EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIME AND ALUMINIUM WASTE STABILIZED SOIL FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES

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EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LIME AND ALUMINIUM WASTE STABILIZED SOIL FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION PURPOSES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Most of the structures founded over expansive soils experience large settlements because of the volumetric changes on altering water content (Chen, 2012; Briaud et al., 2003; Aubeny and Lytton, 2004; Lin and Cerato, 2012). It is difficult to precisely predict these volumetric changes of the expansive soils because surface physiochemical forces control individual clay particle. These surface physiochemical forces come in to action because of the infinitesimal particle size and the diffuse double layer formed around each individual clay particle which are further responsible for swelling and shrinkage of these soils. Swelling and shrinking characteristics of the expansive soils damage the structures and cost more than $9bn loss every year in the USA alone (Nelson and Miller, 1997; Thomas et al., 2000). A loss of around $150m was estimated in the UK alone because of damage to the structures caused by expansive soils (Gourley et al., 1993).

A lot of techniques have been used in the past to act as a remedial measure to the problems associated with expansive soils (Hunter, 1988; Petry and Little, 1992; Acosta et al., 2003; Hoyos et al., 2004). Soil stabilization is the process of improving the engineering and index properties of poor soils (Kolias et al., 2005; Harichane et al., 2011). Numerous research studies have been conducted in the past to stabilize expansive soils by using various materials and admixtures (Katti, 1978; Estabragh et al., 2013; Bozbey and Garaisayev, 2010;

Sharma and Hymavathi, 2016; Guney et al., 2006; Taye and Araya, 2015; Sharma and Sharma, 2019).

Lime is one of the oldest construction materials known to man which has been used for binding purposes. Sherwood (1993) revealed that lime primarily contains calcium oxide and hydroxide as its constituents and provides strength to soil by cation exchange process. Hilt and Davidson (1960) and Eades and Grim (1966) described that the point at which lime gives its maximum benefits to the soil is referred as the lime fixation point. Thompson (1969a); Brandl (1981) reported that lime fixation point generally varies between 3 and 10 per cent (depending on soil type). Thompson, 1969b; Miller et al., 1970; Tulloch et al., 1970 found that a substantial tensile strength needs to be developed in soil– lime blends. Sharma et al. (2008) revealed that the addition of 4 per cent lime and 12 per cent rice husk ash in expansive soil improved the stress–strain behaviour and CBR value of the composite by 127 per cent and 191 per cent, respectively. Al-Mukhtar et al. (2010) proposed that for a short-term reaction, 5 per cent lime content is sufficient for reducing plasticity and swelling. By using X-ray diffraction analyses for samples having lime percentage more than 6 per cent, calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) identified resulting from pozzolanic reaction. Bozbey and Garaisayev (2010) used locally available highly expansive soil to find the effect of lime on its geotechnical properties and reported that addition of lime improved the workability, swelling and compressibility of the highly expansive soil. Ali and Zafar (2011) described that the inclusion of lime in two highly plastic clays showed reduction in plasticity, dispersion, shrinkage and swell potential of the composite, and the increase in CBR of the clayey soil was directly proportional to the quantity of lime (up to 10 per cent only). Estabragh et al. (2013) demonstrated the effect of lime, cement and coal ash on physical and mechanical characteristics of expansive soil and revealed that the soil–lime mixture decreased the plasticity index, maximum dry density (MDD) and increased the shrinkage limit and optimum moisture content (OMC). Sharma and Hymavathi (2016) found that blending of 4 per cent commercial lime and expansive soil decreased the differential free swell (DFS) of clayey soil to zero and increased the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of clayey soil. Lopez-Lara et al. (2017) reported that the expansive soil treated with 6 per cent lime reduces the soil swelling without putting any surcharge over the expansive soil. Kumar et al. (2018) demonstrated the effect of inclusion of lime in varying proportions from 0 to 25 per cent on Jamshoro soil and revealed that the UCS and CBR values increased with increasing percentage of lime up to 5 per cent.

Waste foundry sand (WFS) is a waste of foundry industries, which finds no use elsewhere. After casting is over, the sand is discarded and is not recommended for reuse (Basar and Aksoy, 2013). This is a classified Resource Conservation and Recovery Act hazardous waste and currently dumped in open because of ineffective regulations in India. If this waste could be used in stabilization of expansive soils, then the problem of its disposal may be solved besides improving the environment. In recent years, many efforts have been made to use WFS as a construction material. Retaining structures and highway bases (Kirk, 1998; Mast and Fox, 1998), pavement bases (Guney et al., 2006) and asphalt concrete (Javed and Lovell, 1995) are various areas where WFS is found to be suitable as a construction material. Guney et al. (2006) performed CBR, UCS and permeability tests on soil-WFS composites and reported that WFS gives good strength to soil and can be used as a component part of subgrade in pavement. Mgangira and Jones (2006) described that WFS has good properties which can alter the properties of poorly graded soil to those of well graded soil. Dong et al. (2013) blended WFS in waste heavy clay and reported that with the increase in proportion of foundry sand, the plasticity and cohesion decreased. The mixtures of clay and foundry sand can be used as suitable construction fill material with sand content up to 66 per cent. Kumar et al. (2016) concluded that the effect of addition of WFS on compaction, UCS and CBR characteristics of clayey soil possessing medium plasticity was studied, and it was revealed that addition of 40 per cent WFS attained higher MDD, UCS and CBR than any other composite. Bekki et al. (2019) used green foundry sands in road bases with lime and found that for optimum content of lime (2 per cent) with WFS there was an increase in CBR value. de Souza Campelo et al. (2019) blended foundry sand with Portland cement in proportions of 25-100 per cent and proved its efficacy to be used as filler in asphalt mixtures.

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