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GENDER VIEWPOINTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN NIGERIA.
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Individuals go into business for the sake of obtaining regular income, becoming self employed and also help others. Although there are different kinds of business enterprises that female and male can go into, often times, some businesses are regarded as more suitable for one sex and not the other. This means that there are some gender considerations in the choice of business one goes into and, by extension, in entrepreneurship development.
Apparently, gender attitudes and behaviours may have positive or negative effect on entrepreneurship development in a society or economy.
This research work therefore intends to take a critical look at gender considerations as they affect entrepreneurship development with particular reference to Northern Nigeria in general, using Oju Printing Press Limited Kaduna, Kaduna South Local Government area as a case study, and also to suggest the possible solutions to indentified problems and give recommendations where necessary.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Entrepreneurship has generally been recognized as a good medium or strategy for economic development of an individual, a community and a nation. It is also a known fact that some gender considerations are often used in the choice of business or even the decision to go into business. For example, some businesses are regarded as more suitable to men than women. The question here is, is this the right approach to economic development through entrepreneurship? Of what effect is this approach to entrepreneurship development?
These and other questions are what this research work intends to find answers to, and, if possible make recommendations where possible.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the gender and entrepreneurship development in Northern Nigeria, also to study some of the gender considerations in entrepreneurship development and its impact on economic development effort in Nigeria particularly Northern Nigeria. The study specifically hopes to suggest possible solutions to any gender related impediments to entrepreneurship development.
1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS
The following hypothesis has been formulated to serve as a guide for the study.
H0: That gender considerations have no significant effect on entrepreneurship development in Northern Nigeria.
H1: That gender considerations, have significant effect on entrepreneurship development in Northern Nigeria.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The findings of this study will provide a guide for any me on the establishment of a business in Nigeria. This study will help me ensure a proper approach to gender considerations in the decision and to any individual that want to establish a business (entrepreneur) in order to achieve maximum profit and productivity.
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The research work will concentrate on gender considerations and entrepreneurship development in Northern Nigeria. The scope is limited to Oju Printing Press Nigeria Limited, Kaduna South, the management, staff and other employees of the organization.
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
In the course of this study many problems were encountered. Collection of relevant data was a problem because what the organization regard to their “secret”.
Other limitations of the research include cost of visiting the organization to see the people necessary to get the relevant information. Sometime the staff concerned may not be on seat.
Time was another limiting factor faced by the researcher. A researcher will have to share the limited time.
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]]>ATTENTION:
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The main strategy for the establishment by the entrepreneurs of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and its promotion by various sectors, is to enhance job creation, promote economic growth, reduce poverty. The importance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in any economy cannot by overemphasis. They constitute the smallest unit of business. They predominate in most sectors of the economy occupying every available space such as form enterprises in the rural areas, provision store, bakery, pure water production, garri processing or food processing industries.
Although, many writers have talked about the financing of the Small and Medium Enterprises in pre-consolidation and post-consolidation periods of Banks towards the enterprises development, the issue of credit accessibility and affordability as it affects economic development has not been stressed. The concern of this research is to examine the extent of promotion accorded the entrepreneurs of Small and Medium Enterprises. (SMEs) and the level of economic development in the rural communities.
The history of industrial revolution in developed and developing economies or countries has shown that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are driving force of industrial development. It is therefore, the attention of the government, the world over to focus on the funding and supporting of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) activities. Available evidence shows that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are characterized by being managed by their owners as proprietorship or partnership. They are largely local in the areas of capital and relatively small size with the industry.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) predominate in the private sector of the Nigeria economy. Almost all of them are starved of funds. The relative importance of the enterprises differs from one type of business to another. The major areas of business enterprises activities are in manufacturing, rendering services and product distribution.
Banbeck (1983) included in his publication on “Basic Small Business Management” that more than one-third of all the manufacturing firms in Nigeria employ fewer than five persons or none at all and that close to two-thirds employ fewer than twenty workers. His study on the whole revealed that five per cent of non-form business of all kinds employs fewer than fifty workers each.
The characteristics of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) largely constitute the basis of their problems and special needs that have attracted different authorities and sectors in recent past. It is also the focus of this research to critically examine and measure the effects of the government funding programmes on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) activities. Though the result of the findings from the respondents/enterprises, the study will determine how much of the support have been received from the programmes and extent of development experienced in the population Okehi LGA. Kogi State.
The study is further intended to reveal the various enterprises with Okehi communities with a view to identifying their business activities, proffering solutions to the identified challenges impeding their effectiveness and proficiency to achieve economic development.
The research examines in all possible ways, the extent of government funding programmes in the promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the population area as well as the impact on the socio-economic development of the area covered by the scope. The study further identifies the peculiar problems or challenges the SME sub-sector associated with their smooth operations. Possible suggestions to provide engine for economic growth and prosperity in the industries is also the focus of this study.
The research tend to ask and find answers to such guiding questions as
Finally, the research is carried out to uncover the administrative and technical weakness of government and other funding agencies in the efficient and effective implementation of their policies and strategies. That is, do the government and other funding establishments actually realize their goals aimed at promoting and developing Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs).
The broad and primary objective of this research is to find out the extent to which the SMEs funding programmes as promotion strategy have impacted on the development of enterprises in the rural communities. This is further to identifying the all inclusive measurable performance of the enterprises and to proffer possible solution to the challenges posed by SMEs programmes implementation strategies.
To realistically achieve this basic objective, this study will also identify other secondary objectives. This aids the researcher to articulate the enterprises direction as regards where is the enterprise now, what does it want to be and how does it want to get there.
These secondary objectives includes:
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) by the funding institutions is geared towards improving the living standards of especially the rural dwellers in the country. The research signifies the following:
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
A hypothesis is described by Keple (2000) is a prediction of what can be seen in the world of reality. Hypothesis formulation is significant in a research work. It functions as:
Two types of hypothesis; null hypothesis (Ho) and Alternate Hypothesis (Hi) will be adopted for the problem under study.
Hypothesis 1 (Hi): There is significant impact of government funding of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on socio-economic development of Okehi communities.
Hypothesis 2 (Hi): The operators of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the rural communities can easily access credit facilities from the financial institutions.
Hypothesis 3 (Hi): The government funding of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) especially in the rural communities has brought about high a reduction in poverty level.
RESEARCH QUESTION
To achieve a quality result from the study, the following fundamental questions will serve as guide to the researcher.
7. What are the possible measures to be adopted in minimizing the challenges facing the practice of SMEs in the rural communities?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
A good research work is normally carried out with some attendant limitations, in this particular study under review, the under mentioned problems were encountered:
1.8. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Various bodies/organization defined SMEs in their own perspective depending on the purpose, objective and use.
In the context and purpose of this research the following definitions were adopted:
Other abbreviations, terms and notation used in this study include but not limited to the following:
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720,
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp/Telegram, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
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WHATSAPP/TELEGRAM US ON: 08137701720
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL FOR EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
The main strategy for the establishment by the entrepreneurs of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and its promotion by various sectors, is to enhance job creation, promote economic growth, reduce poverty. The importance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in any economy cannot by overemphasis. They constitute the smallest unit of business. They predominate in most sectors of the economy occupying every available space such as form enterprises in the rural areas, provision store, bakery, pure water production, garri processing or food processing industries.
Although, many writers have talked about the financing of the Small and Medium Enterprises in pre-consolidation and post-consolidation periods of Banks towards the enterprises development, the issue of credit accessibility and affordability as it affects economic development has not been stressed. The concern of this research is to examine the extent of promotion accorded the entrepreneurs of Small and Medium Enterprises. (SMEs) and the level of economic development in the rural communities.
The history of industrial revolution in developed and developing economies or countries has shown that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are driving force of industrial development. It is therefore, the attention of the government, the world over to focus on the funding and supporting of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) activities. Available evidence shows that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are characterized by being managed by their owners as proprietorship or partnership. They are largely local in the areas of capital and relatively small size with the industry.
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) predominate in the private sector of the Nigeria economy. Almost all of them are starved of funds. The relative importance of the enterprises differs from one type of business to another. The major areas of business enterprises activities are in manufacturing, rendering services and product distribution.
Banbeck (1983) included in his publication on “Basic Small Business Management” that more than one-third of all the manufacturing firms in Nigeria employ fewer than five persons or none at all and that close to two-thirds employ fewer than twenty workers. His study on the whole revealed that five per cent of non-form business of all kinds employs fewer than fifty workers each.
The characteristics of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) largely constitute the basis of their problems and special needs that have attracted different authorities and sectors in recent past. It is also the focus of this research to critically examine and measure the effects of the government funding programmes on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) activities. Though the result of the findings from the respondents/enterprises, the study will determine how much of the support have been received from the programmes and extent of development experienced in the population Enugu South Enugu State.
The study is further intended to reveal the various enterprises with Enugu south communities with a view to identifying their business activities, proffering solutions to the identified challenges impeding their effectiveness and proficiency to achieve economic development.
Entrepreneurship has never been more important than it is today in this time of financial crisis. At the same time, society faces massive global challenges that extend well beyond the economy. Innovation and entrepreneurship provide a way forward for solving the global challenges of the 21st century, building sustainable development, creating jobs, generating renewed economic growth and advancing human welfare. When we speak about entrepreneurship, we are defining it in the broadcast terms and in all forms – entrepreneurial people in large companies, in the public sector, in academia and, of course, those who launch and grow new companies. Now more than ever, we need innovation, new solutions, creative approaches and new ways of operating. We are in uncharted territory and need people in all sectors and at all ages who can “think out of the box” to identify and pursue opportunities in new and paradigm changing ways.
Entrepreneurship can be a societal change agent, a great enabler in all sectors. Not everyone needs to become an entrepreneur to benefit from entrepreneurship but all members of society need to be more entrepreneurial. The public sector, private sector, academia and non-profit sectors all have roles to play in facilitating the development of effective ecosystems that encourage and support the creation of innovative new ventures. We need to create the types of environments that are conducive to encouraging entrepreneurial ways of thinking and behaving.
Much has been written about the impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth. If we are to attain the Millennium Development Goals of reducing poverty, we must develop human capital in all countries and societies, in remote regions as well as major cities, and world. While the contexts around the world vary dramatically, entrepreneurship, in its various forms, can equip people to proactively pursue those opportunities available to them based on their local environments and cultures. We have seen a number of “waves” in entrepreneurship education, starting a century ago, developing in phases and now expanding exponentially. By making entrepreneurship education available to young people and adults alike, we are preparing the next wave of entrepreneurs to enable them to lead and shape our institutions, businesses and local communities and create an enabling environment for sustainable employment.
Entrepreneurship is a sure way to bringing fulfillment to the aspiration of an individual, and a major weapon to curbing unemployment, poverty and underdevelopment problems in any country. Consequently, its importance to the economic wellbeing of an individual and family cannot be over-emphasized. Entrepreneurship is first and foremost a mindset of human beings, focused towards the generation or profitable ideas. Entrepreneurs are visionary, goal-driven, innovative individuals or teams that are oriented to developing a new business and making it a profitable one (Hisrich and Lagan-fox, 2005). Nigerian economy is an emerging one that is characterized by a large influx of entrepreneurs and small and medium enterprises. The emergence of this category of people makes it somewhat important and necessary for researchers to understand and mange them effectively.
Entrepreneurs play an important role in any given economy and are the prime movers of economic development. Entrepreneur is derived from the French verb “entrependre” which means to undertake, to attempt, to try in hand, to contract for, or to adventure (Girad, 1962). Entrepreneurship is the process of wealth creation and individuals referred to as entrepreneurs create this wealth by being innovative. The traditional perspective described entrepreneurship in purely economic terms. For example, Cantillon (1755), describes the entrepreneur as any individual who is self-employed, thereby actively taking the risk of economic uncertainty. The entrepreneur in the context of this paper is the originator or creator of a profit seeking organ of the society or economic organization established for the purpose of providing goods and services for the consumption of the society, in which such organizations located. The entrepreneur is often referred to as the agent of economic, technological and social systems (Ogundele and Olayemi, 2004).
Small businesses are generally regarded as the driving force of economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction in developing countries. They have been the means through which accelerated economic growth and rapid industrialization have been achieved. While the contributions of small businesses to development are generally acknowledged, entrepreneurs face many obstacles that limit their long-term survival and development. Research on small-business development has shown the rate of failure in developing countries is higher than in developed world. (Arinaitwe, 2002). Scholars have been indicated that starting a business is a risky venture and warn that the chances of small-business owners making it past the five-year mark are very slim. Theyshould develop both long-term and short-term strategies to guard against failure (Sauser, 2005; Monk, 2000). In Nigeria, Arowomole, (200) asserted that every successvie government continue to emphasis on entrepreneurship emergence. This is probably to find a better way of nurturing the emergence of entrepreneurship by looking for those determinants that could effectively and positively affect the entrepreneurship emergence as well as the performance.
With reference to above, many past studies have documented the significant impact of entrepreneurial factors such as individual determinants, external factors and firm characteristics on entrepreneurial performance. For instance, Mohd (2005); Blackman (2003); Ogundele (2007); Colin et al., (2005) and Lawal (2005) argued that individual determinant which is also called entrepreneurial characteristics significantly and positively affect both entrepreneurial emergence and entrepreneurial performance. Similarly, Van de ven (1993); Mohd (2005); Arowomole (2000); Kuratko et al., (2004) and (Radiah, Mohd and Ab, 2009) have asserted that external factors predict and significantly affect entrepreneurial performance as well as the emergence of entrepreneurship of any country. With respect of this, Van de van (1993) has further argued that any study within the field of entrepreneurship development without the consideration of external factors which he nicknamed external environment should be considered incomplete and invalid. Accordingly, Johan et al., (2005); Mohd (2005); Lin (2006) and Dean et al., (2000) argued that firm characteristics such as firm size, nature of firm etc affect the performance of the firm. From the above, there is no doubt that past studies have really given attention to the impact of individual determinants, external factors and firm characteristics on firm performance (Rebecca, 2009; William, 2009; Zhang et al., 2008; Okpara et al., 2007; Ogundele, 2007). However, despite this attention extended to these factors, Man, Lau and Chan, (2002) have argued that all these factors reference in this study still deserve further attention in the study of entrepreneurship and small business.
While different factors such as individual determinants, external factors and firm characteristics have been found to influence entrepreneurial performance to different extents, the results are often inconsistent (Man et al., 2002, Yanfeng and Si, 2008, Kisfalvi, 2002; Dean et al., 2000; Pelham, 1999; (Chandler and Hanks, 1994; Cooper, 1993). In order to tackle this problem, past studies have suggested contingency relationships on different conditions and interactions (Fanga, Evans and Zou, 2005; man et al., 2002).
This research attempts to ascertain, empirically, the determinants of entrepreneurial emergence and performance as a tool for sustainable employment, as perceived by indigenous entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The assumptions being tested are that entrepreneurial emergence and performance though affected by several sets of factors if properly tackled can serve as a means or tool for sustainable employment for the Nigerian populace.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The financial and economic crisis has added to the pre-existing economic, social and political challenges in Nigeria. Thus, there is an urgent challenge to develop policies and strategies to generate decent and productive jobs through the promotion of sustainable micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises in Nigeria. Recognizing the role of the entrepreneurship for growth, employment creation and poverty reduction, countries in the West African region are encouraged to engage in a process of sound economic reform, particularly tackling the promotion of an enabling business environment and the adequacy of the education system, which the labour market needs.
Nigeria facesmany problems. The challenges faced by entrepreneurs in developing countries are monumental and quite similar.
There is massive unemployment, partly as a result of retrenchment in government and organizations. Due to the economic situation of the country, more “entrepreneurs” are emerging. This is as a result of the unavailability of jobs (i.e. more supply of labor, less demand for it) in the market, and the need or search for survival.
Another challenge is the unstable and highly bureaucratic business environment. The laws governing private enterprise, especially business registration and taxation systems, are believed to be overly and difficult to understand. Contract and private property laws are often poorly designed and/or enforced. As suggested by Kiggundu(2002), Pope (2001), and Stevenson (1998) the unfavorable institutional/regulatory environment is often accompanied by the added expenses of corruption and bribery. Other problems encountered by entrepreneurs in transition economics include poor macroeconomic policies, limited access to short-term and long term financial capital, and a lack of managerial experience. Nigerian entrepreneurs reported that they were frequently harassed by government officials who extorted money from their businesses.
Poor infrastructure including bad roads, water shortage, erratic electric supply, and poor telecommunication system represent additional challenges faced by small business owners (Mambula, 2002).
Difficulty in gaining access to bank credits and other financial institutions proved to be a major obstacle hindering the process of Nigerian entrepreneurship emergence.
The most serious and damaging problem threatening the state of entrepreneurship in Nigeria is a lack of government interest in and support for MSEs (Ariyo, 2005). This poor attitude toward for private sector explains why there explains why there has never been any real attempt on the part of government to develop any programs or lasting policies to support small businesses.
This research project studies the critical importance of sustainable enterprises through entrepreneurship in achieving social development goals, economic diversification, income generation and poverty reduction in Nigeria. It also highlights a number of challenges facing the crucial development of entrepreneurship. Some of the challenges are structural; others are the result of the ongoing financial and economic crisis. A conducive business environment with an efficient legal and regulatory framework is primordial for entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable job creation.
The research examines in all possible ways, the extent of government funding programmes in the promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the population area as well as the impact on the socio-economic development of the area covered by the scope. The study further identifies the peculiar problems or challenges the SME sub-sector associated with their smooth operations. Possible suggestions to provide engine for economic growth and prosperity in the industries is also the focus of this study
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The underlying principle of this study is to examine the importance on entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment. The study is also geared towards achieving the following objectives:
To examine the viability of entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment.
To raise awareness of the importance of entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment.
Consolidate existing knowledge and good practices in entrepreneurship around the world to enable the development of innovative new tools and approaches.
Provide recommendations to governments, academia, the private sector and other actors on the development and delivery of effective entrepreneurship.
1.3 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The following questions were designed to probe into the viability of entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment.
Is entrepreneurship really a tool for sustainable employment?
What impact does entrepreneurship have on sustainable employment?
What challenges does entrepreneurship face in creating sustainable employment?
Are there other benefits of entrepreneurship apart from creating sustainable employment?
Does entrepreneurship guarantee sustainable employment?
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The study is expected to make contribution to knowledge in the following areas:
Provide information about entrepreneurship in relation to sustainable employment in the Nigerian economy.
An essential material for scholarly discourse in management science relating to Entrepreneurship.
Assist in providing information on the viability of entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment in the Nigerian economy.
Provide information on the challenges of entrepreneurship in Nigerian.
Provide information for future research works on entrepreneurship/
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1. H0: Entrepreneurship is not a tool for sustainable employment.
H1: Entrepreneurship is a tool for sustainable employment.
2. H0: Environmental and Personal factors affect entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment.
H1: Environmental and Personal factors do not affect entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment.
1.6 SCOPE OF STUDY
The study focuses on the viability of entrepreneurship as a tool for sustainable employment in the Nigerian economy. It systematically analyses the steps involved in becoming an entrepreneur and creating sustainable employment.
1.7 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The study is limited in scope to finding out how entrepreneurship can serve as tool for sustainable employment. However, the selection of few small and medium scale business owners in Enugu south remains a limitation of the study, as a result of inability to consider the total population of small and medium scale business owners in Enugu south. Time, cost and instruments are also part of the limitation of study. Hence, the generalization of the finding is restricted as a result of time and cost constraint.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720,
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp/Telegram, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720,
WHATSAPP/TELEGRAM US ON: 08137701720
AN EXAMINATION OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE LEARNERS.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Entrepreneurial intention can be significantly improved and motivated if adequate knowledge and skills through education is encouraged and imparted in order to ignite the creativity and talents that people are endowed with to make meaningful production of value for the benefits of the society. This makes entrepreneurship education very essential in increasing entrepreneurial intention as it has been noted that entrepreneurship education can positively influence students to become productive in the area of entrepreneurship (Mahendra, Djatmika, & Hermawan, 2017). Consequently, in the last decades, the concept of entrepreneurship education in both formal and informal educational settings have become vital as a result of constant and increasing economic problems such as unemployment (García-Rodríguez, 2017). Furthermore, Kalyoncuoğlu, Aydıntan, and Gökse (2017) argued that it is vital for higher educational institutions to provide entrepreneurship education for students in order to enable the students effectively identify and improve on innovative and creative skills because they will be the driving force of economic development in future. Dogan (2015) argued that the availability of successful entrepreneurs and the increase of the number of entrepreneurs in a society are dependent on entrepreneurship education and having an aspiration for entrepreneurship.
Over the years, countries around the world have become increasingly concerned about promoting entrepreneurship studies and activities as a way of stimulating economic growth and development and the generation of employment (García-Rodríguez, 2017).This is due to the fact that entrepreneurship activities contribute immensely to the socio-economic development of the society as it affords individuals the opportunity to create value to the society and generate employment for themselves and others.
According to Aladejebi (2018) interest in Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria has been increasing with more private tertiary institutions including entrepreneurial education in their curriculum in view of the growing population coupled with huge unemployment figures. Entrepreneurial education can be a motivating tool for especially young people to develop interest in identifying opportunities that will make them independent and enhance their ability for value creation whereby they can be employers of labour rather than to be employees.
Moreover, entrepreneurship orientation and education can create the ability and motivation of the individual to engage in meaningful activities or vocation. Suleiman (2006) asserted that, entrepreneurship is the willingness and the ability of an individual to seek investment opportunities in order to run an enterprise successfully (Suleiman, 2006). The willingness been a motivation that determines the entrepreneur’s interest to take up risks and opportunities and the ability which is borne out of proper education and training in a required area or vocation.
In view of the need to develop willingness and ability in the individual, undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Nigeria engage in both theoretical and practical entrepreneurship education in various vocations. The theoretical education includes topics on management, finance, business and innovation while the practical aspect covers several skills ranging from shoe making, catering services, hair dressing, website design, photography, videography, bead making, fashion and design and lots more. An individual chooses any of these vocations and undertakes training in it till graduation thus enabling the student to graduate in such a vocation as a specialist. Expectedly, most of the trainees develop quality interest in their vocations such that most of them begin to make products or render services from their vocation and sell even while in school.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There have been in cent times the challenge of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates as a drive to entrepreneurial activities.
It is important that entrepreneurship education should be encouraged and given all the required support as it is one of the better ways for motivating individuals to make informed choices on how to create wealth. In the word of Fatoki and Oni (2014) argued that entrepreneurship education among undergraduate students can increase entrepreneurship intentions as students will be willing to set up their businesses after their graduation which makes it a burden for the tertiary institutions to take centre stage in the process of continuous development of entrepreneurship education and practices in Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives of the study
i. to determine the effect of entrepreneurship knowledge on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
ii. to determine the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
i. What is the effect of entrepreneurship knowledge on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
ii. What is the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
1.5 Significance of the study
It is expected that this study will yield quality outcomes for entrepreneurship theory and practice in Nigeria and the entrepreneurship body of knowledge. Specifically, this study will produce findings that will be of benefit to educational and vocational institutions involved in entrepreneurship studies and training in Nigeria. The findings from this study will further enrich the curriculum used for teaching and training of undergraduates in Nigeria tertiary educational institutions on entrepreneurship studies. The study findings would be of benefit for use in formulating policies relating to entrepreneurship studies and empowerment of youths for taking up opportunities in small business ownership and creation of wealth.
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial development among undergraduates
H1: There is a relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial development among undergraduates
H0: Entrepreneurial intention does not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities
H1: Entrepreneurial intention have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities
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ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONS AND ENGAGEMENT IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Entrepreneurial intention can be significantly improved and motivated if adequate knowledge and skills through education is encouraged and imparted in order to ignite the creativity and talents that people are endowed with to make meaningful production of value for the benefits of the society. This makes entrepreneurship education very essential in increasing entrepreneurial intention as it has been noted that entrepreneurship education can positively influence students to become productive in the area of entrepreneurship (Mahendra, Djatmika, & Hermawan, 2017). Consequently, in the last decades, the concept of entrepreneurship education in both formal and informal educational settings have become vital as a result of constant and increasing economic problems such as unemployment (García-Rodríguez, 2017). Furthermore, Kalyoncuoğlu, Aydıntan, and Gökse (2017) argued that it is vital for higher educational institutions to provide entrepreneurship education for students in order to enable the students effectively identify and improve on innovative and creative skills because they will be the driving force of economic development in future. Dogan (2015) argued that the availability of successful entrepreneurs and the increase of the number of entrepreneurs in a society are dependent on entrepreneurship education and having an aspiration for entrepreneurship.
Over the years, countries around the world have become increasingly concerned about promoting entrepreneurship studies and activities as a way of stimulating economic growth and development and the generation of employment (García-Rodríguez, 2017).This is due to the fact that entrepreneurship activities contribute immensely to the socio-economic development of the society as it affords individuals the opportunity to create value to the society and generate employment for themselves and others.
According to Aladejebi (2018) interest in Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria has been increasing with more private tertiary institutions including entrepreneurial education in their curriculum in view of the growing population coupled with huge unemployment figures. Entrepreneurial education can be a motivating tool for especially young people to develop interest in identifying opportunities that will make them independent and enhance their ability for value creation whereby they can be employers of labour rather than to be employees.
Moreover, entrepreneurship orientation and education can create the ability and motivation of the individual to engage in meaningful activities or vocation. Suleiman (2006) asserted that, entrepreneurship is the willingness and the ability of an individual to seek investment opportunities in order to run an enterprise successfully (Suleiman, 2006). The willingness been a motivation that determines the entrepreneur’s interest to take up risks and opportunities and the ability which is borne out of proper education and training in a required area or vocation.
In view of the need to develop willingness and ability in the individual, undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Nigeria engage in both theoretical and practical entrepreneurship education in various vocations. The theoretical education includes topics on management, finance, business and innovation while the practical aspect covers several skills ranging from shoe making, catering services, hair dressing, website design, photography, videography, bead making, fashion and design and lots more. An individual chooses any of these vocations and undertakes training in it till graduation thus enabling the student to graduate in such a vocation as a specialist. Expectedly, most of the trainees develop quality interest in their vocations such that most of them begin to make products or render services from their vocation and sell even while in school.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There have been in cent times the challenge of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates as a drive to entrepreneurial activities.
It is important that entrepreneurship education should be encouraged and given all the required support as it is one of the better ways for motivating individuals to make informed choices on how to create wealth. In the word of Fatoki and Oni (2014) argued that entrepreneurship education among undergraduate students can increase entrepreneurship intentions as students will be willing to set up their businesses after their graduation which makes it a burden for the tertiary institutions to take centre stage in the process of continuous development of entrepreneurship education and practices in Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives of the study
i. to determine the effect of entrepreneurship knowledge on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
ii. to determine the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
i. What is the effect of entrepreneurship knowledge on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
ii. What is the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
1.5 Significance of the study
It is expected that this study will yield quality outcomes for entrepreneurship theory and practice in Nigeria and the entrepreneurship body of knowledge. Specifically, this study will produce findings that will be of benefit to educational and vocational institutions involved in entrepreneurship studies and training in Nigeria. The findings from this study will further enrich the curriculum used for teaching and training of undergraduates in Nigeria tertiary educational institutions on entrepreneurship studies. The study findings would be of benefit for use in formulating policies relating to entrepreneurship studies and empowerment of youths for taking up opportunities in small business ownership and creation of wealth.
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial development among undergraduates
H1: There is a relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial development among undergraduates
H0: Entrepreneurial intention does not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities
H1: Entrepreneurial intention have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720,
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp/Telegram, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720,
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ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP AMONG UNDERGRADUATES
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Entrepreneurial intention can be significantly improved and motivated if adequate knowledge and skills through education is encouraged and imparted in order to ignite the creativity and talents that people are endowed with to make meaningful production of value for the benefits of the society. This makes entrepreneurship education very essential in increasing entrepreneurial intention as it has been noted that entrepreneurship education can positively influence students to become productive in the area of entrepreneurship (Mahendra, Djatmika, & Hermawan, 2017). Consequently, in the last decades, the concept of entrepreneurship education in both formal and informal educational settings have become vital as a result of constant and increasing economic problems such as unemployment (García-Rodríguez, 2017). Furthermore, Kalyoncuoğlu, Aydıntan, and Gökse (2017) argued that it is vital for higher educational institutions to provide entrepreneurship education for students in order to enable the students effectively identify and improve on innovative and creative skills because they will be the driving force of economic development in future. Dogan (2015) argued that the availability of successful entrepreneurs and the increase of the number of entrepreneurs in a society are dependent on entrepreneurship education and having an aspiration for entrepreneurship.
Over the years, countries around the world have become increasingly concerned about promoting entrepreneurship studies and activities as a way of stimulating economic growth and development and the generation of employment (García-Rodríguez, 2017).This is due to the fact that entrepreneurship activities contribute immensely to the socio-economic development of the society as it affords individuals the opportunity to create value to the society and generate employment for themselves and others.
According to Aladejebi (2018) interest in Entrepreneurship Education in Nigeria has been increasing with more private tertiary institutions including entrepreneurial education in their curriculum in view of the growing population coupled with huge unemployment figures. Entrepreneurial education can be a motivating tool for especially young people to develop interest in identifying opportunities that will make them independent and enhance their ability for value creation whereby they can be employers of labour rather than to be employees.
Moreover, entrepreneurship orientation and education can create the ability and motivation of the individual to engage in meaningful activities or vocation. Suleiman (2006) asserted that, entrepreneurship is the willingness and the ability of an individual to seek investment opportunities in order to run an enterprise successfully (Suleiman, 2006). The willingness been a motivation that determines the entrepreneur’s interest to take up risks and opportunities and the ability which is borne out of proper education and training in a required area or vocation.
In view of the need to develop willingness and ability in the individual, undergraduates in tertiary institutions in Nigeria engage in both theoretical and practical entrepreneurship education in various vocations. The theoretical education includes topics on management, finance, business and innovation while the practical aspect covers several skills ranging from shoe making, catering services, hair dressing, website design, photography, videography, bead making, fashion and design and lots more. An individual chooses any of these vocations and undertakes training in it till graduation thus enabling the student to graduate in such a vocation as a specialist. Expectedly, most of the trainees develop quality interest in their vocations such that most of them begin to make products or render services from their vocation and sell even while in school.
1.2 Statement of the problem
There have been in cent times the challenge of entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates as a drive to entrepreneurial activities.
It is important that entrepreneurship education should be encouraged and given all the required support as it is one of the better ways for motivating individuals to make informed choices on how to create wealth. In the word of Fatoki and Oni (2014) argued that entrepreneurship education among undergraduate students can increase entrepreneurship intentions as students will be willing to set up their businesses after their graduation which makes it a burden for the tertiary institutions to take centre stage in the process of continuous development of entrepreneurship education and practices in Nigeria.
1.3 Objectives of the study
i. to determine the effect of entrepreneurship knowledge on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
ii. to determine the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
i. What is the effect of entrepreneurship knowledge on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
ii. What is the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intention among undergraduates in Nigeria.
1.5 Significance of the study
It is expected that this study will yield quality outcomes for entrepreneurship theory and practice in Nigeria and the entrepreneurship body of knowledge. Specifically, this study will produce findings that will be of benefit to educational and vocational institutions involved in entrepreneurship studies and training in Nigeria. The findings from this study will further enrich the curriculum used for teaching and training of undergraduates in Nigeria tertiary educational institutions on entrepreneurship studies. The study findings would be of benefit for use in formulating policies relating to entrepreneurship studies and empowerment of youths for taking up opportunities in small business ownership and creation of wealth.
1.6 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial development among undergraduates
H1: There is a relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial development among undergraduates
H0: Entrepreneurial intention does not have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities
H1: Entrepreneurial intention have a significant effect on entrepreneurial activities
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720,
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp/Telegram, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08137701720,
WHATSAPP/TELEGRAM US ON: 08137701720
ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AND EMPLOYMENT GENERATION IN NIGERIA
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study
Nigeria is bedeviled by a myriad of problems which, despite her oil wealth, inhibit her development and even threaten her continued existence as a sovereign state. Nigeria’s socio- political and economic circumstances give the significant indication that many of her problems stem from an origin of artificial colonial construct which lumped together a variety of separate peoples. Fragmentation of the nation is seen as a distinct possibility unless its citizens can be induced to accept a new sense of Nigerian identity, involving a commitment to the survival of the present state as a cohesive entity. This would necessitate a number of radical changes, not only in the political and economic structure of the country but also in the psychology of the people. Nigerians have lived through series of administrations under different governments, and the question still arises, ‘is Nigeria a nation at all?’ A critical look at what the government calls reform reveals a personally instituted concept of governance, filling the seats of power with those they believe to be their kin, rather than have professionals in the positions of merit, and a breed of people typified by their integrity of heart, ingrained in the trainings and qualifications they have received in the course of service to the nation.
The increasing number of those who are not gainfully employed or adequately educated in the country, remain preys as political tools of violence as it has been seen in the history of violence occurring in the country over a period of time. The country has depended much on oil as its major source of revenue for years, however, the current administration also fails to recognize that the future of the country may very well depend on the economy of its people (the youths), which is possibly the only untapped, ill harnessed, most lucrative resource of the country. If it remains this way in the next ten years, putting into consideration the effect of increased poverty, lack of employment, poor educational system, it is unpredictable what the result will be.
Statement of the Problem
Education in Nigeria is devoid of the element crucial to averting the surging rate of unemployment in the country, therefore the breeding of psychological dependence on direct access to money. Entrepreneurial development through education will advance the economy of the nation; much credence should be given to it and ingrained with focus on profitable personal development. Unemployment prevails in the country, hence, the growth of violence, poverty and segregation amongst citizens, because the educational system itself fails to empower the ones passing through it.
This should be the core message of the evolving educational policy of Nigeria which is devoid of a system of education that emphasizes on the need to culture the country’s young through the knowledge of rudimentary entrepreneurial development, common cultural heritage, and identification of exploitable strengths of structures, systems and cultures of others.
Objectives of the Study
1. To appraise if educational styles arouse interest of students in the industries of their discipline.
2. To explore the effectiveness of entrepreneurial development course/training in education in universities that offer it.
3. To see if the current university educational system stimulates entrepreneurial creativity in its students
Research Questions
1. Do the educational strategies arouse in the students mature curiosity in the industries of their discipline?
2. Are the entrepreneurial development strategies being implemented truly effective?
3. Does the university classroom stimulate creativity necessary for entrepreneurship in the students?
Significance of the Study
The focus of this study brings to the fore the crucial need for entrepreneurial education in Nigeria, putting more consideration on the educational system, strategies and its eventual social developmental effect in the society.
The study highlights the problems of the level of education in the country and its equivalence to level of poverty in the society by virtue of lack of employment or knowledge of how to startup businesses.
One of the MDG goals highlights education as a critical factor for reducing poverty and dependency in developed nations. Therefore, this thesis contributes to knowledge by
identifying what is important to the economy, which is qualitative education focused on the
needs of the economy per time, rather than the resolution of the United Nations to increase budgetary details or increasing the number of people that go through school. This is not the first paper on entrepreneurial education; however, it is the first to do a comparative study on what is being implemented by different universities to see its effectiveness in order to ascertain the strategy which would eventually help for the Nigerian economy in truly eradicating unemployment in Nigeria.
Scope of the Study
The study examines the role of entrepreneurial education in the development of Nigeria, its significance in the reduction of unemployment in Nigeria and including a comparison between universities that implement para-entrepreneurship educational systems. The study considered the undergraduates of the current university system, from levels one to the final year, those who gained admission into the university in the last five (5) years. This study period is considered to be relevant because of its immediate impact on the future of Nigeria, through which one can discover if the role education plays currently will facilitate national development.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
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(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp/Telegram, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
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ENTREPRENEURIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BUSINESS PERFORMANCE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
An entrepreneur is an innovator who implements changes within a market through the carrying out of new combinations. The carrying out of new combination can take several forms; the introduction of a new good quality, there fore; the introduction of a new method of production, the opening of a new market; the congress of a new source of new materials or parts; the carrying out of the new organization of any industry. Further more, an entrepreneur is an individual that identifies, develop and brings vision to life under condition of risk and a considerable uncertainty. The vision may be an innovative idea, an opportunity or simply a better way to do something (Mamma, 2010).
This is the reason why it is often said that every entrepreneur is a human being but not every human being is an entrepreneurs. Going by this adage; it can be said that entrepreneurs are special people with distinguishable features or characteristics. As such an entrepreneur is result oriented; future oriented; creative, innovative, has self confidence; has a good human relations; must be self-discipline; copies with uncertainty and above all profit oriented.
A lot of business falls due to the inability of the innovators of such business to exhibit the time entrepreneurial characteristic in the day to day management of their business enterprise, hence such business do not stand the test of time. This is evident in the way and manner in which small and medium scale business collapse in Nigeria. It is against this background that the research sees the subject matter of this research: the effect of this entrepreneurial characteristic of business performance worthy of empirical investigation.
1.2 Statement of problem
Launching into a business venture without having the basic trade instinct or the characteristic of an entrepreneur is suicidal. This is so because such an enterprise cannot stand on the test of time. For instance, an individual who goes into business initially must face difficulty before the business break-even. However, people who do not have trait of an entrepreneur would not be patient enough to nurture a business to a profit-making stage. This is the reason why so many small and medium scale businesses fail. The inability to effectively exhibit a basic trade instinct as well as lack of motivation, goals, and talent for venture creation sequel to the absence of entrepreneurial characteristics in most business proprietor impedes the performance of business enterprise in no small way. As such, the subject matter of this research becomes an empirical issue worthy of investigation.
1.3 Objectives of the study
The central subject of the study is to examine the effect of entrepreneurial characteristic of business performance in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State;
The specific objectives are to:
1.4 Significance of the study
The study will be beneficial to entrepreneurship development; as such joss north can utilize the findings of the research as a basis for policy formulation as regard entrepreneurship development.
The study will also contribute to the existing knowledge on entrepreneurship development.
It is also worthy to note that the study can be use as a basis for further research, as the research can be use as a spring board for further research as well as a good reference material to students undertaking similar research.
1.6 Scope of the study
The study covers an empirical examination of the effect of entrepreneurial characteristics on business performance. The study also identifies the practical approaches use in developing entrepreneurship as well as the problems militating against entrepreneurship development. The study is limited to joss north local government area of plateau state.
The study covers a time from 2006 – 2011.
1.7 Limitation of the study
The study is limited to Jos Local Government Area of Plateau State, as it will be difficult to generalize the findings to other states.
For the fact that a survey study was used as the research design as well as the questionnaire as the research instrument, it is not certain if the same result would be obtained if other designs and instruments were used. Besides, another limitation is that the respondents could have either over exaggerated or understate their responses while scoring the items in the questionnaire. Also the nonchalant attitude of some of the respondents could affect the validity of their response to the questionnaire. This limitation should be taking cognizance of other researches conducting similar studies.
1.8 Definition of terms
– Entrepreneurship: is an innovative act, which includes endowing existing resources for new wealth – producing capacity (Afonja, B. 1999).
– Entrepreneur: An individual that identifies develops and brings vision to life under – condition of risk and a considerable uncertainty (Bashar, O. 2005)
– Entrepreneurial Characteristic: These are traits that make an individual an entrepreneur (Tonga, R. 2009).
– Business Performance: The success or failure of an enterprise (Tonga, R. 2009).
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
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We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953, 08137701720, 08154275408
]]>ATTENTION:
BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPICS BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COST N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR
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DEVELOPING ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS THROUGH APPRENTICESHIP TRAINING: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTED APPRENTICES AT THE MECHANIC VILLAGE, ABAKALIKI.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Entrepreneurship plays a critical role in the economic development of nations, particularly in developing countries like Nigeria, where unemployment and underemployment remain significant challenges (Adejumo & Olowu, 2019). One of the key strategies for fostering entrepreneurship is the development of entrepreneurial skills through practical training methods, including apprenticeship programs. Apprenticeship training provides an avenue for acquiring hands-on skills, practical knowledge, and business acumen, enabling individuals to establish and manage their own enterprises (Ojo, 2016).
In Nigeria, informal apprenticeship training has traditionally been the foundation of skill acquisition in trade-related professions such as mechanics, carpentry, tailoring, and welding (Nwankwo, 2018). Mechanic villages, in particular, serve as practical training hubs where apprentices learn essential technical and business skills under the guidance of experienced master craftsmen. Such programs not only equip apprentices with technical skills but also expose them to entrepreneurial principles such as customer relations, cost management, and quality service delivery (Ibrahim & Akinwale, 2020).
Despite the acknowledged benefits of apprenticeship training in skill and entrepreneurial development, many apprentices face challenges such as inadequate mentorship, lack of formal entrepreneurial education, and limited access to capital to start independent ventures. Research indicates that while apprenticeship contributes significantly to skill acquisition, its impact on fostering entrepreneurial mindsets and self-employment readiness is not always optimal (Okoro & Eze, 2021). This highlights the need for empirical studies to assess how apprenticeship training in mechanic villages contributes to developing entrepreneurial skills among trainees.
In Abakaliki, the mechanic village represents a concentrated center for technical apprenticeship, attracting a large number of youths seeking practical training. Understanding how apprentices in this setting acquire entrepreneurial skills and how effectively these skills prepare them for self-employment or small business creation is crucial for promoting youth entrepreneurship and local economic development (Ezeh & Chukwu, 2019).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Youth unemployment in Nigeria remains a pressing socio-economic issue, despite government initiatives aimed at promoting entrepreneurship (National Bureau of Statistics [NBS], 2022). While apprenticeship training is widely recognized as a means of equipping youths with practical skills, there is limited empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of these programs in developing entrepreneurial skills in specific contexts, such as the Mechanic Village in Abakaliki.
Observations suggest that many apprentices focus primarily on mastering technical skills without fully acquiring entrepreneurial competencies such as business planning, financial management, and marketing. This limitation reduces their capacity to successfully start and manage businesses after completing their apprenticeship. Therefore, the problem this study seeks to address is the extent to which apprenticeship training at the Mechanic Village in Abakaliki contributes to developing entrepreneurial skills among selected apprentices.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study is to examine how apprenticeship training at the Mechanic Village in Abakaliki contributes to the development of entrepreneurial skills among selected apprentices.
Specifically, the study seeks to:
Identify the types of entrepreneurial skills acquired by apprentices in the Mechanic Village, Abakaliki.
Examine the methods and strategies used in apprenticeship training to develop entrepreneurial skills.
Determine the influence of mentorship by master craftsmen on the entrepreneurial skills of apprentices.
Assess the challenges apprentices face in acquiring entrepreneurial skills during their training.
Suggest strategies for enhancing entrepreneurial skill acquisition through apprenticeship programs.
1.4 Research Questions
The study will be guided by the following research questions:
What types of entrepreneurial skills are acquired by apprentices at the Mechanic Village in Abakaliki?
What methods and strategies are employed in apprenticeship training to develop entrepreneurial skills?
How does mentorship by master craftsmen influence the entrepreneurial skills of apprentices?
What challenges do apprentices face in acquiring entrepreneurial skills during their training?
What strategies can be adopted to enhance entrepreneurial skill acquisition through apprenticeship programs?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses will be tested at the 0.05 level of significance:
Mentorship by master craftsmen has no significant influence on the entrepreneurial skills of apprentices at the Mechanic Village, Abakaliki.
Apprenticeship training methods do not significantly influence the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills among selected apprentices.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study is significant in several ways. First, it provides empirical evidence on how apprenticeship training contributes to entrepreneurial skill development, informing educational policymakers and vocational training institutions on best practices. Second, it benefits apprentices by identifying strategies to enhance their entrepreneurial competencies and increase their readiness for self-employment. Third, master craftsmen and training facilitators can use the findings to improve training approaches and mentorship practices. Finally, the study contributes to academic literature on vocational training and entrepreneurship in Nigeria.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study is delimited to selected apprentices undergoing training at the Mechanic Village in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State. The focus is on the development of entrepreneurial skills, including business management, financial literacy, customer relations, and innovation in trade practices. The study does not extend to apprentices in other trades outside the mechanic village or to formal entrepreneurship programs in schools or universities.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Entrepreneurial Skills: Competencies that enable individuals to start, manage, and grow businesses successfully, including financial management, innovation, and marketing skills.
Apprenticeship Training: Practical, on-the-job training under the supervision of experienced practitioners aimed at developing technical and entrepreneurial skills.
Mechanic Village: A designated area where mechanics conduct repairs and training, serving as a hub for apprenticeship learning.
Apprentices: Individuals undergoing practical training in a trade under the guidance of master craftsmen.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL (S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to any of the numbers below
08068231953, 08137701720,
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(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
OR you drop them on our WhatsApp/Telegram, 08137701720
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 2023350498
Bank: UBA.
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
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IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION ON THE GROWTH OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Entrepreneurship is the art or science of innovation and risk-taking for profit in business, the quality of being an entrepreneur. New and unique combinations are the result of Entrepreneurship (Schumpeter, 1934). Successful and right futures are forecast by Entrepreneurship (knights, 1921). Sustainable economic development does not occur without entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations or revitalizing mature organizations (Wikipedia, 2008). There is no doubt that increases in GDP, societal wealth and quality of life all follow increased entrepreneurship (Khalil, 2000; Morris, 2001; Sharma, 2006). Wikipedia (2008) presented the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian economists such as Ludwig von Mises and von Hayek, defined entrepreneur as ―a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation”. The readiness and willingness to innovate must be the hallmark of an entrepreneur in order to foster growth in business. In such a dynamic environment, innovation is regarded to be a prime strategic factor for the manufacturing SMEs„competitiveness. But technological innovation has been shown to take many paths that reflect the multiple sources of knowledge upon which it is based (Belotti and Tunälv, 1999). One of the key insights of modern innovation theory is that firms rarely innovate on the basis of internal resources only, but they draw on knowledge, skills, technical solutions, methods and equipment from outside the firm itself (Sandven, 1996). Most innovating firms have complex webs of relationships with customers, suppliers, research institutes, industry associations and so on, which are used to solve the many technical, organisational and financial problems which are presented by any attempt to innovate. These processes of interdependence have led to a wide set of models of innovation based on interactive learning„between firms and their wider environment (Sandven, 1996). Consequently, the innovation process, as noted by Dosi (1988), is a complex one that requires the mobilisation of many kinds of scientific and technological knowledge as well as their contextual adaptation to the specific situation of the company„s activity and business. This demands the development of technical, research and development (R and D), organisational, and strategic competences and learning capability (Carlson and Eliasson, 1991). Due to the above factors, the innovation process may not be easy for majority of the SMEs due to scarce financial and personnel resources at their disposal. It can then be presumed that external knowledge acquisition is especially important for innovation in these small and medium firms. Calestus Juma (2005), therefore argued, and state that: to seek new growth opportunities, recognition of the new opportunities and the ways to exploit them is of paramount importance (Juma, 2005). Clark and Juma (1992), in Juma (2005), reiterated that modern theory of economic growth coupled with empirical evidence provides strong support for the notion that long-term economic growth requires not only capital but also an understanding of innovation. It is imperative to note that innovation and technology are needed to transform countries from reliance on the exploitation of natural resources to technological innovation as the basis for development (Sharma, 2006). Internet technology has been reported to have brought change in the way we communicate and has improved business globally. Lambing and Kueli (2003) reported that in the 1990s, internet economy generated more than $300 billion in revenue and added more than one million jobs worldwide. The internet infrastructure contributed a substantial amount of this revenue, while e-commerce produced many of the jobs. More than 33% of the total real economic growth during this period was reported to come from information technology producing industries. If during these early years of internet explosion the world business could generate such huge revenue; then we can say that the internet technology will generate more now and in the future. Especially for companies that sell products and/ or services to other businesses, internet sales will continue to grow. It will continue to provide greater amount of information on products and services, health care, employment, and educational research. It is also just beginning to revolutionize the way goods and services are delivered (Lambing and Kueli, 2003). It was observed that enterprise use the internet for four major purposes: research, web presence, emails and intranets. (Lambing and Kueli, 2003). In this work therefore, we hope to learn from the economies that have been transformed by the virtue of Integrating Internet with business with a view to model such for our continent Africa and Nigeria as a country. Policies for a successful integration of Internet and business within the country will also be advanced.
There may have been previous researches in this subject. This work gives further explanations and analysis in effect of technology innovation on entrepreneurship development
H0: There is no relationship between technology innovation and entrepreneurship development.
H1: There is a relationship between technology innovation and entrepreneurship development.
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