DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MICROWAVE LINKS IN THE COUNTRY

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DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF MICROWAVE LINKS IN THE COUNTRY

ABSTRACT

Radio network planning has become increasing critical with the rising deployment of radio infrastructure. This model can be characterized with a simple deterministic method. This technique was utilized in carrying out experiment at Odeama creek/Soku, Ughelli/Afiesere, and Diebu Creek/Nun River; all in southern part of Nigeria. The study consists of propagation measurement taken in the frequency range of 1500-2500MHz, with the line-of sight

(LOS) mode. The measurements performed in this study were then put into the COST-231

Hata propagation model, equally a matlab program was written based on this model, COST-

231. The rain model at these zones under study was incorporated in the final path loss result. This model can be use for propagation prediction and budget analysis for each of the sites. Overall results were within expectations despite propagation measuring constraints. This path loss model can in the near future provide a speedy and economic service to communication system design engineers.

INTRODUCTION In the field of mobile radio environment, a age in mind, using measurement surveys partof the electromagnetic energy radiated to provide verification and analysis, and by antenna of the transmitting station then repeating the process for more and reaches the receiving station by propagat more areas until full coverage is achieved. ing through different paths. Along these This process can be very costly and time paths interactions commonly referred to as – consuming. An alternative approach that propagation mechanisms may occur. Pos promises lowered cost and lowered time- sible interactions are diverse reflection on to-deployment is the Adaptive Deployment large flat surfaces, diffuse scattering from method, proposed in this report. The Adapsurfaces exhibiting small irregularities or tive Deployment method consists of site

from objects of small size, multi diffraction survey and analysis processes on an inidue to knife-edge type obstacles or possi tial test area and then use of the analysis ble rounded objects and shadowing. The of this test area to update parameters for a latter phenomenon is more profound when predictive model, which can then be used there is no existing line-of-sight between to stimulate the deployment process in the transmitting and receiving antennas. A other areas. Using the optimized predictive typical mobile channel is therefore charac model, a network planner can determine the terized by multipart reception. With the placement and amount of infrastructure reworldwide proliferation and subsequent quired to meet the demands of the network congestion of Telephone and wireless lo for a deployment of any size. By planning cal area networks (WLANs), careful net the full deployment using this Adaptive work planning and propagation modeling Deployment design methodology,, the haver- become essential to current number of cyclic deploy-and-steps can be deployments. In the past, early outdoor ra drastically reduced.. In order to exercise dio coverage was estimated in largely an predictive deployment in this fashion, the adhoc manner, infrastructure was placed in network calculations must use a path loss

mode! that is both accurate and capable of

being optimized. To accomplish this, an ad depending on whether the individual multi-

aptation of the COST-231 Hata propaga path wave fronts interfere constructively or

tion mode! is used as a .simple and accu destructively. The total power of interfering rate direct ray mode! which can be used for waves in Raleigh fading; scenarios vary predictions in the outdoor environment. The quickiy as a function o_: space (which is model has significant speed advantages known as small scale fading), resulting in compared to more complicated models, fast fades, which are very sensitive to resuch as Ray tracing. Further, the model al ceiver position.

lows for the inclusion of site-specific envi

ronment information to improve accuracy In the study of wireless communications, as compared to purely distance dependent, path loss can be represented by the path

us’/’o free space path loss model. The measure the range of 2 to 4 (where 2 is for propagaloss exponent, whose value is normally in ments and analysis in this paper demon

e, tion in free space, 4 is for relatively loss

strate the validity of the adaptive deploy

a- environments and for the case of spectacu

ment design methodology and the use of a

ht lar reflection from earth surface. This is

line-of-sight, single path loss exponent.

31 Path loss is the reduction in power density called flat-earth model). In some environ:T~ (attenuation) of an electromagnetic wave ments, such as buildings, stadiums, and ss as it propagates through space. Path loss other indoor environments, the path loss of is a major component in the analysis and exponent can read values in the range of 4 »/?- design of the link budget of a telecommu to 6. On the other hand, a tunnel may act rv- nication system [Wikipedia Encyclopaedia], as a waveguide, resulting in a path loss This term is commonly used in wireless exponent less than 2. Path loss is usually communications and signal propagation. expressed in dB. In its simplest form, the Path loss may be due to many effects, such path loss can be calculated using the foras free-space loss, ref ra cti o n, – d i ff ra cti o n, mula

9 T- reflection, aperture-medium coupling loss, L=|6nl||l0(d) + C ilf (1.1)

:ys and absorption. Path loss is also influenced Where L is the path loss in decibels, n is nd by terrain contours, environment (urban or the path loss exponent, d is the distance nd rural, vegetation and foliage), propagation between the transmitter and receiver, usu-. 3d. medium (dry or moist air), the distance be ally measured in meters, and C is a conne tween the transmitter and the receiver and stant, which accounts for system losses. lat the height and the location of the anten Calculation of the path loss is usually called le nas. Path loss normally includes propaga Prediction. Exact prediction is possible only ant tion losses caused by the natural expan for simpler cases, such as the above-men

ap- sion of the radio wave front in free space tioned free-space propagation or the flat- earth model. For practical cases, the path

(which usually takes the shape of an ever-

iite loss is calculated using a variety of approxi

ini- I increasing sphere), absorption losses mations. [Wiiey. 1987] Statistical methods

(sometimes called penetration losses),

sis when the signal passes through media not are based on measured and average losses >r a transparent to electromagnetic waves, dif along typical classes of radio links. Some

;ed fraction losses when part of the radio wave methods used, include COST-231 model, in front is obstructed by an opaque obstacle, Hata model and Okumura model. These :ive and losses caused by other phenomena. are also known as radio wave propagation the The signal radiated by a transmitter may models and typically used in the design of re also travel along many and different paths cellular networks and PLMN. For Wireless

el rk to a receiver simultaneously. This effect is Communications in the VHF and UHF freing called multi-path. Multi-path can either in quency band (the bands used for walkie-

:ive crease or decrease received signal strength talkies, police, and cellular phones). For FM

Int’l Research Journal in Engineering Science & Technology (IREJEST), VoI. 5 No. 1, 2008

Path toss model for microwave radio link in southern Nigeria.

radio and TV broadcasting, the path loss is most commonly predicted using the ITU model. Deterministic methods based on the physical laws of wave propagation are also used; race tracing is one such method. These methods are expected to produce more accurate and reliable predictions of the path loss than the empirical method. However, they are significantly more expensive in computational effort and depend on the detailed and accurate description of all objects in the propagation space, such as buildings, roofs, windows, doors, and walls. For these reasons, they are used predominantly for short-propagation paths. Among the most commonly used methods in the design of radio equipment such as antenna and feeds is the finite-difference time-domain method [American Radio Relay

League, 1990], [Bertoni, etal, 1997]., In this research work, the Hata-O ku m u ra, mod el is used as the basis of deriving a suitable RF propagation model for the microwave radio link.

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