Improvement of Fungal Cellulase Production by Mutation and Optimization of Solid State Fermentation

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Improvement of Fungal Cellulase Production by Mutation and Optimization of Solid State Fermentation

ABSTRACT

The need for utilizing renewable resources to meet the future demand for fuel has increased the attention on cellulose, the most abundant and renewable resource in the world. Cellulose is degraded by cellulases to reducing sugars and is fermented by yeast or bacteria to ethanol [1], which is an attractive alternative fuel to petroleum. Ethanol production from glucose is most commonly carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae [2] and the bacterium Zymomonas mobilis [3], with another yeast species, Brettanomyces custersii, being useful in ethanol production from cellobiose [4]. Cellulases are produced by various fungi and bacteria. Trichoderma reesei is a popular source of commercial cellulose, as it displays high cellulose activity, owing to the high protein secretion capacity of mutant strains obtained by random mutagenesis [5]. Aspergillus sp. also has been widely exploited for production of cellulases [6, 7].

During ethanol production from lignocellulosics, cellulases play a very important role in the cellulose digestion process. However, the very prohibitive cost of cellulases due to the large amounts required for cellulose digestion hinders their widespread use [1, 8]. Reduced cost of cellulase production, improved cellulase activity and an increase in sugar yields are all vital to reducing the processing costs of bioethanol from cellulosic substrates [9].

Mutagenic agents can achieve strain improvement [10]. Treatment of Fusarium oxysporum with ultraviolet (UV)

*Corresponding author <E-mail : [email protected]>

radiation followed by N-methyl-N’-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) has been used to improve cellulase production [11]. The simultaneous treatment of a fungus with NTG, UV and NTG combined with Co60 γ-rays created a mutant that more exuberantly produced cellulose [12]. Both solid and liquid fermentation systems have been used for the production of cellulases. Solid state fermentation (SSF) is a process in which an insoluble substrate is fermented with sufficient moisture but without free water. The advantages of SSF compared to submerged liquid fermentation are numerous and include ease of use, lower capital cost, superior productivity, reduced energy requirement, use of simpler fermentation media, absence of rigorous control of fermentation parameters, reduced water requirement, reduced produced of wastewater, easier control of bacterial contamination and lower cost for downstream processing [13, 14].

To date, research concerning strain improvement and optimization of culture conditions has been done separately. To maximize cellulase production, strain improvement and optimization of culture conditions should be performed consequently. With this knowledge, the present study sought to modify a fungal strain and optimize solid medium and culture conditions to enhance cellulose production.

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