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GROWTH AND HAEMATOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF GROWING RABBITS TO DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF SUN-DRIED BOVINE RUMEN CONTENT

ABSTRACT

The growth and haematological response of growing rabbits to diets containing graded levels of sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC) were studied.  Five diets containing 0 (control), 10, 20, 30 and 40 % sun dried bovine rumen content coded as T1,T2,T3,T4 and T5, respectively, were compared. Twenty growing rabbits were randomly assigned to the treatments; each treatment had four experimental units. The rabbits were fed and watered ad libitum. The parameters measured were feed consumption, water consumption, body weight gain, mortality, feed conversion ratio, feed cost per kg gain, feed cost per kg feed, live weight, dressing percentage, initial body weight, weight of internal organs and haematological parameters.  Data collection was done for a period of nine weeks, but the experiment lasted for ten weeks.  Statistical analysis was carried out on the data for daily feed consumption, daily water consumption, and daily body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed cost per kg gain, and feed cost per kg feed, dressing percentage, weight of internal organs and haematological parameters. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) amongst the treatment means.  Numerically, however, the rabbits on T5 recorded the best water and feed consumption, body weight gain, feed cost per kg feed, weights of internal organs and White Blood Cell count (WBC), while those on T4 had the best feed cost per kg gain and feed conversion ratio. The best Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Red Blood Cell count (RBC) were obtained with the rabbits fed T3 while T1 had the best dressing percentage. No mortality was recorded throughout the study.

The study indicated that SBRC could be fed to rabbits at 30% level of inclusion since it recorded the best feed conversion ratio and feed cost per kg gain, thus providing a cheaper source of feeding and also helps in reducing environmental pollution.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title page                                                                                                     ii

Declaration                                                                                                  iii

Certification                                                                                                 iv

Dedication                                                                                                   v

Acknowledgement                                                                                      vi

Abstract                                                                                                      viii

Table of Contents                                                                                       x

List of Tables                                                                                             xii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction                               1

1.1 Aims and Objectives of the Study                                                        3

1.2 Justification and Significance of the Study                                             4

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review 5

2.1 Reviews on Rumen Content Related Diets                                           5

2.2 Origin and Distributions of Rabbits                                                     10

2.3 Breeds of Rabbits in Nigeria                                                                11

2.4 Productive Qualities of Rabbits                                                           11

2.5 The Digestive System of the Rabbit                                                    13

2.6 Digestibility of Nutrients by rabbits                                                    16

2.6.1 Fiber                                                                                                   17

2.6.2 Protein and Amino acid Requirement                                                18

CHAPTER THREE

Materials and Methods                                              20

3.1 Location                                                                                                 20

3.2 Management of Experimental Animals                                                 20

3.3 Experimental Procedures                                                                       20

3.4 Experimental Diets                                                                                23

3.5 Experimental Design                                                                             24

3.6 Experimental Analysis                                                                          24

CHAPTER FOUR

Results                               25

4.1 Discussions                                                                                            29

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations                                                       31

References                                                                                             32

Appendix                                                                                               41

Details of the Analyzed Results                                                            41

Cost of Feed Stuffs Used                                                                        49

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

The need to improve rabbit production in Nigeria for increased supply of animal protein is no longer in doubt due to the high cost of Chicken, Pork and beef. Bamgbose, et al (2004) also supports the necessity of exploring other less common but potential sources of animal protein such as rabbits. Recently, there has been increased awareness in rabbit production.  The advantages projected include the high reproductive rate, rapid maturity, high genetic potential, efficient feed utilization, limited competition with humans for food and high quality nutritious meat (Cheeke, et al, 1986). Also rabbits have been introduced into West Africa as farm animals of economic value, low in fat, succulent, nicely flavoured and providing a palatable change for chicken and other meats, (Owen, 1976; Aduku and Olukosi, 1990). It has also been reported by Aduku and Olukosi (1990) that rabbit meat plays an important role in the prevention of vascular disease due to its extremely low cholesterol and sodium levels. This makes rabbit meat a good source of animal protein for coronary heart patients and people on low sodium diet. Rabbit meat also has no religions taboos regulating its consumption.

Rabbits are able to thrive on non-conventional feed stuffs (Omole, 1982) and forages (Aduku and Olukosi 1990).  Rabbits are being maintained solely on all forage diets with encouraging weight gains (Selepov, 1964; Perez and San Sebastrain, 1970). However, these investigators used temperate forages, which are known to have on the average higher crude protein and lower fibre contents, (Oyenuga 1968, Miltroy, 1972) and have higher nutritive value than tropical forages. Their utilization of large forage diet had been shown to be limited since fibre digestion is post-gastric in the caecum (Davidson and Spreadury, 1975). Although the rabbit requirement for crude fibre is very high-about 14-25% (Adegbola et al; 1985) when compared with other monogastiric animals, it has been reported that the feeding of concentrate increases feed consumption and crude fibre digestion (Butcher, et al; 1981).

Feed accounts for the dominant input in animal production ranging from 60-70% of the total cost of production (Nworgu, et al., 1999). Similarly, feed ingredient account for over 90% of compound feed industry. Therefore, the relationship between feed ingredient and animal product output is both direct and obvious. It has been observed that conventional feedstuffs are very expensive and scarce, the high cost and scarcity derived from crippling realities that are characteristics of the economics of developing countries. (Esonu et al, 2001; 2002; 2004). Conventional ingredients are expensive since they suffer from stiff competition with channels in the food chain which command higher priority and can pay higher prices than the compound feed industry.

Nigerian’s are amongst the lowest consumers of animal protein in Africa (Egbunike, 1999) in spite of her numerous natural and human resources. The average per capita protein daily intake is below the minimum stipulated by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (1988) and World Health Organization (WHO) (2005). The estimated protein intake in North America, Western and Eastern Europe has been put at 66g, 39g and 35g per head per day respectively, while in Africa and indeed Nigeria the figure stands at 11g per head per day (Lamorde, 1991). Regrettably, animal products contribute 15 to 20% of total protein intake of Nigerians (Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1997). Animal protein contains the essential amino acids which are more balanced and readily available to meet human nutritional needs than plant protein (Oyenuga, 1971). There is therefore an urgent need for alternative locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients particularly those that do not attract competition in consumption between humans and livestock or have no direct relevance in human food channel. One possible source of cheap material is sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC).  Sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC) is an animal by- product which is found mostly in abattoirs when the rumen of the animal is cut open after slaughter.

This particular research work is aimed at exploring the potentials of sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC) in the diets and performance of growing rabbits. It is expected that from this research, useful suggestions would be made that could be favourable to both small and large scale farmers.

1.1     Aims and Objectives of the Study       

(i)      To test if sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC) can be used to partly replace any of the conventional protein feed stuffs.

(ii)     To determine the best dietary level of sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC) that can be fed to rabbits.

(iii)    To reduce the cost of rabbit production by reducing the cost of feeding.

(iv)    To examine if sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC) has any toxic   or anti nutritional effect on growing rabbits.

1.2     Justification and Significance of the Study

The high cost of protein feed stuff such as fishmeal, groundnut cake and soybean meal for animals and also the high competition that exists between man and animals for these feedstuffs create the need for maximizing the economic efficiency of conventional feed utilization. This would be achieved by reducing the quantity of these expensive feedstuffs and making them up with non-conventional feed stuff like sun dried bovine rumen content (SBRC). In this way, production cost is greatly reduced. In addition, the way in which this bovine rumen content is being trampled, wasted and left to cause environmental pollution calls for more research on it.

Finally, higher levels of SBRC up to 40% has not been reached according to the literature available on the use of SBRC in the diets of livestock generally and rabbits in particular.

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