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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF QUALITY CONTROL IN THE BAKERY INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
This work gives a statistical analysis of quality control in the bakers industry. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were distributed among workers, managers and people from other selected bakery firms in Nigeria. Interviews and surveys were also carried out.
Primary and secondary data were used in the analysis. Tables and percentages were used as the instrument of analysis
Based on the statistical analysis carried out, it was observed therefore that some bakery industries has a quality control in the bakers industry. Also, there is a relationship between bakery industry and quality control in the bakers industry.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Significance of the Study
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Research Hypothesis
1.7 Conceptual and Operational Definition
1.8 Assumptions
1.9 Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sources of Literature
2.2 The Review
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Method
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Research Sample
3.4 Measuring Instrument
3.5 Data Collection
3.6 Data Analysis
3.7 Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
4.1 Data Analysis
4.2 Results
4.3 Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
5.2 Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
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ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS- A CASE STUDY OF BENIN CITY
Abstract:
Road traffic accidents (RTAs) represent a significant public health concern and social challenge, contributing to a substantial loss of life, injury, and economic resources globally. This study focuses on the specific context of Benin City, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of the patterns, causes, and consequences of road traffic accidents in this urban setting.
The research employs a case study methodology, utilizing a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze available accident data, conduct on-site investigations, and engage with key stakeholders such as traffic management authorities, law enforcement agencies, and healthcare providers. The study period spans several years, allowing for the examination of trends and variations in RTAs.
The findings shed light on the demographic characteristics of individuals involved in accidents, the types of vehicles most commonly implicated, prevailing environmental conditions, and the critical factors contributing to accidents. Furthermore, the research explores the implications of RTAs on the healthcare system, emergency response mechanisms, and the socio-economic fabric of Benin City.
The significance of this study lies in its potential to inform evidence-based interventions, policy development, and community awareness programs aimed at reducing the frequency and severity of road traffic accidents in Benin City. The outcomes of this research contribute not only to the local context but also to the broader discourse on road safety and accident prevention in urban environments.
Table of Contents
Introduction
1.1 Background
1.2 Rationale for the Study
1.3 Objectives of the Research
1.4 Scope and Limitations
1.5 Research Methodology
1.6 Significance of the Study
1.7 Organization of the Thesis
Literature Review
2.1 Global Perspectives on Road Traffic Accidents
2.2 Regional and National Trends
2.3 Factors Contributing to Road Traffic Accidents
2.4 Impacts of Road Traffic Accidents on Public Health
2.5 Road Safety Initiatives and Interventions
2.6 Case Studies on Urban Road Traffic Accidents
Methodology
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Data Collection
3.2.1 Accident Data Analysis
3.2.2 On-site Investigations
3.2.3 Stakeholder Interviews
3.3 Case Study Area: Benin City
3.4 Sampling Strategy
3.5 Data Analysis Techniques
3.6 Ethical Considerations
Patterns and Characteristics of Road Traffic Accidents
4.1 Demographic Analysis of Accident Victims
4.2 Types of Vehicles Involved
4.3 Environmental Conditions and Accident Occurrence
4.4 Temporal Patterns and Seasonal Variations
4.5 Contributing Factors to Road Traffic Accidents
Conclusion
5.1 Summary of Findings
5.2 Contributions to Existing Knowledge
5.3 Implications for Policy and Practice
5.4 Areas for Future Research
References
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STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE BANKS IN RURAL AREAS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A microfinance institution is a semi-formal organization. It can be non- governmental or community development initiative. It is a subset of flexible structures and system which provide a wide range of financial and saving needs of small scale enterprises in developing countries where top town formal financial institutions have failed to address the credit need off the real sector of the economy.
The Nigeria microfinance institution have come along way, a central bank study has identified as at 2001, 160 registered microfinance institutions in Nigeria with aggregate savings worth N99.4m and outstanding credit of N649.1m indicating huge business transactions in the business (Anyanwu, 2004). Institutional structures for the provision of micro credit vary and may be government, NGO supported, traditional, or mixture of two or more of these, there are all those that operate on the line of informal models. They are credit and savings association which are based on the traditionally experience, they provides savings and credit services to their members.
Despite the availability of microfinance and the establishment of microfinance institutions in Nigeria, there are yet no established government policies and mechanisms for regulating and supervising activities in the sector (Anyanwu, 2004). In 2000, a national conference on microfinance was organized by the federal government of Nigeria and the world bank recommended that the central bank of Nigeria to take up the responsibility of developing an appropriate Policy as well as regulatory and supervisory frame work for the operation of microfinance institutions. The workshop recognized that the development of appropriate microfinance policy was critical to the development of sustainable microfinance institutions and by implicated through micro enterprises in Nigeria. (CBN, 2001).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The establishment of microfinance banks in Nigeria provide an additional finding source to small and medium scale enterprises on lending basis. This is so because the microfinance banks have grassroots orientation and greater expertise in financing small and medium scale enterprises. But inspite of the prospect of microfinance banks in financing small and medium scale enterprise, they are constraint with myriad of problems ranging from managerial to their inability to properly evaluate loan application and improper credit risk management which has resulted to a high degree of unpaid debt and consequently the closure of so many micro finance bank in the recent past. It is against this that the subject matter is seen as a empirical problem worthy of being investigated.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i. To find out the causes of unpaid debt in Gyelesu Microfinance bank.
ii. To identify the techniques used in evaluating loan application and
credit management in Gyelesu Microfinance Bank.
small and medium scale enterprises.
iv. To identify the constraint militating against the effect management of Gyelesu micro finance bank and recommend workable solution.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study would be beneficial to microfinance bank and government agency incharge of microfinance institution and capacity building for small and medium scale enterprises, especially and they utility the finding of this research as basis for policy formulation. The study would also contribute to the existing knowledge on the problem and prospect of microfinance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprises. The study will also be a spring board for further research.
1.5 RESEARCH QQUESTIONS
i. What are the causes of unpaid debt in Gyelesu microfinance bank
ii. What are the techniques used in evaluating loan application and credit management in Gyelesu micro finance bank.
iii. What are the prospect of Gyelesu micro finance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprise?
iv. What are the constraint militating against the effective management of Gyelesu micro finance bank and how can it be solved?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study covers the examination of the problems and prospect of Gyelesu micro finance bank scale enterprises. To this end investigation would be made into the prospect of microfinance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprises as well as the problems militating against microfinance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprises. The study shall cover a time from 2007 to 2011.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
For the fact that the study is restricted Gyelesu micro finance and the survey design as well as questionnaire is used as the research design as well as instrument of the study, it is no certain if the study is conducted on other area or other design and instrument is used would yield the same result, other constraint arise from the uncooperative attitude of some respondents as well as constraint in access literatures on the subject matter.
1.8 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Microfinance banks: This are small scale bank that specializes in giving loans and mobilizing savings from small and medium scale enterprise as well as low income earners.
Small scale enterprise: A firm that is independently owned and operated on a small and which is not dominant in its field of operation.
Medium scale enterprise: A firm that is higher than a small scale but not up to a large scale enterprise. A firm with a total capital employed of not more than N50 million including working capital.
Loans: These are advances giving to individual or lenders by financial institution
Economic Growth: the nations expansion capacity to produce goods and services.
Risk Management: This are precautionary measures taken to prevent default in loan and losses.
Loan Appraisal: This are criteria used in evaluating the loan proposal.
TABLE OF CONTENT:
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEW
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Bibliography
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RESEARCH TOPICS IN POPULATION STUDIES
• Analyzing the impact of population growth on urban development.
• Assessing the challenges and opportunities of rapidly growing cities.
• Investigating the stages of demographic transition in a specific developing nation.
• Analyzing factors influencing changes in birth and death rates.
• Studying migration trends and their effects on urban population dynamics.
• Analyzing the push and pull factors of rural-to-urban migration.
• Assessing the social and economic consequences of an aging population.
• Analyzing the impact on healthcare systems and pension plans.
• Investigating the factors influencing fertility rates.
• Assessing the effectiveness of family planning programs.
• Analyzing health disparities among different demographic groups.
• Investigating the social determinants of health.
• Evaluating the impact of government policies on population trends.
• Analyzing the success of population control measures.
• Studying the relationship between population growth and environmental degradation.
• Assessing the ecological footprint of different population sizes.
• Analyzing population distribution trends across continents.
• Investigating the impact of migration on global population patterns.
• Evaluating the effectiveness of population education programs.
• Developing strategies to increase awareness of population issues.
• Investigating the role of gender in shaping population trends.
• Assessing the impact of gender-based policies on demographic patterns.
• Analyzing the relationship between youth bulges and social instability.
• Investigating strategies to address the challenges associated with youth bulges.
• Assessing the impact of an aging population on the labor force.
• Analyzing strategies for workforce planning in the context of demographic shifts.
• Studying genetic diversity within populations.
• Analyzing the role of genetics in human evolution.
• Investigating the influence of social factors on population health outcomes.
• Analyzing disparities in healthcare access.
• Assessing the demographic consequences of major epidemics.
• Analyzing population recovery patterns post-pandemic.
• Investigating the relationship between population growth and economic development.
• Assessing the impact of population policies on economic outcomes.
• Studying the cultural consequences of population mobility.
• Analyzing the exchange of ideas and traditions through migration.
• Assessing the capacity of healthcare systems to meet the needs of an aging population.
• Analyzing the challenges of providing healthcare for older adults.
• Investigating the impact of population size on educational infrastructure.
• Analyzing the relationship between education and demographic trends.
• Assessing the relationship between population growth and food production.
• Analyzing strategies for achieving sustainable food security.
• Studying the impact of population density on urban planning.
• Assessing the effectiveness of smart city initiatives.
• Analyzing the demographic consequences of internal displacement.
• Investigating strategies for supporting displaced populations.
• Assessing disparities in healthcare access across different population groups.
• Analyzing the impact of healthcare policies on population health.
• Investigating the relationship between population growth and water scarcity.
• Analyzing strategies for sustainable water resource management.
• Assessing the sustainability of social security systems in the context of an aging population.
• Analyzing alternative models for supporting retirees.
• Studying the relationship between population density and transportation infrastructure.
• Assessing the impact of transportation policies on urban mobility.
• Analyzing the demographic consequences of conflict and displacement.
• Investigating the challenges of post-conflict population recovery.
• Investigating the role of population demographics in technology adoption.
• Analyzing the digital divide across different age groups.
• Assessing the relationship between population density and crime rates.
• Investigating strategies for crime prevention in densely populated areas.
• Studying the ecological consequences of population growth.
• Analyzing strategies for balancing human needs and biodiversity conservation.
• Assessing the impact of an aging population on social networks.
• Investigating interventions to reduce social isolation among older adults.
• Analyzing the relationship between population dynamics and political stability.
• Investigating the demographic factors influencing political movements.
• Assessing the role of population mobility in the spread of infectious diseases.
• Analyzing strategies for managing health crises related to population movement.
• Studying the changing dynamics of intergenerational relationships.
• Assessing the impact of an aging population on family structures.
• Investigating the relationship between population factors and mental health outcomes.
• Analyzing strategies for promoting mental health in diverse populations.
• Studying the impact of population density on air pollution.
• Analyzing policies to improve air quality in densely populated urban areas.
• Assessing the relationship between population growth and energy demand.
• Analyzing strategies for sustainable energy consumption.
• Investigating the financial sustainability of pension systems in aging populations.
• Analyzing alternative models for supporting retirees.
• Studying the influence of population factors on language diversity.
• Analyzing language preservation strategies in the context of demographic changes.
• Assessing the demographic factors influencing disaster vulnerability.
• Analyzing strategies for enhancing population resilience to disasters.
• Investigating technology accessibility challenges for older adults.
• Assessing the role of technology in improving the quality of life for seniors.
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PROJECT TOPICS IN DEMOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL STATISTICS
1. “The Impact of Aging Populations on Healthcare Expenditure in Developed Countries.”
2. “Analyzing Migration Patterns and Their Socioeconomic Consequences in Urban Areas.”
3. “Demographic Factors Influencing Educational Attainment in Developing Nations.”
4. “The Relationship Between Gender Equality and Fertility Rates: A Global Perspective.”
5. “Exploring the Demographic Dividend and Its Effects on Economic Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa.”
6. “Socioeconomic Disparities in Life Expectancy: A Cross-Country Analysis.”
7. “Demographic Changes and Labor Market Implications in Post-Pandemic Scenarios.”
8. “Marriage Trends and Their Impacts on Family Structure and Social Welfare in [Your Country].”
9. “The Influence of Demographics on Political Voting Behavior in [Your Region].”
10. “Population Projections and Their Policy Implications for [Your City].”
11. “The Dynamics of Urbanization and Their Effects on Social Services and Infrastructure.”
12. “Socioeconomic Determinants of Access to Quality Healthcare in Developing Nations.”
13. “Demographic Factors and Crime Rates: A Longitudinal Analysis in Urban Areas.”
14. “The Role of Age and Gender in Workplace Discrimination and Wage Disparities.”
15. “Analyzing the Impact of Population Density on Environmental Sustainability.”
16. “Family Size and Socioeconomic Status: A Study of Intergenerational Mobility.”
17. “Demographic Shifts and Their Implications for Pension Systems in [Your Country].”
18. “Education and Income Disparities: A Longitudinal Analysis in [Your Region].”
19. “Mortality Trends and Causes of Death in [Your Country]: A Comprehensive Study.”
20. “The Demographics of Homelessness: A Multifaceted Analysis in Urban Areas.”
21. “The Relationship Between Religion and Fertility Patterns in [Your Region].”
22. “Demographic Influences on Mental Health and Well-being: A Longitudinal Study.”
23. “Socioeconomic Status and Access to Higher Education: A Comparative Analysis.”
24. “Social Stratification and Its Impact on Access to Quality Housing in [Your City].”
25. “Demographics of Immigrant Communities and Their Integration into [Your Country].”
26. “The Role of Demographics in Shaping Consumer Behavior and Market Trends.”
27. “Disability Prevalence and Access to Healthcare Services in Developing Nations.”
28. “Fertility Preferences and Contraceptive Use: A Cross-Cultural Comparison.”
29. “Economic Consequences of Child Marriage: A Case Study in [Your Region].”
30. “Sociodemographic Factors and Substance Abuse Trends: A Comprehensive Analysis.”
31. “Demographic Changes and Their Effects on Public Transportation Planning in [Your City].”
32. “Longevity and Quality of Life in Aging Populations: A Comparative Study.”
33. “Demographics of Political Leadership: Representation and Diversity in [Your Country].”
34. “Population Aging and Its Effects on Social Services and Elderly Care.”
35. “The Impact of Demographics on Access to Internet and Digital Technologies.”
36. “Demographic Factors and the Spread of Infectious Diseases: A Case Study.”
37. “Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Patterns: A Multireligious Analysis.”
38. “Demographic Characteristics of Incarcerated Populations in [Your Country].”
39. “The Demographics of Mental Health Services Utilization in [Your Region].”
40. “Changing Family Structures and Their Impacts on Child Well-being.”
41. “The Demographics of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Ownership in [Your Country].”
42. “Demographic Factors and Environmental Attitudes: A Cross-Country Survey.”
43. “The Influence of Demographics on Voting Turnout in Local Elections.”
44. “The Dynamics of Multigenerational Households and Their Socioeconomic Implications.”
45. “The Role of Demographics in Patterns of Civic Engagement and Volunteerism.”
46. “Social Media Usage and Its Correlation with Demographic Characteristics.”
47. “Demographic Trends and Their Effects on Public Policy Formulation in [Your Country].”
48. “The Influence of Demographics on Access to Early Childhood Education Programs.”
49. “The Demographics of Food Insecurity and Its Impact on Vulnerable Populations.”
50. “Demographic Factors and the Digital Gender Divide: A Global Perspective.”
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF INCIDENCE OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA, FROM 2019-2021
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
A novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged out of Wuhan city of China at the end of 2019. The pandemic, which rapidly spread to over 210 countries as of March 2020, continues to inflict severe public health and socio-economic burden in many parts of the world, including in Nigeria. As of September 30, 2020, it accounted for over 28.8 million confirmed cases and about 921,000 deaths globally [1–3]. There is currently no safe and effective vaccine or antiviral for use against the pandemic in humans. Consequently, the control and mitigation efforts against the pandemic are focused on implementing non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as social (physical)-distancing, community lockdown, contact tracing, quarantine of suspected cases, isolation of confirmed cases and the use of face masks in public [4–8]. Social-distancing (also referred to as physical-distancing) entails maintaining a physical distance of 2 metres (or 6 feet) from other humans in public gatherings. Community lockdown entails implementing the stay-at-home or stay-in-shelter strategy (so that people stay at, and work from, home), the closure of schools and non-essential businesses and services, avoiding large public or private gatherings etc.
Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa (with an estimated population of 200 million [9]), is one of the epicenters of COVID-19 in Africa. It reportedly recorded its first COVID-19 case on February 27, 2020 (when an Italian citizen, who works in Nigeria, was diagnosed with the disease upon returning back to Nigeria from a trip to Milan, Italy [10]). This was the very first reported case in sub-Saharan Africa [10]. Data from the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) show that, as of September 13, 2020, Nigeria has 56,117 confirmed COVID-19 cases and 1078 cumulative deaths (see Figure 1 for a time series data on confirmed COVID-19 cases in Nigeria) [11]. Furthermore, a total of 440,248 samples were tested for COVID-19 as of September 13, 2020 [11]. The federal government of
Nigeria implemented a strict lockdown of three major centres in the country (namely, Lagos city, Ogun State and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja) on March 30, 2020, aimed at minimizing community transmission of COVID-19. During the imposed lockdown, only food stores and essential service providers were allowed to operate [12]. However, due to the increase in the cumulative COVID-19 confirmed cases, the government extended the community lockdown to include the rest of the country on April 27, 2020. The government announced plans to begin easing restrictions in the country from May 4, 2020, by allowing offices, businesses, markets, and stores to resume operation with limited hours and staff capacity, but with compulsory wearing of face masks in public and checking of body temperatures [12, 13]. However, restrictions, which include an overnight curfew and a ban on nonessential interstate travel, are still in place [12,13]. A natural question to ask is when would it be safe to relax the lockdown measures to re-open the economy and the country? In other words, under what conditions can the lockdown measures be relaxed without risking the possibility of a second wave of COVID-19 that may be as (or even more) devastating as the first? This is one of the main objectives of the current study. We seek to use mathematical modeling approaches and rigorous mathematical analyses, coupled with statistical data analytics, to achieve this and related objectives.
Mathematical models have, historically, been used to provide realistic insight into the transmission dynamics and control of infectious diseases, dating back to the pioneering works of Sir Ronald Ross and Kermack-McKendrick in the 1900s [14]. Numerous models have also been designed and used to understand the mechanisms for the spread, control and mitigation of COVID-19 in a community. Ferguson et al. [15] developed one of the very first models for COVID-19. Their agent-based model,which was used to assess the impact of NPIs on COVID-19 mortality, predicted an alarmingly-high projection for the cumulative mortality in the US (2.2 million deaths) and the UK (510,000 deaths) if no public health interventions are used (i.e., their worst-case scenario predictions for COVID-induced mortality for the US was in millions, while that of the UK was in hundreds of thousands). A recent study by Eikenberry et al. [4] used a new multi-group Kermack-McKendrick-type epidemic model to assess the impact of mask usage in public in curtailing the spread of COVID-19 in the US. Their study shows that the use of face masks by members of the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. This study further shows that the community-wide benefits of face masks are likely to be greatest when they are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical interventions (such as social-distancing), and when face masks are adopted universally (i.e., throughout the nation) and compliance in their usage is high.
A detailed mathematical model for assessing the community-wide impact of NPIs on combating and mitigating the burden of COVID-19 was developed by Ngonghala et al. [5]. Their study showed that, while the early relaxation or lifting of social-distancing and community lockdown measures (and face mask usage in the public) is likely to lead to second wave, extended the duration of the social-distancing and lockdown measures (and face mask usage in public) can significantly reduce the COVID-induced mortality in the US in general, and the state of New York in particular. The potential for a COVID-19 outbreak aboard the Diamond Princess cruise (which experienced a major COVID-19 outbreak during the months of January and February of 2020) was modeled by Mizumoto and Chowell [16]. Their study showed a high estimate of the reproduction of the model (making major outbreak inevitable), and that the reproduction number substantially decreases with increasing effectiveness of the quarantine and isolation measures implemented on the ship. Adegboye et al. [17] used a log-linear Poisson regression model to estimate the early transmissibility of the novel coronavirus in Nigeria. Their 45-day estimates showed that, although COVID-19 cases in Nigeria have been remarkably lower than expected, more testing needs to be done to stop local transmission. Musa et al. [18] estimated the growth rate and basic reproduction number of the novel coronavirus to show the potential of the virus to spread, and to reveal the importance of sustaining stringent health measures to control the disease in Africa.
Using a stochastic model, Hellewell et al. [19] showed that (for most instances) the spread of COVID-19 can be effectively contained in 3 months if contact-tracing and isolation are highly effective. Furthermore, using another stochastic model to study the COVID-19 trajectory in the Wuhan city of China from January to February, 2020, Kucharski et al. [20] showed that a reduction in COVID-19 transmission can be achieve when travel restrictions are implemented. Using a model for assessing the effect of mass influenza vaccination on the spread of COVID-19 and other influenza-like pathogens co-circulating during an influenza season, Li et al. [21] showed that increasing influenza vaccine uptake (or enhancing the public health interventions) would facilitate the management of outbreaks of respiratory pathogens circulating during the peak flu season.
Recently, Iboi et al. [6] developed a mathematical model to determine whether or not a hypothetical imperfect vaccine can lead to the elimination of COVID-19 in the United States. Their study showed that such elimination is feasible, using the hypothetical vaccine with assumed efficacy of 80%, if the vaccine coverage is high enough to achieve herd immunity. In particular, the vaccine coverage needed to achieve herd immunity in US is 90%, while the computed herd threshold for the states of New York and the state of Florida are 84% and 85%, respectively.
The current study is based on using a mathematical model to assess the impact of NPIs on the transmission dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria. The model will be parametrized using available COVID-19 mortality data for Nigeria, the state of Lagos, Kano and the Federal Capital Territory Abuja to estimate important parameters related to the reduction in community contacts. The main objectives of the study include determining whether or not the current NPI-based control and mitigation measures in Nigeria would be adequate to lead to the effective control of the pandemic in Nigeria. Further, the impact of early relaxation or lifting of the current social-distancing and community lockdown measures will be assessed. In particular, the model will be used to determine when it would be safe to relax these measures without risking the possibility of a second wave of the pandemic.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in statistical analysis of incidence of covid-19 pandemic in nigeria, from 2019-2021
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the impact of incidence of covid-19 pandemic in nigeria
2. To understand the relationship between incidence of covid-19 pandemic and public health development in nigeria
1.4 Research questions
1. What is the impact of incidence of covid-19 pandemic in nigeria
2. What is the relationship between incidence of covid-19 pandemic and public health development in nigeria
1.5 Research hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between incidence of covid-19 pandemic and public health development in nigeria
H1: There is a relationship between incidence of covid-19 pandemic and public health development in nigeria
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAM IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The research work is to assess the Impact of National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) in financing small scale industries. The role of government agencies towards the development of small scale enterprises is quite interesting. These enterprises have a very important impact on the life of everybody in the society. Small independence businesses are everywhere and in every line of work, they can also be seen in every community. This business is as old as man. So virtually everything is done in life involved the element of business. Small scale enterprise constitutes an importance in today’s business activities or system. The role of small scale enterprise in our economic history however, has been one of the distribution and contributions.
Although its relative importance has decline with the growth of the big business, small scale business is still the major contribution to the countries economy. Business in Nigeria today is made up of both large and small business. Today small scale enterprise have to enjoy more prestige than ever before because of its vital contribution to the nation’s economy. So vital is small scale business. There are successful small scale enterprise operating like the manufacturing plants, retails, stores, wholesales, drugs, computers, construction firms and hundreds of other type of business.
Nigeria population was estimated to be 140 million in 2007 with about 75% of this made up of small scale enterprise operators. Lack of full study of government agencies in the development of these enterprises especially, the financial institution made it impossible to know the size, structure and function of these small scale business to the development of the economy.
Government agencies are charged with the responsibilities among others to carryout duties and deliver utilities as may be regulated from time to time on behalf of the government for the purpose of uplifting the standard of living. Government agencies such as the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP).
NAPEP aims at eradicating absolute poverty in Nigeria, through the streamlining and rationalizing of exiting alleviation institutions and implementation of relevant schemes and programmes. NAPEP was established in 2001. Different ministries and agencies were recognized as core poverty alleviation ministries and agencies. Some of these ministries and agencies are: Agricultural and Rural Development, Education, water resources, Industry, employment, labour and productivity.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Most government agencies have undergone number of re-organization especially which affect their forces and activities that lead to effective performance and lack of proper control on their activities.
The most obvious problems of NAPEP is how to produce or provide efficient financial resources, technical assistance, security on loan given out to customers, evaluation of projects that are financed which may take more time than stated at the beginning. Also, the project time table, which depends on nature and complexity of the project, it may take one to two years sometimes longer from when the project was identified to when it was commissioned.
On the part of small scale enterprises (SSE) how effective are they utilizing the services rendered to them by NAPEP. Also are they able to cope with the policies adopted by this agency in obtaining loan and other services rendered such as interest rate on capital collateral facilities and the role of government.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the impact of NAPEP in financing of small scale businesses in Kaduna state.
2. To analyze the various ways by which NAPEP has contributed effectively to the development of the economy.
3. To find out the role of small scale business in the development of the economy in Kaduna.
4. To highlight some of the government policies that help in financing and developing small scale enterprises.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this study cannot be overemphasized as it is a prerequisite for the award of Higher National Diploma in Business Administration as such it is important to the researcher.
The study will also enable government officials, that is, the bureaucrats and policy makers to know whether the programme actually contributes positively on the lives of the people especially in Kaduna State, so that both government and policy makers can adopt the policy programme, as well as implementation strategies that will avoid mismanagement and misdirection of the nation’s scarce resources.
The study is also significant as it seeks to verify whether the policy programme is beneficial with its impact being felt on Small Scale Enterprises.
The study will in the end suggest possible ways through which government policy programmes can be improved or effectively implemented, especially those programmes that relates to the economic wellbeing of the people.
The study will apart from addition to general knowledge, will also reveal issues that can be of theoretical importance to the academicians in other field.
1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1 What is the impact of NAPEP in financing of small scale business in Kaduna state?
2 What are the various ways by which NAPEP has contributed effectively to the development of the economy?
3 What is the role of small scale business in the development of economy in Kaduna?
4 What are some of the government policies that help in financing and developing small scale enterprises?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The researcher for the purpose of this project work wishes to limit her study to National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) as it relates to financing of small scale enterprises. This study will cover the area of activities and role played by the government agency
1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
In any research undertake it is usually associated with some constraints. Some of the constraints of this research work include the following:
a. Available data: in no small measure, incomplete and inaccurate data also provide a lot of difficulty in carrying out this research work. As a matter of fact it is because most of the senior staff were either too busy running their official responsibility that made them hardly to give the researcher the needed time to gather information or they were not just willing to do that, though some did cooperate just like most senior staff.
b. Time constraint: this was the biggest constraint faced by the researcher because combing rigorous drilling of the institution i.e. lectures, assignment (both individual and group), test etc. on carrying out the research work made it virtually impossible to dedicate all the time needed to carry out this research work mostly easily.
1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Entrepreneur: A person who makes money by starting or running business, especially when this involves taking business risks.
Business: Activity of making, buying, selling or supply goods and services for money.
Industries: The production of goods from raw materials. The people and activities involved in producing a particular thing or service.
Capital: Amount of money that is invested or is used to start a business.
Poverty: The state of being poor, conditions of abject/extreme poverty.
Alleviation: To make, less severe, ease.
Investment: the act of investing money. The act of giving time or effort to a particular task in order to make it successful.
Marketing: This is a total system of business activities designed to plan price, promote and distribute wants, satisfying product and services to present to a potential customer at profit.
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INFORMATION:
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TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON THE REGISTRATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN NIGERIA
(A CASE STUDY OF ASABA DELTA STATE 1993-2002)
This project is based on time series analysis of quarterly registration of motor vehicles in Asaba Delta-state (1993 –2002) the whole project is divided into five chapters.
Chapter one, deals with the introduction aspect of the study.
Chapter two, the literature review, makes reference to other people’s work that are similar to this study.
Chapter three and four of this project work deal with the analysis of the time series data collected, filling of models, identification, forecasting.
Chapter five, consists of finding, conclusions and recommendation.
Certificate page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgment v
Abstract vi
CHAPTER ONE
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review 5
CHAPTER THREE
Research methodology 8
3.0 Introduction 8
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis 14
CHAPTER FIVE
Appendix 28
Bibliography 29
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Motor vehicle evolves from the horse drawn carriage, it’s near relative from the horse drawn carriage, it near relative the stream carriage and perhaps the 19th century tricycle, but as the year went by gradually. Lost it likeness to any of it progenitor. All these at each stage of development were each used for transportation which help to limit and eventually abandon the use of animals and foot for transportation.
Every vehicle kept or used on, only public road must be registered and the appropriate vehicle license fee paid in respect of it. This is done by applying for a motor vehicle license.
The board of internal revenue which was known to be the revenue division of ministry of finance is the authority responsible for the insurance of vehicle license in the state. This board has motor licensing office in the various local government areas and the licensing offices in the various local government areas gives the monthly report to the state board.
There are two classes of vehicles which can be registered. They are the one that is import from outside the country or manufacture in the country that needed a change of registration for the new national identification scheme. the former require the former to fill the national motor vehicle administration form in duplicate signed by the customer. The document will be sent to the motor licensing officer in charge to verify the genuity of the document. If they are confirmed to be genuine, he will ask for two passport of the customer and mandate a registration clerk to register the vehicle before he signs. The customers pay the registration fee depending on the type of vehicle and the national vehicle administration form (N.V.A.F) is forward to the road safety commission for filling.
While the later is supervised by the federal road safety commission filling. The local government council will require all the vehicles to change their number plate and request for registration. General motor receipt each of which is to be photocopied in duplicate, the four copies of the (N.M.V.F) form will be filled and present to the motor vehicle licensing office for verification before mandating the registration clerk to register.
This registration exercise help the customer and the police to recover his/her vehicle if lost, it safe guide us against security purpose, easy identification, uniformity and revenue collection which is the source of our national income.
3. To make recommendation and conclusion on the registration of motor vehicle in Asaba, Delta state
The findings of this research will help to establish the performance of the scheme and to find out about operational problem facing the registration system. This research work will give the internal revenue board to introduce measure and policies that will encourage the registration officers to run the operations it will also review the operation and activities of the board of internal revenue through which improvement can be accomplished and serves as a reference point to future researchers.
Due to the high cost of transportation, lack of sufficient time series analysis and other problem that might have confronted the researcher, it become imperative to get the best and of a rather difficult and challenging situation
The researcher will focus his research on Asaba Area of Delta- state. This will enhance an indebt study which may be duplicated in other place by other researchers, to confirm or disapprove it’s kindling. In this study only the time series analysis of the registration of motor vehicle is considered.
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INFORMATION:
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STATISTICAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF MICROFINANCE BANKS ON RURAL AREAS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A microfinance institution is a semi-formal organization. It can be non- government al or community development initiative. It is a subset of flexible structures and system which provide a wide range of financial and saving needs of small scale enterprises in developing countries where top town formal financial institutions have failed to address the credit need off the real sector of the economy.
The Nigeria microfinance institution have come along way, a central bank study has identified as at 2001, 160 registered microfinance institutions in Nigeria with aggregate savings worth N99.4m and outstanding credit of N649.1m indicating huge business transactions in the business (Anyanwu, 2004). Institutional structures for the provision of micro credit vary and may be government, NGO supported, traditional, or mixture of two or more of these, there are all those that operate on the line of informal models. They are credit and savings association which are based on the traditionally experience, they provides savings and credit services to their members.
Despite the availability of microfinance and the establishment of microfinance institutions in Nigeria, there are yet no established government policies and mechanisms for regulating and supervising activities in the sector (Anyanwu, 2004). In 2000, a national conference on microfinance was organized by the federal government of Nigeria and the world bank recommended that the central bank of Nigeria to take up the responsibility of developing an appropriate Policy as well as regulatory and supervisory frame work for the operation of microfinance institutions. The workshop recognized that the development of appropriate microfinance policy was critical to the development of sustainable microfinance institutions and by implicated through micro enterprises in Nigeria. (CBN, 2001).
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The establishment of microfinance banks in Nigeria provide an additional finding source to small and medium scale enterprises on lending basis. This is so because the microfinance banks have grassroots orientation and greater expertise in financing small and medium scale enterprises. But inspite of the prospect of microfinance banks in financing small and medium scale enterprise, they are constraint with myriad of problems ranging from managerial to their inability to properly evaluate loan application and improper credit risk management which has resulted to a high degree of unpaid debt and consequently the closure of so many micro finance bank in the recent past. It is against this that the subject matter is seen as a empirical problem worthy of being investigated.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
i. To find out the causes of unpaid debt in Gyelesu Microfinance bank.
ii. To identify the techniques used in evaluating loan application and
credit management in Gyelesu Microfinance Bank.
small and medium scale enterprises.
iv. To identify the constraint militating against the effect management of Gyelesu micro finance bank and recommend workable solution.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study would be beneficial to microfinance bank and government agency incharge of microfinance institution and capacity building for small and medium scale enterprises, especially and they utility the finding of this research as basis for policy formulation. The study would also contribute to the existing knowledge on the problem and prospect of microfinance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprises. The study will also be a spring board for further research.
1.5 RESEARCH QQUESTIONS
i. What are the causes of unpaid debt in Gyelesu microfinance bank
ii. What are the techniques used in evaluating loan application and credit management in Gyelesu micro finance bank.
iii. What are the prospect of Gyelesu micro finance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprise?
iv. What are the constraint militating against the effective management of Gyelesu micro finance bank and how can it be solved?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The study covers the examination of the problems and prospect of Gyelesu micro finance bank scale enterprises. To this end investigation would be made into the prospect of microfinance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprises as well as the problems militating against microfinance bank in financing small and medium scale enterprises. The study shall cover a time from 2007 to 2011.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
For the fact that the study is restricted Gyelesu micro finance and the survey design as well as questionnaire is used as the research design as well as instrument of the study, it is no certain if the study is conducted on other area or other design and instrument is used would yield the same result, other constraint arise from the uncooperative attitude of some respondents as well as constraint in access literatures on the subject matter.
1.8 DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS
Microfinance banks: This are small scale bank that specializes in giving loans and mobilizing savings from small and medium scale enterprise as well as low income earners.
Small scale enterprise: A firm that is independently owned and operated on a small and which is not dominant in its field of operation.
Medium scale enterprise: A firm that is higher than a small scale but not up to a large scale enterprise. A firm with a total capital employed of not more than N50 million including working capital.
Loans: These are advances giving to individual or lenders by financial institution
Economic Growth: the nations expansion capacity to produce goods and services.
Risk Management: This are precautionary measures taken to prevent default in loan and losses.
Loan Appraisal: This are criteria used in evaluating the loan proposal.
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OR
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Account Number: 3139283609
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FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON THE IMPACT OF BIRTH AND DEATH RATES ON NIGERIA’S ECONOMY. (A CASE STUDY OF OSUN STATE)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Economic development of Nigeria has over the period been inconsistent despite its window dressing. Economic growth and development in Nigeria is inevitable for a better and prosperous living. In adequately studying economic growth and development, a lot of predictors or determinants must be studied as well to have a comprehensive grip on the socio economic development of the nation. Two cardinal factors that may influence the socio economic development of any nation, Nigeria inclusive are the birth and death rates. The performance of the economy of any nation to a very large extent hinges on these two factors. Increased or decreased birth or death rates have its implications on the socio economic development of a country. Countries that want to be wealthy must not joke or toil with the study of birth and death rates in relationship to their economy.
BIRTH RATE
The birth rate; in Nigeria was last measured at 41.24 in 2013, according to the World Bank. Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 populations estimated at midyear or quarterly. Subtracting the death rate from the birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
The birth rate (technically, births/population rate) is the total number of live births per 1,000 of a population in a year. The rate of births in a population is calculated in several ways: live births from a universal registration system for births, deaths, and marriages; population counts from a census, and estimation through specialized demographic techniques. The birth rate (along with mortality and migration rate) is used to calculate population and economic growth.In 2012 the average global birth rate was 19.15 births per 1,000 total populations, compared to 20.09 per 1,000 total populations in 2007.
The raw birth rate is 4.3 births/second for the world (2014 EST.).
DEATH RATE
Death rate can be said to be the ratio of total deaths to total population in a specified community or area over a specified period of time. The death rate is often expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population per year.
It can also be said to be a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct from the so-called “morbidity rate” (a vague term sometimes used to refer to either the prevalence or incidence of a disease), and also from the incidence rate (the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time).
Ordinarily speaking, we can say that birth rate can be a number that shows how many people died in a particular place or during a particular time or the number of deaths from a specific cause in a particular area during a particular time period.
The performance inconsistency of the economy of Nigeria has led us to this research. Nigeria’s economy may have over the period neglected these two important factors in being able to predict the economy in the coming years. Lack of proper documentation of the birth and death rate in Nigeria which has led to the inadequate economic planning has also been a major problem confronting Nigeria.
H0: there is no relationship between birth rate and the economy of Nigeria.
H1: there is a relationship between birth rate and the economy of Nigeria.
H0: there is no relationship between death rate and the economy of Nigeria.
H1: there is a relationship between death rate and the economy of Nigeria.
H0: there is no relationship between death rate, birth rate and the economy of Nigeria.
H1: there is a relationship between death rate, birth rate and the economy of Nigeria.
The significance of this study is to educate researchers firms, hospitals, families and other related organizations on the need to ensure adequate documentation of the birth and death rates as it helps in effective economic planning of Nigeria.
This study is restricted to the impact of birth and death rates on the socio economic development of Nigeria.
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Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420