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EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF INCREMENTAL HOUSING IN THE DESIGN OF PROPOSED ABU PHASE-II STAFF HOUSING ZARIA
ABSTRACT
The study investigated housing Adjustmentactivities in the neighbourhood in two selected public housing Quarters of ABU Zaria in Kaduna State. The analysis of these adjustmentsin Area II and Silver jubilee Staff Quarters of Ahmadu Bello University Samaru Zaria were carried out in terms of their features and Manner on the residential quality. The general approach to this study was exploratory and descriptive, based on both qualitative and quantitative research techniques because the qualitative enquiries helped to explore the diversities in a situation or phenomenon while the extent or magnitude was determined through the quantitative means. The survey method was employed using questionnaires. The respondents‟ were 112 residents of the housing
quarters, randomly selected from a total of 248 residents in the two quarters. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted as part of the qualitative data on 5 stakeholders purposively selected. The data collected were subjected to statistical analyses using frequencies, percentages, cross tabulations. The outcome of the research shows that 95 of the 112 residential units under study were adjusted (86.4%), especially through the addition of sleeping spaces and securing their respective units. Behavioural factors and response to the drive of gaining more accommodation/spaces through different means was the highest motivator accrued from such effort. Measuring residents’ pattern to certainadjustments noticeable in the study areas, showed their acceptance level for direct labour method. The housing quarters have beenaltered from a homogeneous community to a heterogeneous community. Thus, the neighbourhood have become mixed even in relation to land use. The propensity of these housing adjustments implies that incremental schemes in residential design, especially for the urban poor is
imperative.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration …………………………………………………………………………..…iv
Certification.……………………………….……………………………………………..v
Acknowledgement ………………………………………………………………………vi
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………vii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………viii
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………….…xiii List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………..xiv
List of Plates ……………………………………………………………………….…..xv
List of Appendices …………………………………………………………………..…xvi
1.0 INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 Background to the Study …………………………………………………………………1
1.2 Problem Statement …………………………………………………………………………2
1.3 Aim and Objectives …………………………………………………………………………3
1.4 Research Questions …………………………………………………………………………3
1.5 Justification ……………………………………………………………………………………3
1.6 Scope …………………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.7 Limitations …………………………………………………………………………………….4
1.8 Dissertation Structure …………………………………………………………………….4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………….. 6
2.1 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………..6
2.2 Housing Adjustment ……………………………………………………………………….6
2.3 HOUSING CONCEPTS UNDER HOUSING ADJUSTMENT ………………………………….9
2.3.1 Incremental Housing ………………………………………………………………………. 10
2.3.2 Adaptable Housing ………………………………………………………………………… 11
2.3.3 Flexible Housing …………………………………………………………………………… 12
2.3.4 Public Housing ……………………………………………………………………………… 13
2.3.4.1 Trends in Public Housing Provision and delivery in Nigeria …………………. 14
2.4 SALIENT TOPICS ON HOUSING ADJUSTMENT …………………………………………… 15
2.4.1 Lifestyle and Use of Domestic Space ………………………………………………… 15
2.4.2 Adjustment and the Need for Increase in Housing Space ………………………. 17
2.4.3 Systematic Approach to Adjustment …………………………………………………. 17
2.4.4 Processes and of Housing Adjustment……………………………………………….. 18
2.4.5 Possible Causes of Housing Adjustment ……………………………………………. 20
2.4.6 Public Housing Positive Adjustment in Some Developing Countries ……… 23
2.5 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………… 24
3.0 METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………………………………. 25
3.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 25
3.2 Method of Study…………………………………………………………………………… 25
3.3 THE STUDY AREA ……………………………………………………………………………. 27
3.3.1 Silver Jubilee Quarters ……………………………………………………………………. 28
3.3.2 Area II staff quarters ………………………………………………………………………. 29
3.4 POPULATION OF STUDY ……………………………………………………………………… 29
3.4.1 Sampling Method ………………………………………………………………………….. 30
3.4.2 Sample Size ………………………………………………………………………………….. 31
3.5 DATA COLLECTION…………………………………………………………………………….. 32
3.5.1 Comprehensive and Detailed Observations and Documentation …………….. 33
3.5.2 In-depth interviews ………………………………………………………………………… 34
3.5.3 Structured Questionnaire…………………………………………………………………. 34
3.5.4 Detailed Methodology by Objective ………………………………………………….. 35
3.6 Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………. 37
3.7 Regulatory Factors by University Authority …………………………………… 37
3.8 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………… 38
4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ………………………………………………….. 39
4.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 39
4.2 DEMOGRAPHICS ……………………………………………………………………………… 39
4.2.1 Age of Respondents ……………………………………………………………………….. 39
4.2.2 Length of Stay in the Estate …………………………………………………………….. 40
4.2.3 Grade level …………………………………………………………………………………… 41
4.3 REASONS FOR ADJUSTMENT ……………………………………………………………….. 43
4.3.1 Residents Who Have Transformed ……………………………………………………. 43
4.3.2 Reasons for Adjustment ………………………………………………………………….. 44
4.3.2.1 Economic factors: ………………………………………………………………………….. 45
4.3.2.2 Socio cultural factors: ……………………………………………………………………. 46
4.3.2.3Behavioural factors: ………………………………………………………………………. 474.3.2.4Spatial Factors: …………………………………………………………………………….. 47
4.3.3 Lack of Satisfaction with Some Aspects of Housing Features and Attributes.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48
4.3.4 Reasons for not Transforming ………………………………………………………….. 49
4.3.5 Intention to Transform ……………………………………………………………………. 50
4.3.6 Residents’ Attitudes towards the Impact of Transformation …………………… 51
4.3.7 Main Attitudes of Respondents to Transformation ………………………………. 52
4.3.8 Addressing Research Objective One …………………………………………………. 53
4.4 Method of Executing the Adjustment: Research Question Two ………… 55
4.5 ADJUSTMENT OF THE HOUSES ……………………………………………………………… 57
4.5.1 Types of Houses Originally Provided ………………………………………………… 57
4.5.2 Forms of Adjustment Embarked Upon by Respondents ……………………….. 59
4.5.3 Availability of Building Plan and Acquisition of Necessary Approval ……. 59
4.5.4 Addressing Research Question Three ………………………………………………… 61
4.6 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………… 63
5.0 DESIGN REPORT ………………………………………………………………………. 65
5.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 65
5.2 Design Brief …………………………………………………………………………………. 65
5.3 Site Location ……………………………………………………………………………….. 65
5.4 SITE ANALYSIS ………………………………………………………………………………… 66
5.4.1 Climate characteristics ……………………………………………………………………. 66
5.4.2 Infrastructures and Services …………………………………………………………….. 66
5.4.3 Topography ………………………………………………………………………………….. 66
5.4.4 Slope Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………. 67
5.4.5 Relative Humidity………………………………………………………………………….. 67
5.4.6 General Geology ……………………………………………………………………………. 67
5.4.7 Ground Water Profile……………………………………………………………………… 68
5.4.8 Sunshine ………………………………………………………………………………………. 68
5.4.9 Rainfall ………………………………………………………………………………………… 68
5.4.10 Wind Pressure……………………………………………………………………………….. 68
5.5 Site Development Concept …………………………………………………………….. 69
5.6 IMPLICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS ON DESIGN ………………………… 69
5.6.1 Design Consideration ……………………………………………………………………… 70
5.6.1.1 Water recycling …………………………………………………………………………….. 71
5.6.1.2 Building Materials, Finishes and the External Environment………………….. 71
5.6.1.3 External Works ……………………………………………………………………………… 71
5.6.1.4 Building and Facility Security ………………………………………………………….. 71
5.6.1.5 Sustainability ………………………………………………………………………………… 71
5.6.1.6 Maintenance …………………………………………………………………………………. 72
5.6.1.7 Flexibility …………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
5.6.2 Services ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 72
5.6.2.1 Water supply …………………………………………………………………………………. 72
5.6.2.2 Power supply ………………………………………………………………………………… 72
5.6.2.3 Refuse disposal ……………………………………………………………………………… 73
5.6.2.4 Waste water and sewage disposal …………………………………………………….. 73
5.6.2.5 Storm water drainage …………………………………………………………………….. 73
5.6.3 Design …………………………………………………………………………………………. 73
5.7 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………… 74
6.0 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION …………………………. 75
6.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………… 75
6.2 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………….. 75
6.3 Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………… 77
6.4 Recommendations ………………………………………………………………………… 78
6.5 Contribution to knowledge ……………………………………………………………. 78
6.6 Area for Further Study…………………………………………………………………. 78
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………….79
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………………………………86
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUNDTO THE STUDY
Housing is an essential part of human settlement that satisfies basic need and has a profound impact on the quality of life, health, welfare as well as productivity of man.Researchershave established that the quality of public housing in this country is generally poor (Ukoha and Beamish, 1997; Olatubara and Fatoye, 2006; Fatoye and Odusami, 2009; Jiboye, 2009; Ilesanmi, 2010; Clement and Kayode, 2012; Ibem and Amole, 2012;Lawanson and Onifade, 2013; Ibem and Azuh, 2014) and that this is more pronounced in housing quarters inhabited by the low/middle income earners. Adjustment is synonymous to words like alteration change conversion, revolution, renovation and makeover. Aduwo, Ibem and Opoko (2013) describe housing adjustment as the change of original form and spatial configurations of dwelling units by the occupants in order to meet current needs and expectations.Housing alterationsis typical of both formal and informal residences, especially in developing economies like Nigeria. Adjustment of official residence of staff could be observed within the hierarchy of quarters, noticeable in residential concentrations where there are stocks of government-built housing.For various reasons, these quarters are presently exhibiting physical forms which are in most cases, a complete departure from what they hitherto were or should be. Numerous reasons may be responsible for this fast overwhelming practice. Therefore, it has become vital to lookinto this prevailing phenomenon in order to understand why it is gradually becoming a prominent feature in most low-cost public housing neighbourhoods.
A large proportion of the existing studies on housing Adjustmentare in developing countries but with a relatively smaller number in Nigeria (Adegbehingbe, 2011; 2012).
However, little can be said concerning these chosen quarters in A.B.U Zaria, Kaduna because one is not aware of any detailed research that has been carried out to highlight the significance of this phenomenon.
This research, therefore, centreson housing Adjustment/adjustments, with interest on the how they are carried out, why staff engage in it and what the physical characteristic of these alteration activities are in the built environment of Silver jubilee and the Area II Low-Cost housing quarters in Sabon Gari Local Government Council Area of Zaria.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Adjustments in public housing has not satisfactorily attracted the expected attention of intellectuals in this part of the world. In recent time, most formal housing has undergone drastic alterations, which is gradually becoming the order of the day. These changes and extensions are generally known as “Adjustment,” and may contain useful models for future policy concerning existing housing estates and policy on new developments Initial designs of most A.B.U. staff quarters are rigid and inflexible to accommodate the changing lifestyle and housing needs of its occupants over time, which can triggerthe demand for adjustment actions by the occupants.This is due to the disparity between their lifecycle and lifestyle with their allocated housing units.
The present state of housing unit no longer caters for the needs of the occupants, observed from the rapid adjustment in most dwellings and their immediate environment. Although these alterations are associated with compromised aesthetic, congestion, environments devoid of the desired level of comfort and privacy, promoting unhygienic neighbourhood. Residents of these quarters are still on hype for adjusting their units.
Therefore, a research focusing on design solution that projects possible future changes while taking care of the current needs is necessary. Thereby, making it easier for households to adopt well integrated future changes in space use when deem necessary.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to examine housing Adjustments in some selected housing quarters in A.B.U. Zaria, so as to explore the concept of incremental housing in the design of proposed A.B.U. Phase-II staff housing Zaria with the following objectives:
Examine the reasons and attitude for housing adjustment in the selected staff quarters; ii. Examine the manner in which these activities are executed; and iii. Analyse the physical adjustment in the spatial organization of the buildings; iv. To demonstrate research findings in the design of staff quarters.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Why did the users transform their dwelling unit?
How did the users carryout Adjustment activities in these staff quarters?
What are the fundamental characteristics of these physical adjustments that have taken place?
1.5 JUSTIFICATION
The outcome of this study will give a design proposal for a live housing for A.B.U staffs. Based on the World Bank Report (2014) on Nigeria Housing Financing, there are about 13 million housing units and there is still a deficit of 17 million units to cover for the housing requirements in Nigeria. The research result not only begins to fill a significant gap in the knowledge of Adjustment and sensitivity to the impact of Adjustment that have taken place in the physical forms and spatial orientations of buildings and the general fabric of the neighbourhoods in two selected staff quarters in A.B.U Zaria, But also contribute insight into the establishment of more occupantappropriate living environments for homeless residents, generate prototype by which the Government can successfully tackle its housing deficit requirement. Thus, provide a revisit at this point in time and help to unravel the patterns and ways of Adjustment that will constitute a better platform for understanding the low/middle-income earners and their attitude towards housing.
1.6 SCOPE
This research can be solved from two perspective namely regulatory policies and by Design solution. However it is within the confines of solving the problem of housingAdjustmentin public housing using Architecture as a tool.It covers the physical location of the study which isstaff housing of A.B.U Zaria, in Kaduna state Nigeria.
This is based on the premise that these neighbourhoods are inhabited by staff.
1.7 LIMITATIONS
The limitation of this study lies in the difficulty to access residents audience due to the fear of the exercise perceived to be by the university authorities. Also, gender restricted the author a lot of access into spaces treated as private in the study area.
1.8 DISSERTATION STRUCTURE
The research process followed by the researcher is itemised below. Firstly, the researcher identified the research problems based on available literature, personal observations and experience gained through field visits on the housing Adjustment situation in low cost staff quarters in A.B.U. Zaria. The theoretical background was determined after a detailed analysis of reported research and relevant literature. Then, the conceptual framework was developed and key variables of the research visualized. Afterwards, the empirical data collected from the field survey was analysed and findings, conclusions and recommendations were formulated and presented. Figure 1:1 below shows the chapter arrangement of the dissertation.
CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
Figure 1:1 Dissertation Structure
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