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EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF LAND SCAPE ON SOIL LOSS FROM EROSION SITE
Abstract:
Soil erosion is a critical environmental issue that threatens agricultural productivity, ecosystem stability, and water quality. This study evaluates the effect of landscape characteristics on soil loss from erosion sites, focusing on factors such as slope gradient, vegetation cover, land use, and soil properties. Using a combination of field measurements, remote sensing data, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the research assesses soil erosion rates across different landscapes. The study area includes erosion-prone sites with varying topography and land use patterns. Soil loss is quantified using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), while landscape characteristics are analyzed through spatial data and field surveys. The findings reveal that slope gradient and vegetation cover are the most significant factors influencing soil erosion, with steeper slopes and bare lands experiencing higher soil loss. Land use practices, such as agriculture and deforestation, also contribute significantly to erosion rates. The study highlights the importance of sustainable land management practices, such as afforestation, contour plowing, and terracing, in mitigating soil erosion. By providing a comprehensive evaluation of the relationship between landscape characteristics and soil loss, this research offers valuable insights for policymakers, land managers, and conservationists to develop effective erosion control strategies and promote environmental sustainability.
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Background to the Study
Soil erosion is a pervasive environmental problem that poses significant threats to agricultural productivity, water quality, and ecosystem health (Pimentel et al., 1995). It is a natural process accelerated by human activities such as deforestation, unsustainable agricultural practices, and urbanization (Lal, 2001). The loss of fertile topsoil reduces land productivity, disrupts ecosystems, and contributes to sedimentation in water bodies, which affects aquatic life and water resources (Morgan, 2005). Landscape characteristics, including slope gradient, vegetation cover, land use, and soil properties, play a critical role in determining the extent and severity of soil erosion (Renard et al., 1997). Understanding the relationship between landscape features and soil loss is essential for developing effective erosion control strategies and promoting sustainable land management practices.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the widespread recognition of soil erosion as a critical environmental issue, there is limited understanding of how specific landscape characteristics influence soil loss, particularly in erosion-prone areas. Many studies have focused on individual factors such as slope or vegetation cover, but few have comprehensively evaluated the combined effects of multiple landscape features on soil erosion (García-Ruiz et al., 2015). This gap in knowledge hinders the development of targeted and effective erosion control measures. In addition, the lack of localized data on soil erosion rates and landscape dynamics in specific regions, such as the study area, further complicates efforts to address the problem. This study seeks to address these gaps by evaluating the effect of landscape characteristics on soil loss from erosion sites, providing valuable insights for sustainable land management.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The primary objectives of this study are:
To assess the impact of landscape characteristics, including slope gradient, vegetation cover, land use, and soil properties, on soil loss from erosion sites.
To quantify soil erosion rates using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE).
To analyze the spatial distribution of soil erosion in relation to landscape features using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing data.
To propose sustainable land management practices for mitigating soil erosion based on the study findings.
1.4 Research Questions
This study is guided by the following research questions:
What is the relationship between landscape characteristics (slope, vegetation cover, land use, and soil properties) and soil loss from erosion sites?
How do soil erosion rates vary across different landscapes in the study area?
What are the most effective strategies for mitigating soil erosion based on the study findings?
1.5 Significance of the Study
This study is significant for several reasons. First, it contributes to the growing body of knowledge on soil erosion by providing a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of landscape characteristics on soil loss. Second, the findings will provide valuable insights for policymakers, land managers, and conservationists in developing targeted erosion control strategies. Third, the use of advanced tools such as GIS and remote sensing enhances the accuracy and reliability of the study’s results, making it a valuable resource for future research. Finally, the study promotes sustainable land management practices, which are essential for preserving soil fertility, protecting ecosystems, and ensuring food security.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study focuses on erosion-prone sites within a specific geographic area, analyzing the effects of landscape characteristics on soil loss. The research employs a combination of field measurements, remote sensing data, and GIS to assess soil erosion rates and landscape dynamics. The study covers key factors such as slope gradient, vegetation cover, land use, and soil properties but does not explore the impact of climate change or extreme weather events on soil erosion.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
While this study provides valuable insights, it has certain limitations. First, the findings are based on data from a specific geographic area and may not be generalizable to other regions. Second, the study relies on secondary data sources, such as remote sensing data, which may have inherent inaccuracies. Third, the research focuses on a limited range of landscape characteristics and does not explore the impact of other factors, such as rainfall intensity or human activities, on soil erosion.
1.8 Structure of the Report
This report is organized into five chapters. Chapter 1 provides the introduction, background, and objectives of the study. Chapter 2 reviews relevant literature on soil erosion and landscape dynamics. Chapter 3 outlines the research methodology, including data collection and analysis techniques. Chapter 4 presents the findings and discusses their implications. Finally, Chapter 5 concludes the study and offers recommendations for future research and practice.
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SOIL SCIENCE PROJECT RESEARCH TOPICS AND MATERIALS
Soil Fertility and Management
1. Evaluation of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil fertility.
2. Effect of crop rotation on soil nutrient content.
3. Soil fertility assessment in different cropping systems.
4. Role of green manure in improving soil organic matter.
5. Impact of fertilizer application rates on crop yield.
6. Study of nitrogen-use efficiency in maize under different fertilizer regimes.
7. Comparative analysis of soil fertility under organic and conventional farming.
8. Influence of biochar application on soil nutrient availability.
9. Role of leguminous crops in enhancing soil nitrogen content.
10. Analysis of soil nutrient depletion under continuous monocropping.
________________________________________
Soil Erosion and Conservation
11. Effects of contour farming on soil erosion control.
12. Role of vegetation cover in reducing soil erosion.
13. Assessment of soil erosion in hilly agricultural areas.
14. Comparative study of terracing and strip cropping for erosion control.
15. Analysis of sediment yield from eroded soils under different land uses.
16. Impact of deforestation on soil erosion and sedimentation.
17. Use of geotextiles in reducing soil erosion on slopes.
18. Influence of mulching on soil erosion in degraded lands.
19. Hydrological modeling of soil erosion in watershed areas.
20. Evaluation of erosion control measures in sandy soils.
________________________________________
Soil Chemistry
21. Effect of heavy metals on soil chemical properties.
22. Analysis of pH buffering capacity in agricultural soils.
23. Impact of liming on soil acidity and crop yield.
24. Comparative study of nutrient availability in calcareous and acidic soils.
25. Influence of soil salinity on the chemical composition of crops.
26. Effect of industrial effluents on soil chemical properties.
27. Phosphorus fixation in tropical soils under varying pH conditions.
28. Study of soil organic carbon under different land uses.
29. Analysis of cation exchange capacity in soils of varying textures.
30. Impact of long-term fertilizer use on soil chemical balance.
________________________________________
Soil Microbiology
31. Role of mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient uptake by plants.
32. Effect of biofertilizers on soil microbial diversity.
33. Microbial activity in soils under organic farming practices.
34. Study of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume-cultivated soils.
35. Role of microbial inoculants in improving soil fertility.
36. Assessment of soil microbial biomass carbon under different tillage systems.
37. Study of soil pathogens in relation to crop diseases.
38. Influence of soil moisture on microbial activity.
39. Biodegradation of pesticides by soil microorganisms.
40. Role of earthworms in enhancing soil microbial diversity.
________________________________________
Soil Physics
41. Analysis of soil water retention capacity in sandy and clayey soils.
42. Effect of compaction on soil porosity and permeability.
43. Role of soil texture in water infiltration and drainage.
44. Study of soil thermal conductivity under different moisture regimes.
45. Assessment of soil bulk density in relation to crop growth.
46. Influence of tillage systems on soil structure stability.
47. Hydraulic conductivity of soils under varying organic matter content.
48. Effect of mulching on soil temperature and moisture conservation.
49. Impact of land use changes on soil physical properties.
50. Analysis of soil crusting in semi-arid regions.
________________________________________
Soil Pollution and Remediation
51. Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils near industrial areas.
52. Phytoremediation potential of plants in heavy metal-contaminated soils.
53. Role of organic amendments in remediating polluted soils.
54. Impact of crude oil spills on soil quality and fertility.
55. Analysis of pesticide residues in soils under intensive agriculture.
56. Study of microplastics in agricultural soils.
57. Influence of wastewater irrigation on soil pollution.
58. Remediation of acidic soils using natural amendments.
59. Assessment of salinity levels in irrigated soils.
60. Role of bioremediation in restoring degraded soils.
________________________________________
Soil Classification and Mapping
61. Soil classification based on FAO guidelines in selected regions.
62. Mapping soil fertility using GIS technology.
63. Assessment of soil erosion risk using remote sensing and GIS.
64. Evaluation of soil texture distribution in agricultural lands.
65. Study of land suitability for crop production using soil maps.
66. Soil health mapping for sustainable agriculture.
67. Classification of soils based on hydrological properties.
68. Soil organic carbon mapping in forest ecosystems.
69. Assessment of soil degradation using geospatial techniques.
70. Study of soil salinity mapping in irrigated areas.
________________________________________
Soil Ecology and Environment
71. Role of soil biodiversity in ecosystem services.
72. Influence of soil health on forest ecosystem productivity.
73. Effect of land-use changes on soil carbon storage.
74. Study of soil-plant interactions in agroforestry systems.
75. Soil health assessment under sustainable agricultural practices.
76. Impact of soil compaction on root penetration in crops.
77. Role of soils in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.
78. Analysis of soil biodiversity in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
79. Soil respiration rates under different land-use systems.
80. Influence of soil health on water quality in watershed areas.
________________________________________
Soil and Crop Interaction
81. Role of soil amendments in enhancing crop productivity.
82. Effect of soil texture on root development in crops.
83. Study of waterlogging effects on crop growth and soil health.
84. Influence of soil fertility on pest and disease incidence in crops.
85. Comparative study of crop performance in saline and non-saline soils.
86. Impact of tillage practices on crop yield and soil quality.
87. Study of nutrient leaching in sandy soils under intensive cropping.
88. Influence of soil organic matter on crop nutrient uptake.
89. Role of soil aeration in crop root health and development.
90. Effect of soil compaction on crop water uptake.
________________________________________
Soil Sustainability and Conservation
91. Analysis of soil conservation practices in sustainable agriculture.
92. Study of zero-tillage systems in soil health management.
93. Role of cover crops in maintaining soil fertility.
94. Influence of agroforestry systems on soil erosion control.
95. Sustainable land management practices in arid regions.
96. Evaluation of conservation agriculture techniques in tropical soils.
97. Role of crop residues in improving soil organic matter.
98. Impact of integrated soil fertility management on crop yield.
99. Study of soil sustainability indicators under different farming systems.
100. Role of soil conservation in combating desertification.
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SPATIAL VARIATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES AS INFLUENCED BY TOPOGRAPHY
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Maryland is located in Enugu South in Enugu State. The subsoil of this region consists of fine grained soils with a considerable part of soft soil deposit which extends to a considerable depth.
When a compressive load is applied to a soil mass, the volume of the soil mass tends to reduce, due to reduction in its voids. This reduction in volume of a soil mass on application of a compressive stress can rather be placed either normally (laterally), or vertically or in both directions depending on how the soil mass is allowed to deform. When a vertical compression deformation is non-uniform it poses serious danger to the safety of structures and other civil engineering facilities, therefore there is need to study the compressibility properties of soil in Maryland.
1.1.1 COMPRESSIBILITY
This is the degree to which a soil mass decreases in volume when supporting a load. Compressibility is reduced in a situation where there are more coarse-grained soils in contact with each other. It increases as the proportion of small particles increases and becomes highest in fine-grained soils which contain organic matter.
Compressibility is approximately proportional to the plastic index. The greater the plastic index (PI), the greater the compressibility of the soil. (Adeyemi 2014).
1.1.2 PLASTICITY INDEX
This can be defined as the numerical difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit. The plasticity index is expressed in percentage of the dry weight of the soil sample and also it shows the size of range of the moisture contents at which the soil remains plastic.
The plasticity index also gives a good indication of compressibility. The greater the plastic limit the greater the soil compressibility (Ashworth 1966).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The aims and objectives of this project includes
i. To study compressibility
ii. To obtain the compressibility properties of soil in Maryland area.
iii. To obtain data that may be used in predicting the rate and the amount of settlement of structures in the area.
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of this project is limited to obtaining the compressibility properties of soil in Maryland area.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
i. This project will help to understand the compressibility properties of soil in Maryland area which will reduce the problems that geotechnical engineers face in designing economic foundation for the required infrastructure in Maryland area.
ii. The compressibility properties of the soil in the area obtained from labouratory test might be used to estimate the magnitude and the rate of settlement of a structure or an earth fill in Maryland area.
1.5 COMPRESSIBILITY PARAMETERS:
To obtain the compressibility properties of soil in Maryland, labouratory test will be carried out to obtain.
i. Coefficient of compression/compression index (CC).
ii. Swell index (CS)
iii. Coefficient of compressibility (AV)
iv. Coefficient of volume compressibility (MV)
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IMPROVEMENT OF BEARING CAPACITY OF SANDY SOIL BY GROUTING
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
The construction of structure on weak ground often requires the soil to be improved in order to ensure the safety and the stability of surrounding buildings. The ground improvement in granular soils can be achieved by different methods such as vibro-floatation, compaction piles, and compaction with explosives, excavation and replacement, grouting e.t.c. The selective of the most suitable method depend on a variety of factors, such as: soil conditions, required degree of compaction, types of structure to be supported, as well as site specific considerations available time for completion of the project, availability of equipment and materials e.t.c. Soil compaction can offer effective solutions for many foundation problems and his especially useful for reducing total settlement in sand. Sandy soil means most of the soil particles are bigger than 2mm in diameter. It gives good water drainage and has a low capacity to hold nutrients. Sandy soil does not hold moisture very well. It is granular and consists of rock and mineral particle that are very small. Therefore, the texture is gritty and is formed by the disintegration and weathering of rocks such as limestone, granite, quartz and shale. Is also easier to cultivate it if it is rich in organic materials but then it allows drainage more than needed. This results in over drainage and dehydration of the plant in summer. It warms very fast in the spring season. Grouting on the other hand is a process whereby stabilizes either in the form of suspension or solution is injected into sub surface soil. Sandy soil is the largest particle in the soil when you rub it, if feels rough. This is because it has sharp edges and it does not hold many nutrients.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The development and history of compaction grouting over the last 30-40 years as been established by many distinguished researcher, design engineer and design contractor. Many technical papers are been published dealing physically with the issues surround compaction grouting design such as: “compaction grouting, 1973”, “planning and performing compaction grouting” 1974. These and other important reference are the main stream basis of knowledge for the highly specialize engineering and construction technique know as compaction grouting. The compaction grout method as some unique features which allow distinct advantages over other remedial method of geo-technical construction. In many distances growth is the only viable solution. Some of the advantages include: Economic: Many time compaction grouting is the only feasible solution to foundation settlement problems, other than demolishing the structure and re-building with expensive deep foundation technique. Minimal disturbance: During the grouting operation, destructure may remain occupied and in service. Minimal risk: Compaction grouting offers minimal risk of catastrophic structural failure while re-leveling structure. Other are: Minimal geotechnical exploration, provide greater support for structures, cost factor e.t.c.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To determine the nature of the sandy soil particles.
2. To determine the degree of the sandy soil compatibility.
3. To carry out the improvement of sandy soil through grouting.
4. To carryout some laboratory test on sandy soil such as compaction test California bearing ration (CBR) test, atterberg LIMIT test, liquid limit test, Plastic limit test, sieve analysis test in comparing the effectiveness of grouting system.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the nature of the sandy soil particles.
2. How do we determine the degree of the sandy soil compatibility.
3. What is the improvement of sandy soil through grouting.
1.5 Scope of the study
This research is focused on the quality and improvement of bearing capacity of sandy soil by grouting.
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: Grouting have a strong and significant strong impact on improvement of bearing capacity of sandy soil
H1: Grouting have a strong and significant strong impact on improvement of bearing capacity of sandy soil
H0: There is a weak relationship between grouting and improvement of beating capacity of sandy soil
H1: There is a strong relationship between grouting and improvement of beating capacity of sandy soil
1.6 Limitations of the study
The limitations of this study are:
TIME FACTOR: Limited time that does not permit to carryout many practical.
AREA OF STUDY: This project is limited the technical study of sandy soil properties.
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DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF FIELD CAPACITY OF IMO STATE SOIL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Soil being a key factor of production is subject to degradation due to environmental and human activities which prevents it from offering the expected quality; this particularly is as a result of erosion. It not only causes severe land degradation and soil productivity loss, but also threatens the stability and health of society in general, and sustainable development of rural areas in particular [1]. Soils comprise of minerals, organic matter, nutrients, moisture and living organisms which support growth and ascertain the fertility of the soil for food production, this particular property of the soil is threatened when it undergoes degradation by erosive actions. Erosion is one of the surface processes that sculptures the earth’s landscape and constitutes one of the global environmental problems. Soil erosion is a natural process of soil material removal and transportation through the action of erosive agents such as water, wind, gravity, and human disturbance. The problem of soil erosion has really aided in declining the quality of arable land in generating food crops for export and human consumption thus preventing guaranteed food security in the country.
In increasing food production to keep pace with demand while retaining the quality of land and the ecological balance of the production systems are the current challenges to agricultural research and development policy in Nigeria [4]. Currently, efforts to achieve sustainable agricultural development and food self-sufficiency in the country are threatened by widespread environmental degradation resulting from soil erosion menace, characterized by massive soil loss estimated at 30 million tons per annum. Erosion is prevalent in all parts of the country as it is experienced in no smaller degree in almost every geo-political region of the country, with specific impact in southeastern part of Nigeria. [8] states that degradation of natural resources in Anambra State and almost everywhere in Nigeria is one of the greatest threats to future food
production capabilities and sustained development. In Nigeria desertification and aridity are the major environmental problems of the northern part of the country while the torrential rainfall of the southern Nigeria creates enabling environment for catastrophic soil erosion in the region. The greatest threat to environmental settings of southeastern Nigeria is the gradual but constant dissection of the landscape by soil erosion
Soil erosion takes place when soil particles are carried away by water or wind and deposited somewhere else. Erosion starts when rain or irrigation water detaches soil particles [1]. Soil erosion is the most widespread form of land degradation worldwide [2]. According to [3], soil erosion as a part of soil degradation is the decline in quality and quantity of a soil, which may be a function of various processes including erosion, contamination, drainage, acidification, laterization and loss of soil structure or a combination of these.
Soil Erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soil to resist erosion based on the physical characteristics of each soil. Generally, soils with faster infiltration rates, higher levelsof organic matter and improved structure have a greater resistance to erosion. In Erodibility studies and the development of erosion models, numerous publications on the effect of soil properties in erosion processes have assisted in better quantifying and defining soil Erodibility.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Several indices of soil Erodibility have been developed by soil scientist and engineers to predict the susceptibility of soil to erosion, but a unified model for soil loss prediction is yet a challenge [5]. This major setback is as result of certain limitation such as location, soil type, and climatic factors, annual as well as seasonal rainfall associated with the parameters of measurement. This brought about the emergence of various indices to measure soil Erodibility such that will satisfy the condition of a particular region or area of choice under study.
Erodibility indices like dispersion ratio, clay ratio, modified clay ratio and erosion ratio have been employed by different researchers to assess the soil Erodibility. However, very little information is available on the Erodibility indices for the soils of submontaneous tract of Nigeria, particularly under different land uses and in relation to runoff and soil loss.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation which is an acclaimed general equation to measure soil loss is not actually universal. This is because some factors of the equation are widely dependent on the location, soil type or class, cropping practices and conservation practices, needing further evaluation of the various indices prior to application in a particular study area.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the determination of field capacity of imo state soil
2. To understand the relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the field capacity of imo state soil
2. What is the relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
H1: There is no relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
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THE IMPACT OF TILLAGE PRACTICES ON SOIL PROPERTIES (A CASE STUDY OF OWERRI NORTH LGA)
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the impact of tillage practices on soil properties (a case study of owerri north lga). A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among farmers from owerri north lga. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that tillage practices have a strong and significant impact on soil properties.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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SOIL STABILIZATION IN PAVEMENT DESIGN USING PERIWINKLE SHELL
Abstract
This work discussessoil stabilization in pavement design using periwinkle shell. Pulverized periwinkle shell (PPS) stabilization of Nigerian lateritic soil was investigated. Various amounts of PPS (2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%) were added to the soil to study its effects on the particle size distribution, Proctor compaction characteristics, consistency limits, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California Bearing Ration (CBR) and durability tests. Test results show lower maximum unit weight, higher optimum moisture contents (OMC) reduction in clay fraction (CF) with increased PPS. 2% PPS treatment of lateritic soil yielded peak 7 days UCS and CBR values of 850 kN/m2 and 17% respectively, which are below 1,700 kN/m2 and 180% for UCS and CBR, respectively, recommended for adequate cement stabilization, it is concluded that PPS cannot be used alone as stabilizer but needs to be combined with other binding materials, such as fly ash.
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FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
(A CASE STUDY OF KADUNA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE)
ABSTRACT
The child abuse menace is as old as the birth of the first child, until very recently child maltreatment has never been seen as a social problem. It was falsely assumed that such physical punishments are supposed to correct had behavior and ensure conformity. But the consequential distorted personality of the child disproves the assumption. This study aims at showing that it is only through the care of children will one gain experience and develops interest in finding out more about the affliction of the Nigerian child. In addition, the researcher hopes that who are able to read this will get to know and pray that the past experiences of these silent suffers will serve to prevent tomorrow’s children from similar fate.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page i
Title page ii
Declaration iii
Approval page iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgement vi
Abstract viii
Table of content iv
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 background of the study 1
1.2 historical background 3
1.3 statement of the problem 6
1.4 objective of the study 7
1.5 research Questions 7
1.6 scope of the study 8
1.7 significance of the study 9
1.8 definition of terms 10
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature review 12
2.1 Definition of child abuse 12
2.2 Causes of child abuse and neglect 12
2.3 Sociological implication of child abuse and neglect 20
2.4 Children view on child abuse and neglect 22
2.5 How to prevent child abuse and neglect 24
2.6 conclusion/ summary 27
CHAPTER THREE
CHAPTER FOUR
Presentation and Data Analysis Result
4.1 Introduction 32
4.2 Data analysis 35
CHAPTER FIVE
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Introduction 38
5.2 Summary 39
5.3 Conclusion 40
5.4 Recommendations 41
References 44
Appendix 45
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
It has been the general assumption that children with reasonable physical care would grow into normal happy adulthood. But scientific investigations of psychologists, sociologist and psychiatrists regarding personality development has uncovered the greater importance of the growing up and its lasting effects on the total personality of a person. Adult personality has its root in childhood. What we can do as adult is largely determined by ways in which we were allowed into experience inevitable events of childhood.
Thus the aim of this research work is to shed more light on the issue of child abuse and neglect in Kaduna South Local Government of Kaduna State.
A child is neglected when he lacks continues physical and emotional contact with his mother. Children under this category are those may be due to lose of mother or both parents or the separation of both parents, thus child may be sent to nursery school or orphanages with many children which makes it difficult for special individual attention to be rendered to each child. Those children are therefore brought up by stranger which could be changed at different times due to the shift of their study.
Child abuse on the other hand can be defined as the portion of harm to children that result from human action or in action that is prescribed, proximate and preventable. The definition recognizes that such harm is no accident but something perpetrated on children by others, usually intestinally and that the actors inflicting this harm do not enjoy society approval. It is also point out that abuse generally come from the child immediate environment and that it is preventable child neglect is a passive form of maltreatment or abuse UNICEF (1986).
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Kaduna South Local Government Area was created on 23rd September 1991 by the Babangida’s regime. Hitherto it was part and parcel of Kaduna Local Government. The Local Government Council has its headquarter located at Makera, comprising of two districts namely: Tudun Wada and Makera, each district headed by a district head and supported by village and wards councilors, Kaduna South shares common boundary with Kaduna North to the North West. The two districts share common boundary with the other districts located in the three local government area. Kaduna South has a population of 373,576 as per 2006 census.
Education
However, in the education, the area is having about (29) public schools in which (8) primary schools and in Tudun Wada and (13) in Makera and five (5) secondary schools in Tudunwada and three (3) in Makeri.
Furthermore, the area is having private nursery/primary and secondary schools approximately one hundred and twenty four (124) i.e. 80 in Tudun Wada and (44) in Makera district.
Adult education programmes and constructed apart from the various vocational training centres, run by various organizations like (YMCA). Apart from Kaduna Polytechnic as a higher institution of learning. There is a prison school at Barnawa, Health Institution like the school of Nursing and Midwifery and school of psychiatric Barnawa.
There are over fifty (50) large and small scale industries that abound in the local government and some include, textile, defence corporation, Nigeria Breweries, Peugeot Automobile, KFCC, fertilizer superphosphate, pharmaceutical company, blanket industry just to mention a few.
To boost commercial activities in the local government area and the markets and up to R. Tourist attractions and hotels, the council has six (6) tourist areas and about twelve (12) hotels. Kaduna South Local Government areas well connected by road, bridges and railway line system.
Thus, the above mentioned geographical, emotional, educational and administrative features taken together given Kaduna South its unique characteristics. It was discover that the habitants have little or no knowledge of what child abuse is.
Some with dishes roaming the street and begging for food and aims for certain belief. They were also denied educational pursuit and a child right to decide for themselves what they want to become in future. Without being told, you will see for yourself how little children hawk around from morning till evening for financial support, this researcher strongly, belief is one of the causes of child abuse and neglect because this kind of occupation endangers the child’s life and expose him to hard situation.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The researcher’s concern to delve into the affairs of CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT in Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna State becomes necessary because the record available to this researcher shows that since the creation of Kaduna South from the former Kaduna local government there was not been any necessary attempt for research work into the activities of child abuse and neglect.
However, it is widely believed that the good image of any social or community depend largely on the social background of its children. Therefore, the problem of child abuse in the local government has been a total neglect in large extent. A situation brought about probably by the undesirable element in our society mostly associated with women folk and partly perhaps the government who have not given enough attention to the ugly situation in the area but rather sitting on chairs in offices. Based on this, the researcher will seriousness wishes to know the activities to the authority concerned with the affairs of child abuse, towards educating the people of the area and of course suggest ways on how to improve and implements their programme towards making the entire area a conducive place of living.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of the study:
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following research question guided the study:
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study is the opportunity to do or achieve something which children are being abuse of more to say, production of two many children to the wide world and not taking care of them should be eradicated by family planning to space the recreation of babies.
However, the absence of mother in any family setting can also perhaps bring about child abuse and the study is out in looking for the suitable solution of resolving it, through the government and the societal people to be aware of the child to try to come affection, warmth etc.
Finally, the scope of the study is to improve the standard of living of clued not by seen influence by an absent of one parent and two much of giving birth of babies.
The government should Endeavour to encourage agencies to treat such a social ill or evil in the society.
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is an attempt to provide evidence and identify pattern of child abuse and neglection with a view to offering suggestion and recommendations that will date the level. This study would be of immense value to parents, counseling teachers of low level of educational and children. The finding and suggestion resulting from this study will go along way in helping parent and guidance to know irritating iterance or actions, it have on youth and children or young once which can be economically, psychological or society which will enable parents, adult to adjust in order to ensure smooth development of children. It will also addressed the practical problem which when left will cut at the very root of civilized ethics particularly significant at present a bold attempt to go into an area of scarcity literature.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Child: Child is defined as a dependent person in the custody of a parent or guardian for protection of his/her life.
Abuse: Is any deliberate act by a person: group of person of society designed to inflict on a child or parent normal, mental physical, emotional and normal development.
Neglect: This usually occurs when families fail on their own part to provide the necessary need fro their children such as food, medical care or being deprived of essential need of life or it is a situation were one show a sign of suffering or lack of care and attention.
Child care: This is care which is supposed to be given to children by those who are responsible for looking after them provide them with child care facilities.
Child Abuse: Those are cruel treatment of children by adult involving violence or sexual activities which is capable of affecting physically, mentally and psychologically.
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DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF FIELD CAPACITY OF IMO STATE SOIL
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Soil being a key factor of production is subject to degradation due to environmental and human activities which prevents it from offering the expected quality; this particularly is as a result of erosion. It not only causes severe land degradation and soil productivity loss, but also threatens the stability and health of society in general, and sustainable development of rural areas in particular [1]. Soils comprise of minerals, organic matter, nutrients, moisture and living organisms which support growth and ascertain the fertility of the soil for food production, this particular property of the soil is threatened when it undergoes degradation by erosive actions. Erosion is one of the surface processes that sculptures the earth’s landscape and constitutes one of the global environmental problems. Soil erosion is a natural process of soil material removal and transportation through the action of erosive agents such as water, wind, gravity, and human disturbance. The problem of soil erosion has really aided in declining the quality of arable land in generating food crops for export and human consumption thus preventing guaranteed food security in the country.
In increasing food production to keep pace with demand while retaining the quality of land and the ecological balance of the production systems are the current challenges to agricultural research and development policy in Nigeria [4]. Currently, efforts to achieve sustainable agricultural development and food self-sufficiency in the country are threatened by widespread environmental degradation resulting from soil erosion menace, characterized by massive soil loss estimated at 30 million tons per annum. Erosion is prevalent in all parts of the country as it is experienced in no smaller degree in almost every geo-political region of the country, with specific impact in southeastern part of Nigeria. [8] states that degradation of natural resources in Anambra State and almost everywhere in Nigeria is one of the greatest threats to future food
production capabilities and sustained development. In Nigeria desertification and aridity are the major environmental problems of the northern part of the country while the torrential rainfall of the southern Nigeria creates enabling environment for catastrophic soil erosion in the region. The greatest threat to environmental settings of southeastern Nigeria is the gradual but constant dissection of the landscape by soil erosion
Soil erosion takes place when soil particles are carried away by water or wind and deposited somewhere else. Erosion starts when rain or irrigation water detaches soil particles [1]. Soil erosion is the most widespread form of land degradation worldwide [2]. According to [3], soil erosion as a part of soil degradation is the decline in quality and quantity of a soil, which may be a function of various processes including erosion, contamination, drainage, acidification, laterization and loss of soil structure or a combination of these.
Soil Erodibility is an estimate of the ability of soil to resist erosion based on the physical characteristics of each soil. Generally, soils with faster infiltration rates, higher levelsof organic matter and improved structure have a greater resistance to erosion. In Erodibility studies and the development of erosion models, numerous publications on the effect of soil properties in erosion processes have assisted in better quantifying and defining soil Erodibility.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Several indices of soil Erodibility have been developed by soil scientist and engineers to predict the susceptibility of soil to erosion, but a unified model for soil loss prediction is yet a challenge [5]. This major setback is as result of certain limitation such as location, soil type, and climatic factors, annual as well as seasonal rainfall associated with the parameters of measurement. This brought about the emergence of various indices to measure soil Erodibility such that will satisfy the condition of a particular region or area of choice under study.
Erodibility indices like dispersion ratio, clay ratio, modified clay ratio and erosion ratio have been employed by different researchers to assess the soil Erodibility. However, very little information is available on the Erodibility indices for the soils of submontaneous tract of Nigeria, particularly under different land uses and in relation to runoff and soil loss.
The Universal Soil Loss Equation which is an acclaimed general equation to measure soil loss is not actually universal. This is because some factors of the equation are widely dependent on the location, soil type or class, cropping practices and conservation practices, needing further evaluation of the various indices prior to application in a particular study area.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the determination of field capacity of imo state soil
2. To understand the relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What is the field capacity of imo state soil
2. What is the relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
H1: There is no relationship between capacity of imo state soil and agricultural productivity.
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THE IMPACT OF TILLAGE PRACTICES ON SOIL PROPERTIES (A CASE STUDY OF OWERRI NORTH LGA)
ABSTRACT
This work discusses the impact of tillage practices on soil properties (a case study of owerri north lga). A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among farmers from owerri north lga. Interviews and surveys were also conducted.
Primary and secondary data will be used in the analysis. Tables and percentages will also be used as the instrument of analysis
It will be observed therefore that tillage practices have a strong and significant impact on soil properties.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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