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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIMICROBIAL STRENGTH OF THREE MOST COMMON ANTIBIOTICS USED IN ENUGU

(CASE STUDY OF ANTIBIOTICS DRUGS BROUGHT IN OBIAGU.)

ABATRACT

In comparing the antimicrobial strength of three most common antibiotics, which includes: streptomycin chloranphenicol and gentarccin.

Samples of urine and high vaginal swab (H.V.S) were collected from park lane Enugu. The organisms isolated were pure culture of staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Sensitivity test was carried out with  the use of sensitivity disk containing various minimum inhibitory concentration of the different antibiotics.

The result obtained shaved that gentamicn was more effective followed by chloramphenicol while some organisms shaved resistant to streptomycin.

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE 1    NUTRIENT AGAR

TABLE 2    BLOOD AGAR

TABLE 3:   ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST SYAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

TABLE 4: ANTIBIOTIC AGAINST ESCHERICHIA COLI

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1:  STREPTOMYCIN

FIGURE 2: CHLORAMPHENICOL

FIGURE3:   SENSITIVITY TEST ON STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

FIGURE 4   SENSITIVITY TEST ON ESCHERICHIA COLI

FIGURE 5: STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AGAINST ANTIBIOTICS

FIGURE 6: ESCHERICHIA COLI AGAINST ANTIBIOTICS

TABLE OF CONTEANT

Title page                                                                                

Certification                                                                            

Dedication                                                                              

Acknowledgement                                                                   

Abstract                                                                                    

List of tables                                                                           

List of figures                                                                          

Table of contents  

CHAPTER ONE

1. Introduction
   1. Historical background
   1. Aims and objective
   1. Hypothesis
   1. Statement of problem
   1. Scope of study
   1. Limitation of study

CHAPTER TWO

• Literature review
  • Procurement of antibiotics

3.1.1 streptomycin

• Chloramphenicol
  • Gentamicin
  • Antimicrobial activity in vitro
  • Antimicrobial activity in vivo
  • Resistance to antimicrobial  drugs
  • Factors affecting antimicrobial activity
  • Clinical use of antibiotics
  • Characteristic of antibiotics

CHAPTER THREE

• Materials and method
  • Sample collection
    • Media composition
    • Direction for the preparation of nutrient agar
    • Direction for the preparation of blood agar
    • Material used for the prewritten of media

CHAPTER FOUR

• Isolation and identification procedures

4.1.1 Isolation and identification of staphylococcus aureus

4.1.2 Isolation and identification of escherichia coli

• Sensitivity test

CHAPTER FIVE

• RECOMMENDATION
  • CONCLUSION

REFERENCES CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. HISTORICAL BACK GROUND

Antibiotics are chemicals when the chemical are put into the body; they stop the growth of kinds of germs. They help the body to fight diseases. More than 3,000 years ago ancient people stumbled over the discovery that some moulds could be used as a cure. The egyptians, the chinese, and indians of central American would use mold to treat rashes and infected would. At that time they didn’t understand either diseases or treatment. As time went on, people began to gain some insight of disease. In the 1860 Louis Pasteur Shaw that many disease were caused it bacteria. Later he discovered that we may be able to fight germ and other microbes. It was two German doctors, who were first to make an effective medication form microbes. Kudo if and Emmerich and Oscar has conducted their experiment in the  1890. They proved that germ that would for another. All the men did was to take the germ from infected bandages and grow then in a test tube. They would  then isolate a particular germ that caused green in factions in open would. This germs was bacteria called Bacillus pyoicyaneus. They put then into another test tube containing other type of bacteria, it was  then it happened that the bacillus pyocyaneus wiped out the other disease germ. The germs that was killed were those that caused cholera, typhoid, diphtheria and anthrau. From this the two men created a medication that they called pyoanase, it was the first antibiotics used in hospitals.

In 1928 Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, discovered penicillin, the first antibiotics. He was keeping in a petn dish when a speck of mold fell in, it cause the mold to grow on the nutrient agar used to feed the bacteria. Surpassingly, it stopped the growth of the bacteria. Fleming through the mold called penicillin notatum produced a substance that killed the bacteria and so called it penicillin. However, he was not able to entrant it from broth in which he grew the mold.

In 1945, Waksman used the word antibiotics for the first time and proposed that it can be defined as a chemical substance of microbial origin that possesses antibiotic powers. He discovered a drug called streptomycin. It onginated frommicrobes found in soil and was a cure for many intestinal  diseases. Now antibiotics like penicillin and streptomycin was discovered. Each was effective against certain disease, but scientist wanted more. Doctors however, anted broad spectrum drug. That is a single antibiotics that could cure many disease

The search proved successful one laboratory discovered Aureonycin, which is a drug that does the job of penicillin and streptomycin. Another laboratory discovered chloromycin.

In 1949, yet another laboratory came with one of the effective  antibiotics ever found, terranycin. This drug could be used against many bacteria disease (Katzung, 1994).

1. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
2. To identify causative organism that are delectious to mans health.
3. To determine the potency of the different antibiotics.
4. To know the type of organism sensitive to the different antibiotics.

1. HYPOTHESIS

H₀–     Streptomycin is more effective

H₁ – Streptonyin is not  effective

H₂  –   Chloramphenicol is not effective

H₃–  Chloramphenicol is not effective

H₄– Gentamicin is more effective

H₅ –Gentanicin  is not effective

H₆ – Comparing the strength of the three antibiotics.

1. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Due to the problem encountered in Enugu Urban (obiagu), most people abuse antibiotics owing to the general belief that antibiotics can be used  in the treatment of all kinds of diseases. This can result to drug resist. Accumulation of these drugs can lead to internal denage.  Hence this study which compares the antimicrobial strength of three antibiotics.

1. SOCOP OF STUDY

This work will be limited to the maximum inhibitory concentration and know the organism sensitive to the different antibiotics under certain temperature.

1. LIMITATION OF STUDY

Limited time in making research for the project work.

2) Inharailability of equipment and reagents in the course of carrying out the work.

CHAPTER TWO

• LITERATURE REVIEW
  • PROCUREMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS
    • STRERPTOMYCIN

Streptomycin belongs to a group of compound known as antibiotics which are produced by microorganisms and possess the property of inhibiting the growth and even of destroying other organisms (Rang et al, 2003). Streptomy griseus the streptomycin-producing organism was isolated in September 1943 and the first public announcement of the antibiotics was in January 1944. The practical potentialities of all clerical application followed recognition that streptomycin was effective against the tuberculosis organism not only in vitro but abo invivo. Several clinical centers undertook to the sensitivity of different freshly isolated strains of Mycobvactenun tuberculosis to streptomycin its practical evaluation in control of tuberculosis in experimental amals and finally its use in the human body. The two chiefly mycobacterium human disease pathogen are M. tuberculosis (which causes tuberculosis) and M. Leprae (which cause leprosy) bacterium actually varies since on artificial media spherical bacilli are thin straight rods measuring appronernately 0.4×3 microns (Favy, 1981).

It was recommended that a minimum period of treatment should be 3-6 months with daily does of 15-3.0g. on basis of treatment 100 tuberculosis cases, came to the rather optimistic conclusion that streptomycin  is an antibacterial agent which possesses a unique inhibition to the growth of M. Tuberculosis both experimentally and clinically (snider et al, 1985).

Disseminated  henatogenous tuberculosis of the  ralary type here to fore did not respond to treatment spontaneous recoveries being entrenely. By the use of streptomycin it was possible to bring about a complete clinical and roentgenologic remission (Blackburn and Aveny, 2000).

After intramuscular infection, streptomycin is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in tissues except the central nervous system only 5%  of the encellular concentration of streptomycin reaches the interior of the cell. Absorbed streptomycin is exerted by glonerullar filteration into the urine. After oral administration it is poorly absorbed from the gut; most of it, is enecreted in feacus (Jawet, 1988)

STREPTIDINE                                          STREPTOBIOSAMINE

CH₃   NH                                                             H

H₂ N      C      NH                                                                      NH             

OH   OH   HO                                 O             O           

H₂ N _CNH                    OH   O                 

FIG 1 : STREPTOMYCIN

Chemical nature of streptomycin belong to the glucosidews in which a diguanido group is linked to a nitrogen containing disaccharide like compound. It is a strong base with three basic functional groups. The molecular weight determination on the trihydrochloride in water gave about 800 for the free base. The structure of the streptomycin molecule is usually follows: it is moreactive against a large  number of bacteria found among the gram negative gram positive and acid fast groups among the spirochetes (Handerger and  Tomasz, 1991) it inhabits protein synthesis in bacteria and bactericidal for  susceptible microorganisms. It may be bactericidal for enterococci (eg in endocarditis) when co- mbinned with a penicillin. The therapeutic effectiveness of streptomycin is limited by the rapid emergence of resistant nutants (Gold, 1996).

 All microbial strains produce streptoncy resistant chromosomal mutants with relatively high frequency (Gold et al, 1996).

ADVERSE EFFECT OF STREPTOMYCIN

Fever, skin rashes, and other allergic manifestations may result from hypersensitivity to streptomycin (Nathwani et al 1993). These occurs  most frequently upon  prolonged contact with drug, in patients receiving a protracted course of treatment (eg, tuberculosis) or in personnel preparing  solution and handling the drug those preparing solution should wear gloves)

Streptomycin is markedly  toxic for the  vestibular portion of eight crnical nerves causing  timitus, vertigo, dizziness, and atania which  is often irreversible

• CHLORAMPHENICOL

Formula – C₁₁ H₁₂ CL₂  N₂ O₅

Mol. Wt –  323.1

                                                                  OH    OH

                                                                     I          I

                                                                   I          I

O₂N                                                                     C       C

                                                                            I        I

                                                                            I        I

                                                                            H       NHCOCHCL₂

FIG 2:        CHLORAMPHENICOL

It occurs  as a white to grayish or yellow- white. It has fine crystalline powder or fine crystals, needle or elongated plates. It is soluble in 400g. it has a p^H of 4.5 –75 Chloramphenicol is a substance produced originally from culture of streptomycin Venezuela but now manufactured synthetically (Franklin, 1975).

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY: Chloramphenicol is a potent inhibitor of protein syntheie in microorganisms. it blocks the attachment of anino acids to the nascent peptide chain on the 50S unit of ribosones by interfering with the action of peptidyl  transferees (Wiseman et al, 1994).

However, it is principally bacteriostatic, and its spectrum, dosage, and blood levels are similar to those of the tetracylines. Chloramphenicol has been used to treat many types of infections (eg due to Salmonellae, meningococci, H. influenzae etc.

Chloramphenicol resistant is due to destruction of the  drug by an enzyme (Chloramphenicol acelytransferax) that in under plasmodia control (Backer, 1985).

ADVERSE EFFECT OF CHLORAMPHENICOL

Chloramphenicol infrequently cases gastro intestinal upset. However, administration of more than three (3g/d) regularly induces disturbances in red cell maturation. Elevation of serm iron and anemia (cheesbrong, 1984). These changes are reversible upon discontinuance of the drug. Very rarely, individual exhibit an apparent idosyncrmy to chloranphenico and develop severe or fatal depression of bone marrow function.

The mechanism of  this aplastic anemia is not understood, but it is district from dose related reversible effect. For the reasons, the use of Chloramphenicol is generally restricted to those infection where  it is clearly the most effective drug by laboratory test or experience. Cases of leukemia were attributed to early use of Chloramphenicol. Reduced doses should be given to patients with hepatic impairment (Layrence et al 1997)

 Used during immunization- Chloramphenicol may interfere with the development of immunity and should not used in active unionization.

INTERACTION WITH OTHER DRUGS: in those patients who are concurrently receiving anticoagulants or anticonvulsant, dosage adjustment

 Of these agent may be necessary (Farmer et al 1995). It should be used with canton if administered concnitanthy with linconyin dindamyin or erythromycin.

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