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EFFECT OF USING AUDIO VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING AND LEARNING OF TAXONOMY
ABSTRACT
The last two decades have witnessed a revolution due to onset of technology, and has changed the dynamics of educational institutes, and has also influenced the educational system and the way people interact and work in the society. This rapid rising and development of information technology has offered a better pattern to explore the new teaching model. Using audio visual to create a context to teach communication skill has its unique advantages. As a result technology plays a very important role in teaching communication skill.
We have a lot to choose from the world of technology: TV, CD Rom, Computers, C.A.L.L., the Internet, Electronic Dictionary, Email, Blogs and Audio o Cassettes, Power Point, Videos, DVD’s or VCD’s.
This paper tries to analyze the necessity of audio visual technology to communication skill teaching and also brings out the problems faced by using these technologies. It also aims to make Taxonomy teachers aware of the strategies to use it in an effective manner.
CHAPTER ONE
- Background of the study
Visual aids according to Merriam Webster is an instructional device (as a chart, map, or model) that appeals chiefly to vision that is used to make something easier to understand. According to Stoner,(2015) the use of visual aids can better convey what words alone cannot, explain abstract concepts, help retention of information, and can maintain audience’s interest. Visual aids are known to help students to be more engaged in subjects during classes, help retain information, and achieve better comprehension(Rizwana& Muhammad,2010)
A visual stimulant help students in creating the proper mental image of learning. Oral or printed words usually do not mean much to students until it is translated into a mental image for clearer understanding. The total effect of visual aid is the important factor in the teaching situation(Stavrianeas and Stewart,2011). Such aids have certain distinct influences on the student and result in a more complete comprehension of the subject. The impact of learning through visual aids may be reflected in the learner’s effective acquisition of nursing student enable them attain new knowledge and skills as well as positive attitude towards achieving certain goal.
The prime purpose of teachers or educators is to aid learners in the achievement of new knowledge and skills. In line with this, the teacher’s constant problem is how to convey to students certain ideas, basic knowledge and information in a most effective way. To achieve this and to help the learner in retaining the knowledge, teaching materials like visual aids are practically essential(Nouri and Shahid,2010).
Students learn more when information is delivered in variety of ways rather than in only one way. Chuah and Sinar(2013) explained that students retain 10% of what they read, 15% of what they hear, 15% of what they see, and 50% of what they see and hear. Thus, it is more helpful to use visual aids during lectures. A visual stimulant will help in creating the proper mental image for the learner and that is a true basis of learning. Oral or printed words usually mean nothing to students until translated into a mental image. The total effect of the visual aid is the important factor in the teaching situation. Such aids have certain distinct influences on the student and result in a more complete comprehension of the subject. The impact of learning through visual aids may be reflected in the learner’s effective acquisition of new knowledge and skills as well as positive attitude towards the certain subjects.
Visual aids can also address three modes of learning which consist of the cognitive, affective and psychomotor learning’s.
The use of audio visual in industries has been extensive, as it has been effective inincreasing productivity and retention rates, where research has shown that peopleremember 20% of what they see, 40% of what they see and hear, but about 75%of what they see and hear and do simultaneously (Lindstrom, 1994). Audio visual is now permeating the educational system as a tool for effective teaching and
learning. With audio visual, the communication of information can be done in a more effective manner and it can be an effective instructional medium for delivering information. Audio visual access to knowledge is one of the possibilities of information and communication technology that has tremendous impact on learning. The instructional media have emerged in a variety of resources, and equipment, which can be used to supplement or complement the teachers efforts in ensuring effective learning by students. It is recognized that conventional media technologies can no longer meet the needs of our teaching and learning processes; as a result they are being replaced by audio visual technology. This technology provides a learning environment that is self-paced, learner-controlled and individualized.
Audio visual is defined as the combination of various digital media types such as text, images, sound and video, into an integrated multi-sensory interactive application or presentation to convey a message or information to an audio ence. In other words, audio visual means “an individual or a small group using a computer to interact with information that is represented in several media, by repeatedly selecting what to see and hear next” (Agnew, Kellerman and Meyer, 1996).
Reisman (1994) described audio visual as a ray of “computer-driven interactivecommunication system, which create, store, transmit and retrieve, textual, graphicand audio tory networks of information.
Audio visual could be interpreted as a combination of data carriers, for examplevideo, CD-ROM, floppy disks, Internet and software in which the possibility for aninteractive approach is offered (Smeets, 1996; Jager and Lokman, 1996).
Fetterman (1997) also viewed audio visual as those resources used for instructionthat include one or more media such as graphics, video, animation, image andsound in addition to textual information. He identified four important characteristics of audio visual as:
- Audio visual systems are integrated
- The information content must be represented digitally
- The interface to the final presentation of media.
The power of audio visual lies in the fact that it is multi-sensory, stimulating themany senses of the audio ence. It is also interactive, enabling the end users of theapplication to control the content and flow of information. This has introducedimportant changes in the educational system and impact the way we communicateinformation to the learners (Neo and Neo, 2000).Ogunbote and Adesoye (2006) expressed that audio visual technology adds newdimension to learning experiences because concepts were easier to present andcomprehend when the words are complemented with images and animations.
Stating further that it has been established that learners retain more when a varietyof senses are engaged in impacting knowledge; and the intensity of the experienceaids retention and recall by engaging social, emotional and intellectual senses.
The evolution of audio visual has made it very possible for learners to become more involved in their work. With audio visual technologies, they can create audio visual applications as part of their project requirements. This would make them active participant in their own learning process, instead of just being passive learners of the educational content.
Reinsman (1994) expressed that audio visual involves processing, storage, generation, manipulation and retention of audio visual system, and the resourcescould include text files, pictures, video, audio o, databases, archives, library catalogs, course notes, relevant links to various websites and easy access to search engines available on the Internet (Shuell and Ferber, 2001).
A study by Ubogu (2006) supports the view that audio visual resources facilitateaccess to all human knowledge, anytime, and anywhere in a friendly, multi-modal, efficient and effective way, by overcoming barriers of distance, language and culture, and by using multiple Internet-connect devices.
It is important to say that the use of audio visual technology has great significancein colleges, universities and research institutions in the Western countries. In thesecountries, the technology is being seen as a key player to development in allramifications and essential component of education.
However, Babajide (2003) identified different types of audio visual communication, some of which include taxonomy hardware, taxonomy software, public address systems, slides, overhead projectors, opaque projectors, videos, cassettes, audio tapes, cassette recorders, flip, time sequence, stream charts, Diorama still motion pictures among others.
Audio visual in Education
Audio visual in Education has been extremely effective in teaching individuals a wide range of subjects. Audio visual is changing the way we communicate with each other. The way we send and receive messages is more effectively done and better comprehended.
While a lecture can be extremely informative, a lecture that integrates pictures or video images can help an individual learn and retain information much more effectively. Using interactive CD-ROMs can be extremely effective in teaching students a wide variety of disciplines, most notably languages and music.
A multi-sensory experience can be created for the audio ence, which in turn, elicits positive attitudes towards its application (Neo and Neo, 2001). Audio visual has also been shown to elicit the highest rate of information retention and result in shorter learning time (Ng and Komiya, 2000). On the part of the creator, designing aaudio visual application that is interactive and multi-sensory can be both a challenge and thrill. Audio visual application design offers new insights into the learning process of the designer and forces him or her to represent information and knowledge in a new and innovative way (Agnew et al, 1996).
However, information technology application serves different purposes, such asknowledge sharing-portal, search engines, public administration, social service and business solution. Oshodi (1999) posits that awareness created towards the use of information and communication technology over the years is increasing in the classroom learning environment in the third world such that mere verbalization ofwords alone in the classroom to communicate ideas, skills and attitude to educatelearner is futile. Omagbemi (2004) supporting this view expressed that access to audio visual information could stimulate changes and creates conductive learning environment and make learning more meaningful and responsive to the localized and specific needs of learners. There is certainly no lack of vision within educational communities concerning the central role and importance of ICT in the educational contexts of the future (Wood, 1993). That vision is shared by many and is accompanied by an acknowledgement that in order to realize this vision, three factors – access, training and targets must be provided (DFE, 1995; Simpson, Payne, Munro and Hughes, 1999). However, Hoffman (2001) suggested that successful implementation of ICTs need to address five interlocking frameworks for change namely the infrastructure, attitude, staff development, support (technical and administrative) and also sustainability and transferability.
The many kind of ICTs implemented at teaching and learning can be used in education for different purpose. For instance, some of them help students withtheir learning by improving the communication between them and the instructors (Valasidou, Sidiropoulos, Hatzis and Bousiou-Makridou, 2005).
In a study conducted by Simpson et al (1999) it was found that 64% of the teachereducator used ICT in the production of traditional resources of overhead transparencies and hand outs using standard word processing package; 27% indicated that they made use of and had experience with more powerful communication and presentation software; 32% incorporated the use of any ICT software into the lectures and only 24% made use of CDi resource materials. The study also revealed that in the tutors’ delivery of the courses, the students seldomexperienced demonstrations of the use of ICT as a teaching tool, that is, the tutorsseldom modelled its use through their own practices. However, these tutors gave lack of time to practice skills and the limited accessibility of some specialized facilities as constraint factors on their use of ICTs in teaching.
Studies have shown that, there are some factors that determine academics’ useand non-use of new technologies for teaching and learning in the advanced countries and these include, the needs of the learner, the characteristics and experiences of academics, the technology available, the environment within whichacademics work and how valuable they perceive the use of technology to be for teaching their students (Spotts, 1999; Jager and Lokman, 1999; Chun and Kwan,2005; and Munoz – Repiso and Tejedor, 2006) and the disciplinary context of which the academic is part (Rowley, Banwell, Childs, Gannon – heary, Londsdale,Urguhart and Armstrong, 2002). However, research have demonstrated that thereare disciplinary and subject differences in the way ICTs are being used and adopted in teaching and learning (Jager and Lokman, 1999; Jones, Zenois andGriffiths, 2004 and Eynon, 2006).
In developing countries, Nigeria inclusive, factors like lecturers’ attitude (Agbonlahor, (undated); Perception and use of media (Mabawonku, 1987); Perceived ease of use (Mabawonku, 1987; Ehikhamenor, 2005) quoted by Agbonlahor (undated); Perceived usefulness (Aghonlahor, (undated); Characteristics of lecturers (Gender, Age, Experience; Qualification etc); Adekunmisi, Ojo, Amusa and Obadeyi 2009; Training (Osunade, Philips and Ojo
(undated); Opinions of “significant others” and or peers in the university community (Agbonlahor, (undated); Availability of infrastructural facilities (Osunade et al (undated); Iloanusi and Osuagwu (undated); Cost of Purchasing (Ehikhamenor, 2005; Iloanusi and Osuagwu (undated); Management attitudes (Sife, Lwoga and Sanga, 2007); Use/knowledge of taxonomy(Anadarajan, Igbaria and Anakwe, 2002); Power supply (Osunade et al (Undated); Iloanusi and Osuagwu (Undated) amongst others.
- Statement of the Problem
Audio visual materials are effective tool that make learning to be real to student. It provides the learners with realistic experience, which help capture the attention of students and help them fully understand the subject being taught. This is because visual aid appeals to the mind through the visual auditory senses and makes learning more easy and simple for students (Jain,2014).Visual aid makes teaching and learning process more effective and makes student to retain what is taught. It’s also gives chance to speakers (lecturers) to make a more professional and consistent presentation. In teaching profession today, audio visual help improve the academic lives of students by making some concepts and educational objectives more easy for students to grasp. Thoughother will require one to think creatively to ensure that important learning objectives are met. Despite the availability of audio visual in teaching profession, most of the teachers do not use adequate visual aids as teaching materials in business education subjects. This create a problem as it cause a barriers to teaching and learning process and directly affects the learning outcomes of student especially in nursing education where a lot of rigorous process is involved.
Sometimes, visual aid is not even employed at all by teachers in teaching business education students. All this pose a serious problem in understanding and the assimilating process of learning. This has necessitated the study on audio visual materials and the teaching of business subjects in secondary schools.
There is an urgent need to improve the quality of education to bridge the gapbetween developed and developing nations, and audio visual instruction is considered as a necessary tool for this purpose. However, the presence of audio visual alone will not stimulate significant changes in a school. Teachers are important ingredient in the implementation of audio visual instruction in education.
Without the involvement of teachers, most students may not take advantage of allthe available potential benefits of audio visual on their own. Teachers need to actively participate in the use of audio visual facilities. They have to be trained in the use of audio visual and in its integration in the classroom activities to enhance thinking and creativity among students. They must also learn to facilitate and
encourage students by making them responsible for their own learning. Many ofthe current graduates were found to be lacking in creativity, communications skills, analytical and critical thinking and problem – solving skills (Teo and Wong, 2000;
Tan, 2000).
In this study, attempts are therefore made at examining such issues as arepertinent to audio visual utilization for teaching in the Faculties of Arts and
Education, University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
- Objectives of the Study
Specifically, the objectives of this study are to:
1. Determine the availability of instructional audio visual in the Faculties of Arts and Education for teaching and learning.
2. Determine the pattern and frequency of use of audio visual by lecturers in these selected faculties for teaching and learning
3. Investigate the adequacy of audio visual facilities for teaching and learning of taxonomy.
4. Identify factors, if any, which limit the use of audio visual by the teachers.
- Research Questions
The study is structured to provide answers to the following research questions:
1. How available are the instructional audio visual for teaching and learning in taxonomy?
2. What is the pattern and frequency of use of the audio visual for teaching andlearning by the lecturers of the facility?
3. How adequate are the audio visual facilities for teaching and learning of taxonomy?
4. What factors limit the use of audio visual by teachers of the subject?
- Objective of the Study
- To understand the meaning of audio visuals
- To understand the use of audiovisuals in teaching taxonomy in junior secondary schools
- Research Hypothesis
H0: The application of audiovisuals does not have a significant positive impact in teaching taxonomy in junior secondary schools in Oredo LGA, Edo state
H1: The application of audiovisuals have a significant positive impact in teaching taxonomy in junior secondary schools in Oredo LGA, Edo state
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