EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY INTO EUROPEAN UNION, 1957 TO 1993

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EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY INTO EUROPEAN UNION, 1957 TO 1993

Abstract:

The period from 1957 to 1993 witnessed a profound transformation in European integration, marked by the evolution of the European Economic Community (EEC) into the European Union (EU). This study provides a comprehensive exploration of this historical journey, contextualizing the establishment of the EEC within the post-World War II landscape and tracing its development through key milestones, economic achievements, and challenges. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 laid the groundwork for the EEC, fostering economic cooperation and laying the foundation for the removal of barriers to trade. Economic successes, such as the creation of a common market and the Common Agricultural Policy, were accompanied by challenges, including disparities in economic development and debates over supranational authority.

The EEC underwent significant enlargement during the 1970s and 1980s, with the accession of new member states, and concurrently pursued deeper integration through initiatives like the European Monetary System and the Single European Act. As the geopolitical landscape shifted with the end of the Cold War, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 marked a transformative moment, leading to the establishment of the European Union in 1993. The treaty introduced pillars of European Union citizenship, common foreign and security policy, and the eventual adoption of the Euro.

This study aims to analyze the historical context, economic dynamics, institutional framework, and geopolitical factors that influenced the evolution of the EEC into the EU. By examining key treaties, economic policies, and geopolitical events, the study provides insights into the multifaceted processes of enlargement, deepening integration, and the negotiations that culminated in the Maastricht Treaty. The exploration of this transformative period offers a nuanced understanding of the complexities, achievements, and challenges that shaped the path from the European Economic Community to the European Union.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The journey from the establishment of the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957 to the transformation into the European Union (EU) in 1993 represents a significant chapter in the history of European integration. The post-World War II era saw a continent ravaged by conflict seeking a new path toward stability, cooperation, and economic prosperity. The EEC, formed by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, laid the groundwork for the integration of European nations with the aim of fostering economic cooperation and preventing future conflicts. This chapter delves into the historical context, key milestones, and the evolution of the EEC into the EU during the period spanning 1957 to 1993.

1.2 Historical Context

The devastation of World War II prompted European leaders to envision a different future—one marked by unity and collaboration. The Schuman Declaration of 1950, proposed by French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman, laid the foundation for the creation of a supranational organization to oversee the coal and steel industries of its member states. This vision materialized with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1951, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The success of the ECSC laid the groundwork for broader economic cooperation.

1.3 The Treaty of Rome (1957)

The Treaty of Rome, signed on March 25, 1957, formally established the EEC and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The EEC aimed to create a common market, promoting the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people among its member states. This marked a significant departure from traditional intergovernmental cooperation, as the EEC possessed supranational institutions, including the European Commission and the European Parliament, to govern and implement policies. The Treaty of Rome laid the institutional framework that would guide European integration over the coming decades.

1.4 Economic Achievements and Challenges

The EEC witnessed notable economic achievements during its formative years. The elimination of customs duties among member states, the implementation of a common agricultural policy, and the establishment of the Common Market contributed to economic growth and increased intra-European trade. However, challenges emerged, including disparities in economic development among member states and debates over the extent of supranational authority.

1.5 Enlargement and Deepening Integration

The 1970s and 1980s saw the enlargement of the EEC with the accession of new member states, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, and Denmark. Concurrently, efforts were made to deepen integration through initiatives like the European Monetary System (EMS) and the Single European Act (SEA). The SEA aimed to create a single market by 1992, fostering closer economic cooperation and removing barriers to trade.

1.6 Towards the Maastricht Treaty (1991)

The evolving geopolitical landscape, with the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany, influenced the trajectory of European integration. In 1991, leaders gathered in Maastricht, the Netherlands, to negotiate a new treaty that would deepen integration and lead to the establishment of the European Union. The Maastricht Treaty, signed in 1992 and implemented in 1993, marked a transformative moment, introducing the pillars of European Union citizenship, common foreign and security policy, and the eventual adoption of a common currency—the Euro.

1.7 Objectives of the Study

This study aims to comprehensively explore the journey of the EEC from its inception in 1957 to its transformation into the European Union in 1993. The objectives include:

Examining the historical context that led to the establishment of the EEC.

Analyzing key milestones in the evolution of the EEC, including the Treaty of Rome and subsequent treaties.

Assessing the economic achievements and challenges faced by the EEC.

Investigating the processes of enlargement and deepening integration within the EEC.

Exploring the geopolitical factors that influenced the transition from the EEC to the EU.

Providing insights into the negotiations and implications of the Maastricht Treaty.

1.8 Structure of the Thesis

The thesis is structured to provide a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of the EEC into the EU. Chapter Two will delve into the institutional framework of the EEC, while Chapter Three will explore the economic achievements and challenges. Chapter Four will analyze the processes of enlargement and deepening integration, leading to the pivotal Maastricht Treaty, which will be examined in detail in Chapter Five. Finally, Chapter Six will conclude the study by summarizing key findings and reflecting on the broader implications of the EEC’s transformation into the European Union.

In conclusion, the establishment of the EEC in 1957 marked a historic initiative towards European integration, setting the stage for the transformative evolution into the European Union in 1993. The subsequent chapters will delve into the intricate details of this journey, providing a nuanced perspective on the key events, challenges, and achievements that defined this crucial period in European history.

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