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CAUSES OF PROJECT ABANDONMENT IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND REMEDIES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Abandoned projects and construction failure including building and other civil engineering infrastructure development project like houses, churches, schools, roads, bridges, dams, tunnels, air port, sea port etc. litter the whole Nigeria. Osemenan (1987) reported that Nigeria has become the “world’s junk-yard of abandoned and failed projects worth billions of naira and it is greatly unthinkable that Nigeria blessed with so great potentials in the building and construction industry can experience such magnitude of project failure and abandonment. According to another report by Kotangora (1993) there are about 4000 uncompleted or abandoned project belonging to the Federal Government of Nigeria with an estimated cost of above N 300 billion which will take 30 years to complete at the present execution capacity of government, also according to him this issue of abandonment and construction project failure is been left without adequate attention for too long which is now having a multiplier effect on the construction industry in particular and the national economy as a whole. The building and construction industry plays a very dominant role in the economy of any nation. A healthy economy usually experience an increase in building and construction activities, but in a depressed economy, the incidence of project abandonment and construction failures tends to be more prevalent. Akindoyeni (1989) qualitatively reasoned that some of the causes of project abandonment and construction failure in Nigeria are deaths of client, inability of client to attract fund and lack of good planning.
The abandonment of development projects is the act of discontinuing any activities or maintenance works on such development project within a time frame of the contract agreement and with no intention of returning back to the development (Spelman, 1993). Similarly, O’Flaherty (1993) while reflecting on property development projects suggest that it is when an owner or developer is ceasing to provide the required maintenance management to a developed property. There could also be construction failure due to improper planning.
However, real property development projects being a capital intensive undertaking should be critically analyzed to ascertain its feasibility and viability before embarking on it. But, on several occasions and as it had been observed, governments, contractors and agencies have abandoned development projects mid-way into construction and completion.
The causes and effects of these development projects abandonments and construction failure are not just peculiar to a particular reason rather cut across several reasons (Ayodele and Alabi, 2011), and as well as creating a total dwindling effects on the values of developed properties located close and within the vicinity. The expected prominence of any earmarked development projects is to be completed, while at the same time, adding values to the built environment aesthetics. Although, development projects are temporary endeavors undertaken to create a unique product and services with a defined beginning and ending date (Gardner, 2005). The accomplishment of such purposes should be realized at all times otherwise needless of such development (Gardner, 2005). The development projects specific in the study framework is infrastructural projects (such as; house, electricity, road, schools, and drainage). However, the study purpose is to investigate and assess the causes and effects of development projects abandonment and construction failure in Nigeria.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The unceasing abandonment and failure of development projects is so shocking in the developing countries such that Nigerian has remained one of the countries in such difficulty (Ayodele and Alabi, 2011; Kotangora, 1993; Osemenan, 1987). Therefore, the significance that the incessant abandonment of projects and construction failure would bring several effects on the aesthetics of the environment, real properties and its values and the economy cannot be overemphasized since some of the development projects provide the basic services that should meet the needs of the people. However, this study will examine the causes of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The following are the objectives of this study:
1. To examine the causes of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria.
2. To examine the effect of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria.
3. To determine the solution to the problem of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1. What are the causes of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria?
2. What is the effect of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria?
3. What is the solution to the problem of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria?
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The following are the significance of this study:
1. This study will educate the general public and the experts in the building industry on the causes of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria with a view of proffering solution to the problem.
2. This research will also serve as a resource base to other scholars and researchers interested in carrying out further research in this field subsequently, if applied will go to an extent to provide new explanation to the topic.
1.7 SCOPE/LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This study on causes of construction project failure and abandonments in Nigeria will cover the issues of abandoned projects, failed project and all other abandoned infrastructural facilities.
LIMITATION OF STUDY
Financial constraint- Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the researcher in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).
Time constraint- The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research work.
ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
ABSTRACT
This Project examines Role of public relations in crisis management, a study of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu. To achieve this, the survey research method was adopted. The researcher uses the number of the population as the sample size; this is because the population is already small to reduce as we know that the purpose of sample size is to reduce the large number of population. Three research questions guided the study. Research findings showed that public relations play a vital role in crisis management. In view of these findings, the researcher recommended that every good organization must have public relations department, with well qualified staff and provide them with basic facilities to work with like security camera etc. The researcher suggested that Union Bank Plc. should imbibe public relations as a philosophy of management and all organization should be made to appreciate the place of public relations in the organization.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study:
Public relations play a vital role between an organization and its public. Its practice aims at establishing a two-way communication, seeking common ground or areas of mutual interest and establishing understanding based on truth, knowledge and full information. It is that indispensable bridge that fosters co-operation and understanding. With increasing intensity, the civil society is rather active than passive in the affairs that concern them. Similarly, organizations are more socially responsible in their business undertaking in reference to public opinion. The reason is not far fetched. Today’s organizations, no matter how pretentious they are, are aware that they need to build dependable relationship with their publics. However, it is obvious that no matter how hard an organization attempts to project her image, occasions arise when crisis develops and threatens the very foundation of the organization concerned.
Public relations have myriad of definitions. The British Institute of Public Relations (1994) defines it as deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish mutual understanding between an organization and the public. The Mexican definition which was as a result of International conference held in Mexico City in 1978, says, Public relations practice is the art and social science of analyzing trend, predicting their consequences, counseling organization leader, and implementing planned programmer of action which will serve both the organization and the public interest. Harlow(1976) defines it as distinctive management function which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its public; involves the management of problems or issues; helps management to keep informed and responsive to public opinions, defines and emphasizes the responsibility of management keeps abreast of and effectively utilize change; serving as an early warning system to help anticipate trends and uses research and ethical communication techniques as its principal tools. Indeed, Public Relations have long been discovered as not only a management function but the basis of philosophy of management. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (7th edition) crisis entails a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made. ‘Crisis can be said to be an unsettling situation with disquieting disposition needing a return from the status quo. In view of the situation in Nigeria currently, crisis can be in different forms, example political crisis, financial crisis, fuel crisis, labour crisis, civil disturbance engendered by a perceived wrong doing by a corporate organization, management, shareholder and management related crisis and so on. These are to mention but a few instances because there are so many dimension of crisis. Crisis can occur as a recall of an action of omission or negligence; even a natural disaster can trigger off crisis in an organization. Crisis can either be violent or nonviolent in nature Solu; 1994, p. [383]. However, in as much as crisis is an inevitable situation, there is always the need to develop pre- emptive strategic method to prevent its occurrence. But in case crisis occurs and poses great danger, difficulty or uncertainly, the big questions for public relations experts or managers is: what do they do? How best do they utilize their training and knowledge to resolve a situation that is unstable and capable of a highly undesirable outcome?
A brief history is necessary because several structural changes and innovation have taken place in the bank to make it what it is today. Union Bank is a large commercial bank, serving individuals, small and medium –sized companies, as well as large corporations and Organizations. A brief history is necessary because several structural changes and innovation have taken place in the bank to make it what it is today. The first branch of the
Union Bank opened for business in Lagos in 1917 and almost immediately, the Jos and Port-Harcourt branches followed. Then the bank was known as colonial Bank to reflect the signs to time. Nigeria was under the British rule and who of course, introduced the bank. The bank opened twelve more branches in different parts of the country and later became known as Barclays Bank.
In 1971, the shares of the bank stock were listed on the Nigerian stock Exchange. In the same year, 8.33% of the bank’s shares were offered to Nigerians. The following year, the federal Government of Nigeria acquired 51.67% ownership of the bank, leaving Barclays Bank Plc of London with 40% ownership. In 1979, that 40% was sold to Nigeria individuals and business to comply with the recently enacted banking and investment laws. The bank changed its name to Union Bank of Nigeria Plc., to reflect its new ownership structure. In 1993, the federal Government of Nigeria completely divested its ownership in the bank. Subsequently, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc. acquired the former Universal Trust Bank Plc. and Broad Bank Limited. It also absorbed its former subsidiary Union Merchant Bank Limited.
Union bank has grown enormously since 1979.Beween 1981 and 1984, the bank made the highest level of profits in the banking sector. While In 1986, it became the first
Nigerian to hit 1 billion naira mark in the savings deposits. Its total assets which stood at 5,
29.550 billion naira in 1986 has risen to about 329.6 billion naira in 2003. In July 2009, it was rated the 556th largest bank in the whole world and the 14th largest world in Africa. As of June 2012, the bank’s asset base was estimated at US$6.784 billion (NGN:1.049 trillion).The shareholders equity at that time was estimated at US$1.22 billion (NGN:188.4 billion). The bank has a branch in London which commenced operations in September 1983 with five million pounds and 12 members of staff, now it has grown to more than 30 million pounds with staff strength of 42.
Union Bank of Nigeria Plc with its mission statement of “To be the foremost financial institution with the satisfied customer” is one of the largest companies listed on the
Nigerian Stock Exchange and ranked among the most successful in the whole of African.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem: There is a saying that goes thus:”Change is the only constant things in life”. In as much as change is desirable, not all change brings good fortunes, some bring about positive effects while some simply are destructive and devastating. The problem is that with each passing year many organizations find themselves enveloped in crises which decelerate growth and brings instability in the polity, unhealthy competition, destruction of life and property as well as loss of life. What factors could be responsible for these? Does it mean that Public Relations departments are overtly ignored or underrated in organizations? A corporate organization like Union Bank Plc which has grown to such a magnitude has had its crisis periods. Of course no business can operate in troubled waters. Therefore the question this study seeks to answer is: how has Public relations expertise and experience been used to effectively manage a crises situation in Union Bank Plc Garden Avenue Enugu.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The study had the following objectives
i. To determine the role public relations play in crises management at
Union Bank Plc ii. To determine what Public relations tools were used to resolve the crises at Union Bank Plc.
iii. To ascertain how effective the Public relations tools were used in
resolving the crises.
1.4 Research Questions
The study answered the following research questions.
1. What roles does public relation play in crises management at Union Bank
Plc?
2. What Public relations tools were used to resolve the crises?
3. How effective were the Public relations tool used in resolving the crises?
1.5 Hypotheses
Ho: Public relations does not plays any role in crises management at
Union Bank Plc.
Hi: Public relations play a role in crises management at Union Bank
Plc.
Ho: A good public relations unit cannot help prevent crisis in Union
Bank Plc.
Hi: A good public relations unit can help prevent crisis in Union Bank
Plc.
Ho: Public relations unit can not maintain peace in Union Bank Plc
Hi: Public relations unit can maintain peace in Union Bank Plc.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study is limited to Union Bank Head Quarters Enugu, Garden Avenue. This branch is large and representative enough to provide all the information necessary to do justice to the study within the period.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The study will go a long way to benefit many co-operate Organization, the academics and Government Officials in Crisis as few work have been done on the subject. The foundation of modern society lies in its economic and industrial capacity for business and governance to grow and progress. There is the over whelming need to ensure stable social, political and economic environment. This show the vital position public relations has come to occupy in the scheme of things. Public Relations application in administration and Management can help in achieving the desired expectations when properly harnessed.
In other words, business and industries will find the study important and used as it attempts to mirror the various Crisis, it also proffers solutions. The society will benefit from this research especially in this time of stress on the national economy and the high level of corruption pervading all sectors of our national life.
1.8 Operational Definition of Significant Terms
The definitions of the vital terms used in the research are given thus:
Public: Customers and staff of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu from Jan. to July 2014.
Public Relations: It is the practice of managing the spread of information between the staff of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue and their customers.
Crisis: Violence created by the retrenchment of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu in
2008.
Crisis Management: It is the process by which Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu deals with a major event that threatens to harm their staff and customer.
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720
WHATSAPP US ON: 08137701720
IMPACT OF PUBLIC RELATIONS ON CRISIS MANAGEMENT OF MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
ABSTRACT
This Project examines Role of public relations in crisis management, a study of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu. To achieve this, the survey research method was adopted. The researcher uses the number of the population as the sample size; this is because the population is already small to reduce as we know that the purpose of sample size is to reduce the large number of population. Three research questions guided the study. Research findings showed that public relations play a vital role in crisis management. In view of these findings, the researcher recommended that every good organization must have public relations department, with well qualified staff and provide them with basic facilities to work with like security camera etc. The researcher suggested that Union Bank Plc. should imbibe public relations as a philosophy of management and all organization should be made to appreciate the place of public relations in the organization.
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study:
Public relations play a vital role between an organization and its public. Its practice aims at establishing a two-way communication, seeking common ground or areas of mutual interest and establishing understanding based on truth, knowledge and full information. It is that indispensable bridge that fosters co-operation and understanding. With increasing intensity, the civil society is rather active than passive in the affairs that concern them. Similarly, organizations are more socially responsible in their business undertaking in reference to public opinion. The reason is not far fetched. Today’s organizations, no matter how pretentious they are, are aware that they need to build dependable relationship with their publics. However, it is obvious that no matter how hard an organization attempts to project her image, occasions arise when crisis develops and threatens the very foundation of the organization concerned.
Public relations have myriad of definitions. The British Institute of Public Relations (1994) defines it as deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish mutual understanding between an organization and the public. The Mexican definition which was as a result of International conference held in Mexico City in 1978, says, Public relations practice is the art and social science of analyzing trend, predicting their consequences, counseling organization leader, and implementing planned programmer of action which will serve both the organization and the public interest. Harlow(1976) defines it as distinctive management function which helps establish and maintain mutual lines of communication, understanding, acceptance and cooperation between an organization and its public; involves the management of problems or issues; helps management to keep informed and responsive to public opinions, defines and emphasizes the responsibility of management keeps abreast of and effectively utilize change; serving as an early warning system to help anticipate trends and uses research and ethical communication techniques as its principal tools. Indeed, Public Relations have long been discovered as not only a management function but the basis of philosophy of management. According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (7th edition) crisis entails a time of great danger, difficulty or confusion when problems must be solved or important decisions must be made. ‘Crisis can be said to be an unsettling situation with disquieting disposition needing a return from the status quo. In view of the situation in Nigeria currently, crisis can be in different forms, example political crisis, financial crisis, fuel crisis, labour crisis, civil disturbance engendered by a perceived wrong doing by a corporate organization, management, shareholder and management related crisis and so on. These are to mention but a few instances because there are so many dimension of crisis. Crisis can occur as a recall of an action of omission or negligence; even a natural disaster can trigger off crisis in an organization. Crisis can either be violent or nonviolent in nature Solu; 1994, p. [383]. However, in as much as crisis is an inevitable situation, there is always the need to develop pre- emptive strategic method to prevent its occurrence. But in case crisis occurs and poses great danger, difficulty or uncertainly, the big questions for public relations experts or managers is: what do they do? How best do they utilize their training and knowledge to resolve a situation that is unstable and capable of a highly undesirable outcome?
A brief history is necessary because several structural changes and innovation have taken place in the bank to make it what it is today. Union Bank is a large commercial bank, serving individuals, small and medium –sized companies, as well as large corporations and Organizations. A brief history is necessary because several structural changes and innovation have taken place in the bank to make it what it is today. The first branch of the
Union Bank opened for business in Lagos in 1917 and almost immediately, the Jos and Port-Harcourt branches followed. Then the bank was known as colonial Bank to reflect the signs to time. Nigeria was under the British rule and who of course, introduced the bank. The bank opened twelve more branches in different parts of the country and later became known as Barclays Bank.
In 1971, the shares of the bank stock were listed on the Nigerian stock Exchange. In the same year, 8.33% of the bank’s shares were offered to Nigerians. The following year, the federal Government of Nigeria acquired 51.67% ownership of the bank, leaving Barclays Bank Plc of London with 40% ownership. In 1979, that 40% was sold to Nigeria individuals and business to comply with the recently enacted banking and investment laws. The bank changed its name to Union Bank of Nigeria Plc., to reflect its new ownership structure. In 1993, the federal Government of Nigeria completely divested its ownership in the bank. Subsequently, Union Bank of Nigeria Plc. acquired the former Universal Trust Bank Plc. and Broad Bank Limited. It also absorbed its former subsidiary Union Merchant Bank Limited.
Union bank has grown enormously since 1979.Beween 1981 and 1984, the bank made the highest level of profits in the banking sector. While In 1986, it became the first
Nigerian to hit 1 billion naira mark in the savings deposits. Its total assets which stood at 5,
29.550 billion naira in 1986 has risen to about 329.6 billion naira in 2003. In July 2009, it was rated the 556th largest bank in the whole world and the 14th largest world in Africa. As of June 2012, the bank’s asset base was estimated at US$6.784 billion (NGN:1.049 trillion).The shareholders equity at that time was estimated at US$1.22 billion (NGN:188.4 billion). The bank has a branch in London which commenced operations in September 1983 with five million pounds and 12 members of staff, now it has grown to more than 30 million pounds with staff strength of 42.
Union Bank of Nigeria Plc with its mission statement of “To be the foremost financial institution with the satisfied customer” is one of the largest companies listed on the
Nigerian Stock Exchange and ranked among the most successful in the whole of African.
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem: There is a saying that goes thus:”Change is the only constant things in life”. In as much as change is desirable, not all change brings good fortunes, some bring about positive effects while some simply are destructive and devastating. The problem is that with each passing year many organizations find themselves enveloped in crises which decelerate growth and brings instability in the polity, unhealthy competition, destruction of life and property as well as loss of life. What factors could be responsible for these? Does it mean that Public Relations departments are overtly ignored or underrated in organizations? A corporate organization like Union Bank Plc which has grown to such a magnitude has had its crisis periods. Of course no business can operate in troubled waters. Therefore the question this study seeks to answer is: how has Public relations expertise and experience been used to effectively manage a crises situation in Union Bank Plc Garden Avenue Enugu.
1.3 Objective of the Study
The study had the following objectives
i. To determine the role public relations play in crises management at
Union Bank Plc ii. To determine what Public relations tools were used to resolve the crises at Union Bank Plc.
iii. To ascertain how effective the Public relations tools were used in
resolving the crises.
1.4 Research Questions
The study answered the following research questions.
1. What roles does public relation play in crises management at Union Bank
Plc?
2. What Public relations tools were used to resolve the crises?
3. How effective were the Public relations tool used in resolving the crises?
1.5 Hypotheses
Ho: Public relations does not plays any role in crises management at
Union Bank Plc.
Hi: Public relations play a role in crises management at Union Bank
Plc.
Ho: A good public relations unit cannot help prevent crisis in Union
Bank Plc.
Hi: A good public relations unit can help prevent crisis in Union Bank
Plc.
Ho: Public relations unit can not maintain peace in Union Bank Plc
Hi: Public relations unit can maintain peace in Union Bank Plc.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study is limited to Union Bank Head Quarters Enugu, Garden Avenue. This branch is large and representative enough to provide all the information necessary to do justice to the study within the period.
1.7 Significance of the Study
The study will go a long way to benefit many co-operate Organization, the academics and Government Officials in Crisis as few work have been done on the subject. The foundation of modern society lies in its economic and industrial capacity for business and governance to grow and progress. There is the over whelming need to ensure stable social, political and economic environment. This show the vital position public relations has come to occupy in the scheme of things. Public Relations application in administration and Management can help in achieving the desired expectations when properly harnessed.
In other words, business and industries will find the study important and used as it attempts to mirror the various Crisis, it also proffers solutions. The society will benefit from this research especially in this time of stress on the national economy and the high level of corruption pervading all sectors of our national life.
1.8 Operational Definition of Significant Terms
The definitions of the vital terms used in the research are given thus:
Public: Customers and staff of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu from Jan. to July 2014.
Public Relations: It is the practice of managing the spread of information between the staff of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue and their customers.
Crisis: Violence created by the retrenchment of Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu in
2008.
Crisis Management: It is the process by which Union Bank Plc. Garden Avenue Enugu deals with a major event that threatens to harm their staff and customer.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERICAL(S)
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