholders. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development. Unfortunately, over the years, the development strategies and efforts in Nigeria has been more urban based resulting in the relative neglect of rural areas as evidenced by the dearth of basic infrastructure in the rural areas such as good roads, well equipped and functional hospitals, electricity, pipe borne water etc (Abah, 2010).
Abonyi and Nnamani (2011) also noted that rural poverty persists in Nigeria despite the prosperity created by the country’s oil wealth as evidenced by the difficulty experienced in getting basic daily needs such as food, water and shelter. Lack of these basic life needs in the rural areas has made a number of rural dwellers migrate to urban centres with high hopes of improving their standard of living. According to Abah (2010), the deplorable condition of the Nigerian rural sector is emphatic and more worrisome is that even the few policies and programs put in place and implemented by government over the years have not resulted in significant improvement in the development of the rural areas in Nigeria (Ezeah, 2005).
Incessant and excessive rural urban migration has brought about a lot of socio-economic difficulties both in the rural and urban areas. McCarthy (2004), opined that ‘excessive urbanization leads to high rate of urban congestion, crime and poor infrastructure such as proper sewage disposal system, safe and portable drinking water, electricity and other amenities, chronic unemployment with the attendant creation of large slums and Shanty towns’. Many developing countries including Nigeria have made several attempts to resolve these problems of rural underdevelopment and desertion. In Nigeria, from the Colonial period till date, successive administrations have tried to reform the rural areas where over 75% of Nigerians live in for the sake of attaining balanced growth and development, and discourage rural-urban migration, to no avail (Omonigho, 2013). According to Nwakeze (2004), the Nigerian population is growing at an annual rate of 2.8 percent that of the urban population is growing at 5.5 percent, it is pertinent to note that this rate is among the highest in the world today. This therefore calls for urgent measures to be taken towards fast tracking rural development to reduce urban population explosion.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of rural development on rural urban migration. The specific objectives are;
To determine whether rural development can serve as a panacea for rural urban migration
To find out the socio-economic causes of rural urban migration
To determine the implications of rural urban migration on rural development
To identify measures put in place for rural development by government
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Can rural development serve as a panacea to rural urban migration?
What are the socio-economic causes of rural urban migration?
What are the consequences of rural urban migration on rural development?
What measures are put in place by government to develop the rural areas?
1.5 HYPOTHESES
In order to enable the researcher assess the effect of rural development in combating rural urban migration in Nigeria, the following hypotheses will be tested:
Ho: Rural development does not have any influence on rural urban migration in Nigeria.
HA: Rural development has an influence on rural urban migration in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help beam the searchlight on rural development and its substantive effect in combating rural urban migration in Nigeria. The study seeks to find out the socio-economic and cultural causes of rural-urban migration in the study area and its implications on rural development with respect to the study area; this will help in highlighting strategies adopted by the community members to cope with the situation and what can be done to curb the situation.
This research study will also help reveal the extent of the problem to relevant stakeholders so that they can rise to the occasion and put in measures to develop the rural areas in order to reduce rural urban migration. Finally, this research work will add to the existing body of knowledge on the importance of rural development in combating rural urban migration in Nigeria.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study will cover rural development and its impact on combating rural urban migration in Nigeria with special reference to the actual influence it has on the socio-economic activities and lives of rural dwellers, causes of rural-urban migration and measures put in place by relevant stakeholders to combat the menace of rural urban migration in the study area. The study will also cover all the rural areas and incidence of rural urban migration in Nigeria.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Rural area: a geographical area located outside cities and towns with a relatively low population density and small settlements.
Migration: movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence.
Rural development: the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and
Rural urban migration: is a process of population shift from rural areas to urban areas with attendant increase in proportion of people living in urban areas.
Infrastructure: basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
REFERENCES
RURAL DEVELOPMENT: A MEANS OF COMBATING RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN NIGERIA
Rural areas are a key sector in every nation’s economy and their rapid development and modernization have gained the attention of policy makers and governments all over the world. This is because a sizeable majority of the population lives therein therefore; the future of the country depends largely on it.
The American Bureau of Census classifies a group of people living in a community having a population of not more than 2,500 people as rural, whereas in Nigeria, the Federal Office of Statistics defines a community with less than 20,000 people as rural. According to Afolayan (1995), rural areas can be easily identified by various criteria, apart from population. Such criteria include the level of infrastructural development i.e. road networks, educational institutions, water supply, electricity, health facilities, communication, etc. Other criteria used include Occupation, Housing, Extent of community planning etc.
Typically, rural dwellers are less vocal, characterized by a culture of poverty, as most people live barely above subsistence level (Laah et al, 2013). Rural areas in developing countries are usually deprived of the basic needs of life such as housing, medical care, postal communication, education, transport etc.
Specifically, rural areas refer to geographical areas that lie outside the densely built-up environment of towns, cities and the sub-urban villages and whose inhabitants are engaged primarily in agriculture as well as the most basic of rudimentary form of secondary and tertiary activities (Ezeah, 2005). Rural area, which is the opposite of an urban area, refers to the country side whose population engages mainly in primary production activities like agriculture, fishing, and rearing of livestock (Ele, 2006). About 90 percent of the rural labour workforce engages directly or indirectly in agriculture (Nyagba, 2009).
The rural sector of Nigeria is, very vital to the socio-economic development of the nation. According to Nyagba (2009), the most important sector of the Nigerian population is the rural areas. This is because the rural sector is the major source of capital formation for the country and a principal market for domestic and raw materials for industrial processes (Ugwuanyi and Emma, 2013). Rural area dwellers have been found to engage in primary economic activities that form the foundation for the country’s economic development (Abah, 2010).
Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be central to government and public administration. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development. In most countries, development is most desirous in the rural areas where bulk of the population resides. The development of rural areas signals to a greater extent the level of national development and the situation of the nations in the development ladder.
Rural development has therefore been described in different ways by different authors, depending on the discipline or line of thought. This is because the approach to rural development is multidisciplinary. According to Aslam (1981) rural development is a process aimed at developing the rural poor, their economy and institutions from a state of stagnation or low productivity equilibrium into dynamic process leading to higher levels of living and better quality of life. Similarly, Schumacher (1983) defined rural development as developing the skill of the masses to make them self-reliant through instructions which supply appropriate and relevant knowledge on the methods of self-help. Rural development is a strategy which is designed to improve the economic and social life of a specific group of people, the rural poor.
It involves extending the developmental strides and benefits people who seek a livelihood in the rural areas such as small-scale farmers, tenants etc in order to improve their means of livelihood and mitigate the massive rural urban migration (Aliy, 1999). Rural-urban migration occurs at varying levels in every country. However, the challenges and prospects of rural development in Nigeria have been of great concern to the different tiers of government due to the rate of rural-urban migration.
Different motives account for rural urban migration amongst rural dwellers such as socio-cultural issues where people are forced to migrate to avoid numerous social problems at their place of origin (Agyemang, 2013), poor infrastructural development and lack of basic amenities, search for better economic opportunities such as jobs etc. Accessibility and ease of transportation and communication has also been noted to facilitate rural urban migration, this view is based on the extension of road networks from major towns to peripheral-urban and rural areas that resulted in the decrease in transportation cost and improved communication systems.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Given the contributions of the rural sector to the national economy, enhancing the development of the sector should be priority to government and relevant stakeholders. This is necessary as such would further enhance the ability of the sector for increased contribution to the overall national growth and development. Unfortunately, over the years, the development strategies and efforts in Nigeria has been more urban based resulting in the relative neglect of rural areas as evidenced by the dearth of basic infrastructure in the rural areas such as good roads, well equipped and functional hospitals, electricity, pipe borne water etc (Abah, 2010).
Abonyi and Nnamani (2011) also noted that rural poverty persists in Nigeria despite the prosperity created by the country’s oil wealth as evidenced by the difficulty experienced in getting basic daily needs such as food, water and shelter. Lack of these basic life needs in the rural areas has made a number of rural dwellers migrate to urban centres with high hopes of improving their standard of living. According to Abah (2010), the deplorable condition of the Nigerian rural sector is emphatic and more worrisome is that even the few policies and programs put in place and implemented by government over the years have not resulted in significant improvement in the development of the rural areas in Nigeria (Ezeah, 2005).
Incessant and excessive rural urban migration has brought about a lot of socio-economic difficulties both in the rural and urban areas. McCarthy (2004), opined that ‘excessive urbanization leads to high rate of urban congestion, crime and poor infrastructure such as proper sewage disposal system, safe and portable drinking water, electricity and other amenities, chronic unemployment with the attendant creation of large slums and Shanty towns’. Many developing countries including Nigeria have made several attempts to resolve these problems of rural underdevelopment and desertion. In Nigeria, from the Colonial period till date, successive administrations have tried to reform the rural areas where over 75% of Nigerians live in for the sake of attaining balanced growth and development, and discourage rural-urban migration, to no avail (Omonigho, 2013). According to Nwakeze (2004), the Nigerian population is growing at an annual rate of 2.8 percent that of the urban population is growing at 5.5 percent, it is pertinent to note that this rate is among the highest in the world today. This therefore calls for urgent measures to be taken towards fast tracking rural development to reduce urban population explosion.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The general objective of this study is to determine the effect of rural development on rural urban migration. The specific objectives are;
To determine whether rural development can serve as a panacea for rural urban migration
To find out the socio-economic causes of rural urban migration
To determine the implications of rural urban migration on rural development
To identify measures put in place for rural development by government
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Can rural development serve as a panacea to rural urban migration?
What are the socio-economic causes of rural urban migration?
What are the consequences of rural urban migration on rural development?
What measures are put in place by government to develop the rural areas?
1.5 HYPOTHESES
In order to enable the researcher assess the effect of rural development in combating rural urban migration in Nigeria, the following hypotheses will be tested:
Ho: Rural development does not have any influence on rural urban migration in Nigeria.
HA: Rural development has an influence on rural urban migration in Nigeria
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help beam the searchlight on rural development and its substantive effect in combating rural urban migration in Nigeria. The study seeks to find out the socio-economic and cultural causes of rural-urban migration in the study area and its implications on rural development with respect to the study area; this will help in highlighting strategies adopted by the community members to cope with the situation and what can be done to curb the situation.
This research study will also help reveal the extent of the problem to relevant stakeholders so that they can rise to the occasion and put in measures to develop the rural areas in order to reduce rural urban migration. Finally, this research work will add to the existing body of knowledge on the importance of rural development in combating rural urban migration in Nigeria.
1.7 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study will cover rural development and its impact on combating rural urban migration in Nigeria with special reference to the actual influence it has on the socio-economic activities and lives of rural dwellers, causes of rural-urban migration and measures put in place by relevant stakeholders to combat the menace of rural urban migration in the study area. The study will also cover all the rural areas and incidence of rural urban migration in Nigeria.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Rural area: a geographical area located outside cities and towns with a relatively low population density and small settlements.
Migration: movement of people across a specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent residence.
Rural development: the process of improving the quality of life and economic well being of people living in relatively isolated and
Rural urban migration: is a process of population shift from rural areas to urban areas with attendant increase in proportion of people living in urban areas.
Infrastructure: basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408 (1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 09070569307, 08154275408
]]>