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ELECTIONS AND NATIONAL SECURITY IN NIGERIA: AN APPRAISAL OF NIGERIA’S INTERNATIONAL IMAGE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE (S)
TITLE OF PAGE…………………………………………………… i
CERTIFICATION…………………………………………………. ii
DEDICATION……………………………………………………… iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………. iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………. v-viii
LIST OF TABLES……………….…………………………………. ix
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………… x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………… xi
GLOSSARY OF TERMS………………………………………..
ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………… xii
CHAPTER ONE
PAGE (S)
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY………………………………… 1-2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM………………………………. 3
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY…………………………………… 4
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS……………………………………..
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY………………………………… 4-5
SCOPE OF THE STUDY..…………………………………………. 5-6
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY…………………………… 8
ASSUMPTIONS…………………………………………….. 9
ENDNOTES………………………………………………………. 10-11
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW PAGE (S)
CONCEPT OF ELECTION ………………………………………. 8-9
CONCEPT OF ELECTORAL PROCESS……………………. 9-11
CONCEPT OF NATIONAL SECURITY……………………..
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONDUCT OF ELECTION AND NATIONAL SECURITY……………………………………….
BASIC LEVEL OF NATIONAL SECURITY………………..
SUMMARY………………………………………………………….. 19-20
ENDNOTES…………………………………………………………. 21-22
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY PAGE (S)
RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………………….. 23
METHODOLOGY………………….………………………………. 23
AREA OF THE STUDY…………………………………………… 24
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING PROCEDURE…………………… 24
INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION…………………… 24-25
POPULATION……………………………………………………
VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENT…………………………….
RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT…………………………….
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION………………………….
PROPOSED METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS……………..
WEAKNESS OF THE STUDY…………………………………… 25
SUMMARY OF THE CHAPTER…………………………………. 25
ENDNOTES……………………………………………………….
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS PAGE (S)
DATA ANALISYS…….………………………………………… 26-33
ELECTORAL CONFLICTS IN BENIN REPUBLIC……… 33-36
CAUSES OF ELECTORAL CONFLICTS IN
BENIN REPUBLIC……..………………………………………. 37-40
THE WAY FORWORD………………………………………… 40-43
SUMMARY………………………………………………………… 43-44
ENDNOTES………………………………………………………… 45-46
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS PAGE (S)
CONCLUSION………………………………………………… 47-49
RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………… 49
ANNEX A……………………………………………………. A-1-
ANNEX B…………………………………………………… B-1-
ANNEX C…………………………………………………… C-1-
REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………… 50-51
LIST OF TABLES
| Serial | Content of Table | Page No |
| (a) | (b) | (c) |
| 1. | Data Gathered During the 4 Presidential Elections in Benin Republic. | 29 |
| 2. | ||
| 3. | ||
| 4. | ||
| 5. | ||
| 6. |
LIST OF FIGURE
| Serial | Title of Figure | Page No |
| (a) | (b) | (c) |
| 1. | Record of Registered Voters for Benin Republic Presidential Elections. | 30 |
| 2. | Number of Candidates in Benin Republic Presidential Elections. | 31 |
| 3. | Comparison Between Number of Eligible Voters and Number of Registered Voters. | 32 |
| 4. | Percentage of Voters. | 33 |
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. AD – Alliance for Democracy.
2. ANPP – All Nigeria People’s Party.
3. FDI – Foreign Direct Investment.
4. GDP – Gross Domestic Product.
5. HDI – Human Development Index.
6. INEC – Independent National Electoral Commission.
7. PDP – People’s Democratic Party.
8. PPP – Purchasing Power Parity.
9. SIEC – State Independent Electoral Commission.
10. USA – United States of America
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1. Democracy – Democracy is a form of government in which the people have a voice in the exercise of power, typically through elected representatives.
2. Government – Government is a system by which a state or community is governed.
3. Election – Election is a formal procedure whereby a person is elected, especially to a political office.
4. Electorate – Electorate are all the people in a country or area who are entitle to vote in an election.
5. Security – Security is the state of being secure or freedom from danger or anxiety.
6. Executive – Executive is the branch of government concerned with or relating to the putting into effect of orders, plans or policies.
7. Judiciary – Judiciary is the branch of government with the apparatus of law and its administration.
8. Legislative – Legislative is the branch of government empowered to make, amend or repeal laws for a nation.
9. Respondent – A respondent is a person who responds to a questionnaire.
10. Review – Review is a formal assessment of something with the intention of instituting change if necessary.
11. Parliament – Parliament is the supreme legislative body of a country.
12. President – President is the elected head of a government.
13. Representative – Representative consist of people chosen to act or speak on behalf of a wider group.
ABSTRACT
1. This research is about the conduct of elections and its effect on national security. The study was geared at determining 4 distinct objectives. These are to establish the relationship between conduct of election and national security. Thereafter, the nature of Nigeria electoral process would be examined. The implications of electoral process on the national security were then established. Finally ways of enhancing the conduct of elections in Nigeria were proffered.
2. The descriptive research method was used for the study. The research revealed that conduct of elections is a means to achieving national security. It was further discovered that Nigeria’s electoral process the FPTP system has an inherent shortfall in the area of under-representation of minority groups. This often leads to disenchantment and violence. Furthermore, the study revealed the need for a review of the aspect of the constitution relating to the appointment and removal of chairman and membership of INEC. In the same vein, the study stressed the pitfall on the reliance of the electoral management body (EMB) on the executive for the approval of its financial budget.
3. To this end, adopting the Proportional Representatives Electoral system and the funding of INEC from established consolidated revenue is considered expedient. Also, the imperatives of labour and civil societies playing a key role in constituting members of EMB were highlighted.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
1. Over the years, nations have risen and fallen due to the deeds or misdeeds of its leaders. Good leadership can determine the success or failure of a country as it inspires, directs and mobilizes the citizens to pursue a common goal. The role of leadership in the success of nations has necessitated the quest for a viable means of selecting leaders. Robert Art defines leadership as one of the most dynamic elements of organizational life such that the effectiveness of an organization depends on the quality of its leadership.1 Consequently, nations strive to select efficient and effective leaders through the consent of the governed. The mechanism for translating this consent into governmental authority is by the use of a democratic process.
2. The democratic process of selecting a leader is referred to as elections. Election is the process of selecting a few persons from a group as representative sample of the group. It is an essential element of democracy since it reflects the wishes of the people.2 Attesting to this, Bello-Imam a renowned political scientist define election as the process by which citizens choose their representatives in accordance with mechanism fixed by the constitution or established government of a state.3 The origin of elections can be traced to ancient Roman and Greek empires in the Twelfth Century. In those empires, election is done with voting by show of hands and acclamation by voice. In some other situations, decisions were made by use of secret ballots in the form of white and black pebbles, marked or unmarked shell or carved wooden tablets.4
3. Globally elections, follow processes which differ from nation to nation. These processes may include the selection of candidates, the registration of voters and the voting procedures amongst others. These procedures are unique and differ from one country to another. For example, in USA, the National Government established federal electoral requirements, which many of the states adopt to reduce cost and avoid the complexity of having two different systems.5
4. In Africa electoral processes are confronted by several challenges especially in countries emerging from oppressive regimes or long periods of dictatorship. This is because the electoral processes in nascent democracies involve fragmented political parties with weak political base. These political parties depend on few notable personalities or a shared ethnic identity and affinity.6 In such instances, reason and competence of the candidates are sacrificed for religion, ethnicity or parochial cleavages. Regrettably, national development efforts suffer setbacks due to leadership incompetence.7
5. Several scholars have argued that the greatest problem confronting African countries are the prevailing political condition in the conduct of elections. The right people are rarely elected and seldom opportune to steer the affairs state. Sunil in agreement, observed that one of the greatest challenges to confronting national development among African is political leadership.8 Nigeria is no exception in this regard.
6. Nigeria has conducted several elections since independence. These elections include the 1965, 1983 and 1979 general elections. Others are the 1999, 2003 and the 2007 general elections. These elections have been fraught with malpractice and violence giving the perception that it does not reflect the will of the people.9 When an electoral process is perceived as unfair, unresponsive or corrupt, its political legitimacy is compromised and violence can ensue. Also, notwithstanding the credibility of an election, a desperate loser candidate can at times precipitate violence. In such an instance, resources which could have been used for developmental projects are channeled to mitigating violence or rebuilding destroyed infrastructure.
7. Bob Dewar, the former British High Commissioner to Nigeria observed that the conduct of credible elections in Nigeria would lead to national development.10 To underscore the seeming importance of credible elections to the development of Nigeria, the present administration has used every opportunity to reiterate its preparedness to ensure credible elections in 2011. In order to ensure this, the Federal Government (FG) released the sum of 84.7 billion to the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) for the procurement of Direct Data Capturing (DDC) machines. 11
8. In Nigeria, the recurring incidences of civil unrest and disturbances following the conduct of elections have continued to pose security concerns. Examples of these crises are disturbances sequel to the 1983 and 1993 general elections as well as the on-going Jos crises. 12 In most of these instances lives are lost and properties worth millions of Naira are destroyed. Also, emerging security threats such as kidnapping, use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), political assassinations among others further deepen these challenges. These threats represent a clear and present danger to the image of Nigeria in particular and peaceful coexistence of the country in general. The need to conceive and design an effective means of conducting credible elections as well as the inadequacies observed in previous elections are issues that motivated the choice of this topic by this researcher.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
9. In Nigeria, periods of elections often generate apprehension among politicians, electorate and security agencies due to the level of violence that occur within this period. These violence often result from unwillingness of political parties and their members to accept defeat, level of malpractice observed during this period among others.
10. The conduct of credible elections avails the electorate the opportunity to choose leaders who are accountable and who owe their mandate to the people. On the other hand, electoral malpractice leads to the emergence of leaders who are insensitive to the plight of the electorate and whose ascension to office are not dependant on the mandate of the people. This often affects the growth and development of the country and in some instance leads to political instability. The general elections of 1979 and 1983 were characterised by malpractices that triggered violence in many parts of the country. Similarly,
the 1992, 1999,2003 and 2007 general elections were fraught with irregularities and violence posing security concerns.13
11. Based on the foregoing, this study seeks to proffer answers to the following:
a. What is the relationship between conduct of elections and national security?
b. What is the nature of electoral process in Nigeria?
c. What is the impact of electoral process on the national security of Nigeria?
d. What are the ways to enhance conduct of elections in Nigeria?
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
12. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of conduct of elections on Nigeria’s national security. The specific objectives are:
a. To establish the relationship between conduct of election and national security.
b. To examine the nature of Nigeria electoral process.
c. To examine the implications of electoral process on the national security of Nigeria.
d. To proffer ways of enhancing the conduct of elections in Nigeria.
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
13. The importance of this study is to contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the conduct of elections in Nigeria. Its findings would enable appropriate government agencies to appreciate the relevance of conduct of elections on national development. Additionally, it would serve as a suggestive solution to the problems affecting Nigeria’s electoral process.
14. It is hoped that the study will add to existing literatures and body of knowledge on the impact of election to national development. Additionally, this research work would provide material for future studies on this topic.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
15. The ultimate pursuit of any nation is the search for stability, peace and security without which development would be impossible. In its quests for security, nations have a misplaced notion that security problem is exclusively a problem of security agencies. However, a secured nation is a nation with a viable economic and stable political system. This could be achieved by conducting credible elections that would lead to the emergence of good leaders.
16. Election in Nigeria has not been a worthwhile experience. It is hypothesized that the conduct of elections in Nigeria can contribute to national security. Furthermore, conducting of credible elections would lead to the emergence of a leader who has the capacity to lead the nation to growth and development
SCOPE OF STUDY
17. The conduct of elections has been a source of concern to most African countries as it determines the quality of political leadership. Nigeria is no exception in this regard. This study will look at the conduct of elections in Nigeria and its implications on national security. Similarly, it will examine Nigeria’s electoral process and establish the relationship between conduct of elections and national security.
18. In the course of this study, only relevant literatures on this topic from 2000 to 2010 will be referred to. Though other literatures could address the issue of conduct of election, it is believed that such works would be out of context with the approach adopted by international organizations from 2000.
METHODOLOGY
19. The methodology employed in this study is descriptive and analytical. The various steps used to carry out this study is discussed below:
a. The materials used were obtained mainly from secondary sources. The secondary sources of data were obtained from official reports of election monitoring teams and agencies in Nigeria.
b. The study also used relevant books, published and unpublished materials as well as journals, magazines from libraries of AFCSC, NWC, NDA and Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The data collected from secondary sources were analyzed qualitatively using logical arguments.
LIMITATIONS
20. This study had some limitations. The major limitation of this study is the use of data generated only from the South-East and South- South geopolitical zones of the country. The purpose for this was based on the assumption that the political behaviour of politicians and tactics for attaining political power are the same nationwide. Also, in the course of data gathering it was observed that some few respondents introduced some elements of bias, falsehood and emotions into their responses which gave some extra ordinary results in few isolated cases.
21. Further, the writer was unable to interview key officials of INEC. In this regard, none of the State Independent National Electoral Commission (SIEC) officials could be interviewed. Furthermore, the current INEC Chairman, Prof Attahiru Jega could not be interviewed. Also, the study covers the period 1993 and 2007. In Nigerian electoral history, this period might not be significant; nonetheless it is relevant to the subject of study. To overcome these limitations information collected were cross marched and carefully analysed so as to provide authentic result. Therefore, the reliability of the research findings was not compromised.
ASSUMPTIONS
22. This study was based on 1993, 1999, 2003 and 2007 general election. The 2003 and 2007 general elections were the main focus of this study because they were the most recent elections in Nigeria.
23. The conduct of elections in 1993, 1999, 2003 and 2007 are distinct in several ways. However, the researcher assumed that the findings from the selected elections during the period are adequate to give an appraisal of basic tenets of conduct of elections in Nigeria.
ENDNOTES
1. Robert , Art (ed), International Politics: Enduring Concepts and Contemporary Issues,9th ed. (New York: Pearson Longman, 2008) P.17
2. Ayoade JA, ‘Aim and Objectives of Election Monitoring’ In Ayoade JA (ed) Handbook of Election Monitoring in Nigeria (Ibadan: Vantage Publishers 2001) P.9.
3. Kirk, Patrick quoted in Samuel Egwu, Electoral Violence and Democratisation Project: The Nigerian Experience, (Lagos: Published by Fredrick Ebert Stifin, 2003), P.83.
4. Bello, Imam, Critical Areas Begging for Electoral Reforms in Nigeria in SO Akande and AT Simbine Electoral Reforms in Nigeria: Proceedings of a National Workshop ,(Ibadan: New World Press,2008)P.86.
5. Tafa , Balogun, “The Current State of Security in the Country and Police Preparedness for the Forthcoming 2003 Elections” (Unpublished), P.1.
6. Alemika E, ‘Nigerian Security Agencies and the 2003 Elections: Lessons for the 2007 Election’, in Albert et al Perspectives on the 2003 Elections in Nigeria,(Abuja: IDASA, 2007), P.18.
7. Bello Imam,op.cit. P.88.
8. Bastin, Sunil and Robin Luckham,ed,Can Democracy be Designed?,(London: Zed Books,2003),P.45.
9. Id.
10. Chukwuma Nwachukwu, Nigeria Electoral Process in Perspective, Guardian Newspapers, 18 Nov 10. P.13.
11. Ibid. P .17.
12. Election in Africa – The Past Ten Years: An Assessment’, The Royal Journal of the Institute of International Affairs, Elections Africa Series, April 2003 P.2.
13. Abdlhamid, Ujo, Understanding Elections: A Guide for Students and Election Managers, (Abuja:Walser Publishers,2008),P. 17.
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