IMPACT OF COVID19 ON SEAMEN DUTIES AND LIABILITIES

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IMPACT OF COVID19 ON SEAMEN DUTIES AND LIABILITIES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

The federal government issued a directive2 to the port authorities in Nigeria stipulating that only cargo vessels which have been at sea for more than fourteen (14) days should be allowed to dock in Nigerian ports, after their crew have been tested and confirmed disease-free by Port Health Authorities. However, vessels transporting oil and gas were exempted from this ban in view of minimal human contact involved in their operations.

Further, in issuing the COVID-19 Regulations 2020 (which restricted movement in Lagos, Ogun and the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja), the President confirmed that seaports in Lagos will remain operational, subject to the earlier directive regarding cargo vessels.3 Also, in order to cushion the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on businesses and as part of general measures in furtherance of the Ease of Doing Business initiative of the Federal Government of Nigeria (“FGN”), the Nigerian Ports Authority (“NPA”) directed all terminal operators to suspend all demurrage charges for storage of consignment.

It is therefore clear, from the foregoing, that the efforts of the FGN have been geared towards keeping port operations running while observing the necessary safety precautions to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Various legal issues have arisen from the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on the operations of international marine vessels which call at Nigerian ports, as well as marine vessels which operate within and offshore Nigerian waters. We shall examine some of these issues and possible measures to address them.

Shipowners have a responsibility to ensure that crew members are (and remain) in good health while on board a vessel. The Merchant Shipping Act 2007 (“MSA”)10 provides that: “where a master, seaman or cadet belonging to a Nigerian ship…suffers from any illness, not being an illness due to his own willful act or default or to his own misbehavior, the expenses of: (a) providing the necessary surgical and medical advice and attendance and medicine; and

(b) the maintenance of the master, seaman or cadet until he is cured, or he dies or is returned to his proper return port and of his conveyance to the port; and (c) in the case of death, his burial, shall be defrayed by the owner of the ship without any deduction on that account from the wages of the master, seaman or cadet.” 11

Some safety measures specifically put in place for crew men in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic, as stipulated in the NIMASA Healthcare Marine Notice, include:

I. Ship masters should prevent sick crew men from boarding their vessel;

II. Port Health Officers (“PHO”) shall carry out thermal screening of all crew members on board the vessel and until clearance is given by the PHO, no crew shall be allowed ashore;

III. Where any crew member shows symptoms of COVID-19, disembarking of such crew shall not be permitted. Rather the crew shall be

quarantined and samples shall be collected for testing; and

IV. Health and hygiene measures should be

circulated and the mental health of crew

members must be well monitored.

Shipowners are therefore enjoined to ensure the health, safety and welfare of their crew men in order to prevent liabilities in this regard.

Seaworthiness of Vessels

This is a fundamental requirement for all sea-going vessels and the MSA provides that even where this is not an express term in the charterparty, there is an implied obligation on Shipowners and Agents to ensure the seaworthiness of vessels.12 In the Nigerian case of Narumal & Sons v Niger Benue Transport,13 it was held that the appropriate time to determine the seaworthiness of a vessel is at the time of departure. It must be highlighted that seaworthiness does not only apply to the hull, machinery and proper workings of the vessel. Failure to comply with safety requirements which endangers the cargo laden on board a vessel has been held to make the vessel unseaworthy. In the English case of Ciampa v British India Steam Navigation Co. Ltd.14, it was held that a vessel, which had to be fumigated because it called at a contaminated port, before arriving at its intended destination, rendered that vessel unseaworthy due to the damage done to the cargo. Following the outbreak of COVID-19, Shipowners and operators need to be mindful of relevant health and safety requirements, which can render vessels unseaworthy, where such requirements are not complied with. Indeed, it is likely that the position that seaworthiness should be determined only at the time of departure will be tested due to various daily safety measures which

Shipowners and operators are now required to comply with during this period.15

Delivery & Redelivery

A time charter party commences with the “delivery” of the vessel to the control of the Charterer and comes to an end with the “redelivery” of the vessel to the Owner’s control. Thus, the “Delivery and Redelivery” clause is important in determining when the obligation to pay hire will arise and end. In this regard, pertinent questions to be asked by parties to a time charter party include: what will be the impact of COVID-19 on late delivery and re-delivery of vessels? Will late delivery be a basis for the charterer to cancel the charter and bring it to an end? Can the shipowner or charterer rely on force majeure in a case of late delivery or redelivery respectively?

It is important to note that the answers to the above questions will be dependent on the circumstances of each particular case. The BIMCO Time Charter Party 200516 (“Supplytime 2005”) enables the charterer to cancel a charter if the vessel is not delivered by midnight local time on the cancelling date. In order to avoid the above situation, Shipowners who are

unable to deliver the vessel due to COVID-19 related reasons, may give a notice in writing to the Charterers prior to the delivery date and state the date by which they intend to deliver the vessel.

Most charter party agreements provide for charterers liability for late delivery. For example, under the BIMCO Standard Bareboat Charter 200117(“BARECON 2001”), Charterers generally “warrant not to permit the Vessel to commence a voyage which cannot reasonably be expected to be completed in time to allow redelivery of the Vessel within the charter period”. Notwithstanding the above, a Charterer who fails to redeliver within the charter period “shall pay the daily equivalent to the rate of hire plus 10 per cent or to the market rate, whichever is higher, for the number of days by which the charter period is exceeded.”

Thus, a party who seeks to rely on force majeure as the basis for late delivery or redelivery must ensure that it gives the required notice informing the other party of the force majeure event without delay.

Suspension of Hire (Off-Hire Clauses)

An off-hire clause relieves the Charterer from paying hire in circumstances where use of the ship is compromised and without any need to prove breach of charter by the owner. As an example, under the Supplytime 200518, the vessel is placed off-hire, if the vessel is prevented from working as a result of “deficiency of crew”, albeit with a few exceptions. However, the vessel remains on-hire where the vessel is prevented from working due to quarantine, except where caused by the crew having had communication with the shore at any infected area without the written consent or instructions of the Charterers. Thus, marine vessel owners who are required to quarantine crew men on board due to any COVID-19 related matters may still be able to claim hire for the period of the quarantine.

Crewing Arrangements

Shipowners / Manning Agents who employ foreign crew men on board Nigerian-flagged vessels will also likely be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, movement in and out of Nigeria using commercial flights has, unless specifically exempted, effectively been stopped by virtue of governmental directives suspending movement of all passenger aircraft. Thus, foreign crew men who were due to arrive in Nigeria through any commercial flights will most likely be unable to do so, while those who are designated to travel out of Nigeria based on rotation cycles will also be constrained to stay back in Nigeria. In the unlikely event that such seafarers are able to travel to Nigeria through international vessels, they will likely be required to be quarantined for the mandatory two weeks period, after passing the initial tests. Further, the current restriction of movement in various parts of the country19 will hamper transportation to offshore locations. Thus,

Shipowners / Manning Agents who have no contingency plans for replacement of foreign crew men may have a severe disruption in their operations.

However, considering the recent stance of NIMASA restricting the grant of waivers for foreign crew men and the insistence on Nigerian ship-owners engaging local seafarers as much as possible, it is expected that only a few Nigerian flagged vessels will be adversely affected by the recent developments.

Insurance Compensation

The attendant risks in the maritime industry have been reshaped by the COVID-19, which has in turn raised questions about shipowners’ insurance coverage and how it may be triggered. Some pertinent questions in this regard include: Are pandemics typically covered by insurance policies taken out by marine vessel operators? Can a Shipowner seek compensation for losses resulting directly or indirectly from COVID-19? While the answers to these questions may vary for each operator, the usual insurance policies for vessels often cover hull, machinery and war risks. Additional cover by Protection and Indemnity Clubs are mostly in respect of third party contractual liabilities, collision, environmental and pollution risks.20 These policies will rarely cover losses incurred by marine vessel operators as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, except an operator specifically procured an insurance policy covering business interruption and/or loss of earnings.21

1.2 Statement of the problem

Notwithstanding that the World Health Organization (“WHO”) upgraded the outbreak of COVID-19 to the status of a pandemic, it is expected that relevant provisions in charte rparties regarding “Epidemics” will address some contractual rights and obligations in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic.5 A preliminary issue to consider will be whether the outbreak of the pandemic in a country renders the ports in that country, or vessels which commence voyages from (or transit through) such countries unsafe. This will appear to be the approach taken by Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency (“NIMASA”) which, by its COVID-19 Marine Notice (“NIMASA Healthcare Marine Notice”), prohibited international marine vessels or any member of its crew and/or passenger who had a travel history of visiting any of the COVID-19 affected countries from entering any Nigerian port.6 This is a rather stringent approach7 (which may only have been suitable for the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak) and may no longer be realistic or achievable considering that over 200 countries, including Nigeria, have now been affected by the pandemic. Indeed, this goes against the directives of the IMO, which enjoins port authorities to ensure continuous access of ships to ports, and now further seeks for seafarers to be designated as essential workers.

Certain charterparties impose an obligation on the charterer of an international marine vessel to use due diligence to ensure that the vessel is only employed in safe ports. In the context of COVID-19, the above “due diligence” obligation merely requires the charterers to display “reasonable care”. Thus this duty will be discharged if “a reasonably careful charterer” would, on the facts known, have concluded that a port was prospectively safe. Vessels which are designated to call at Nigerian ports, and are not prohibited from berthing further to the aforementioned regulatory restrictions, will generally be required to comply with and adhere to all applicable health and safety regulations8 as required by most charterparties.9 Therefore, in the light of the above health and safety measures , it is unlikely that any party can successfully contend that Nigerian ports are unsafe , simply on the basis of the outbreak of COVID-19, without more.

1.3 Objectives of the study

1. To understand the impact of covid19 on seamen duties and liabilities

2. To understand the relationship between covid19 pandemic and seamen duties and liabilities

1.4 Research Questions

1. What is the impact of covid19 on seamen duties and liabilities

2. What is the relationship between covid19 pandemic and seamen duties and liabilities

1.5 Research Hypothesis

H0: There is no relationship between covid19 pandemic and seamen duties and liabilities

H1: There is a relationship between covid19 pandemic and seamen duties and liabilities

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