BEFORE YOU READ THE ABSTRACT OR CHAPTER ONE OF THE PROJECT TOPIC BELOW, PLEASE READ THE INFORMATION BELOW.THANK YOU!
INFORMATION:
YOU CAN GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT OF THE TOPIC BELOW. THE FULL PROJECT COSTS N5,000 ONLY. THE FULL INFORMATION ON HOW TO PAY AND GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT IS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. OR YOU CAN CALL: 08068231953, 08168759420
WHATSAPP US ON 08137701720
OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHTING IN THE DESIGN OF PROPOSED EXPOSITION CENTER, ABUJA
ABSTRACT
Getting light into the building entity in a clever way is an important stride to designing energy efficient buildings. Learning how to use daylighting, in an efficient way while having control will reduce energy demands in buildings and also facilitate a good visual comfort for users especially in a developing country like Nigeria where most trade fare take place using artificial lighting which increases operational cost. Most Exposition tend to use artificial lighting because proper daylighting design has not been integrated into the building. This study identifies different daylighting techniques that will reduce operational cost and at the same time, create a good visual experience. Literature on daylighting were studied, in which the advantages of daylighting in buildings were identified, different daylighting techniques and system were examined and various ways daylighting can reduce operational cost. The research methods adopted where exploratory case study, experimentation, visual survey of the various features inclined to the research work. Quantitative data collection method where adopted through personal observation /field survey, sketches, photographs and case study check list as data collection instrument. Case studies of relevant exhibition Centre buildings were analysed using variables such as the building envelope shape, geometry and location of aperture, surface characteristics, special distribution of light, illuminance ratio, colour rendition and visual noise, model of three case study buildings were carried out and run through simulation soft wares such as Ecotect, Radiance and daysim using data from metrological department. The various material properties used in the modelled building under observation where altered in terms of their “u-factor” “R-value” and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC) and it was observed that energy consumption in terms of lighting was reduced by 35%. An important finding of the research was that a conscious proposition that will fuse daylighting as a major design consideration in term of materials and design considerations is essential for a successful daylighting design for buildings. This finding affects the design process from optimizing building orientation, the perfect size, form and glazing treatment for windows, working with bright interior surface and shading for visual comfort. For the research design, atrium, laminated glass, and light shelves was appropriate for use. The implication of this finding opens a new dimension to the design of Exposition centres.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… i
Declaration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii
Certification ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… iii
Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………………………………….. iv
Dedication …………………………………………………………………………………………………………. v
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi
List of Figures ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. xv
List of Table ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. xviii
List of Plates ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. xx
List of Appendices …………………………………………………………………………………………… xxi List of Abbreviations, Definitions, Glossary and Symbols …………………………………… xxii
1.0 INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 Background of Study …………………………………………………………………………………… 1
1.2 Problem Statement ……………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.3 Justification for the Study ……………………………………………………………………………. 3
1.4 Aim and Objectives ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4
1.5 Research Questions ……………………………………………………………………………………… 4
1.6 Scope of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.7 Research Significance ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.8 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.1 Daylighting …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
2.1.1 Sources of light …………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.1.2 Advantage of Daylighting. …………………………………………………………………………… 8
2.1.3 Indicators of good lighting …………………………………………………………………………. 10
2.2 Daylighting Strategies in Building Design …………………………………………………… 10
2.2.1 Potential Draw Backs to Daylighting ………………………………………………………….. 14
2.2.2 Potential Benefits of Daylighting ……………………………………………………………….. 14
2.2.3 Factors affecting the use of daylighting. ………………………………………………………. 15
2.3 Basic principles of daylighting ……………………………………………………………………. 15
2.3.1 Control of daylighting through design approach …………………………………………… 16
2.3.2 Approaches to improving visual comfort …………………………………………………….. 16
2.3.3 Importance of daylighting in exposition centres……………………………………………. 17
2.3.4 Health and well being ……………………………………………………………………………….. 26
2.3.5 The negative effects of artificial light on vision ……………………………………………. 27
2.3.6 Daylighting and visual comfort ………………………………………………………………….. 28
2.4 Exposition …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 32
2.4.1 Types of exposition …………………………………………………………………………………… 33
2.5Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 34
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………….. 35
3.1 Theoretical and Conceptual Framework …………………………………………………….. 35
3.1.1 Daylighting design principles. ……………………………………………………………………. 35
3.1.2 Daylighting design strategies. …………………………………………………………………….. 36
3.1.3 Daylighting control. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
3.1.4 Exposition ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 36
3.2 Case study methodology …………………………………………………………………………….. 37
3.3 Study Sample …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
3.4 Case Study Selection ………………………………………………………………………………….. 38
3.5 Instruments of Data Collection …………………………………………………………………… 39
3.5.1 Field/Visual survey …………………………………………………………………………………… 39
3.5.2 Interview …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
3.5.3 Checklist …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 40
3.5.4 Photographs …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
3.5.5 Sketches ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
3.5.6 Simulation ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 40
3.6 Daylighting analysis and design tools………………………………………………………….. 41
3.6.1 Physical Modelling …………………………………………………………………………………… 41
3.6.2 Computer and Calculation Tools ………………………………………………………………… 41
3.7 Daylight in exposition centres …………………………………………………………………….. 42
3.8 Simulation …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 43
3.9 Variables of Study ……………………………………………………………………………………… 45
3.9.1 Dependent variables (Day light parameters). ……………………………………………….. 46
3.9.2 Independent variables (Visual comfort parameters) ………………………………………. 46
3.9.3 The Envelope shape. …………………………………………………………………………………. 47
3.9.4 The geometry, location and orientation of aperture. ………………………………………. 48
3.9.5 Surface characteristics ………………………………………………………………………………. 50 Special distribution of light ………………………………………………………………………………… 50
3.9.7 Illuminance ratio ………………………………………………………………………………………. 52
3.9.8 Shape from shadows …………………………………………………………………………………. 53
3.9.9 Colour rendition ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 53
3.9.10 Glare ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 53
3.9.11 Visual noise ……………………………………………………………………………………………. 54
3.10 Data Analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………… 54
3.11 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 57
4.0 CASE STUDIES ………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
4.1 Case Studies Introduction ………………………………………………………………………….. 58
4.2 Case Study Selection Criteria …………………………………………………………………….. 58
4.3 Case study Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………. 58
4.3.1 Simulation of Daylighting in Virtual Case study. ………………………………………….. 59
4.3.2 Weather Data …………………………………………………………………………………………… 59
4.3.3 Radiance Rendering Parameters …………………………………………………………………. 60
4.3.4 Physical and Environmental Parameters ………………………………………………………. 60
4.4 Some daylighting Simulation tools ……………………………………………………………… 60
4.4.1 Velux ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 60
4.4.2 Radiance ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 60
4.4.3 Daysim ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
4.4.4 DIALux …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 61
4.4.5 Ecotect ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 62
4.4.6 3ds Max®………………………………………………………………………………………………… 63
4.5 Adopted daylighting Simulation research tools …………………………………………… 63 4.5.1 Recommended light levels – IL luminance – for some types of working
activities ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 63
4.6 Case Study one: Shehu Musa Yar adua Centre Abuja ………………………………… 65
4.7 CASE STUDY TWO: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE CENTRE ABUJA. …………………………… 85
4.8 Use and types of Insulating glass ………………………………………………………………… 91
4.8.1 Energy concepts for insulating glass …………………………………………………………… 92
4.9 Case study three: Ceddi plaza Abuja. …………………………………………………………. 95
4.10 Case study findings ………………………………………………………………………………… 102
4.10.1 Case study Inferences ……………………………………………………………………………. 102
4.11 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 103
5.0 DESIGN CRITERIA ……………………………………………………………………………….. 104
5.1 Design Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………. 104
5.2 Site location …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 104
5.2.1 Brief description of F.C.T Abuja. ……………………………………………………………… 105
5.3Site selection criteria ………………………………………………………………………………… 106
5.4Site analysis …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 108
5.5 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109
6.0 DESIGN BRIEF ………………………………………………………………………………………. 110
6.1 Brief development ……………………………………………………………………………………. 110
6.2 Proposed facilities to be included in the design ………………………………………….. 111
6.3 Description of space …………………………………………………………………………………. 112
6.4 Design consideration ………………………………………………………………………………… 113
6.5 Lighting …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 115
6.5.1 Natural Lighting ……………………………………………………………………………………… 115
6.5.2 Artificial lighting ……………………………………………………………………………………. 115
6.6 Climatic control ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 116
6.7 Noise and dust control ……………………………………………………………………………… 116
6.8 Display techniques. ………………………………………………………………………………….. 117
6.9 Safety precautions. …………………………………………………………………………………… 118
6.10 Summary ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 119
7.0 DESIGN REPORT ………………………………………………………………………………….. 120
7.1 Site concept ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 120
7.2 Design concept …………………………………………………………………………………………. 120
7.3 Building form and openings ……………………………………………………………………… 121
7.4 Building materials ……………………………………………………………………………………. 122
7.5 Schedule of accommodation ……………………………………………………………………… 122
7.6Daylight optimization in proposed building ………………………………………………. 129
7.6 Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 129
8.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION …………………….. 131
8.1 Summary of Research ……………………………………………………………………………… 131
8.2 Contribution to knowledge ………………………………………………………………………. 133
8.3 Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 133
8.4 Recommendations ……………………………………………………………………………………. 134
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 136
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………………………………. 140
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
The history of daylighting in architecture is punctuated by major developments, such as the discovery of new structural systems which allowed larger openings, and hence better natural lighting. Arguably, however, the one single event which could be considered pivotal, but also detrimental to the role of daylighting in architecture, was the invention of fluorescent lighting in the mid-1930s (Oksanen, 2017). This gave the architect virtual carte blanche (complete freedom) to design deep, windowless spaces, in which lighting levels were consistent no matter where an occupant was located. No longer was the building necessarily designed to take advantage of natural light, and architects were thus deprived of an important design element, one which their predecessors had considered so vital to the crafting of their architecture (Barret, 2014). Learning how to use daylighting, efficient lights, and good controls to both reduce energy demands and make people happier and more productive. The sun is predictable and daylight can be a very reliable source of light. Sunlight, views, and daylight are different though, and need to be carefully managed. Daylighting, or using sunlight to illuminate your building, is an effective way to both decrease your building’s energy use and make the interior environment more comfortable for people. In commercial buildings, electric lighting accounts for 35 – 50% of total electrical energy consumption (Autodesk, 2015). Strategic use of daylight can reduce this energy demand. Daylight also improves people’s comfort and productivity. Even when you cannot use daylighting, good lighting design can reduce energy use significantly. Both are important in Net Zero Energy Buildings (Autodesk, 2015). However, Daylighting is not just adding windows, if uncontrolled direct beam radiation is screaming through exhibition windows can negate daylighting strategies altogether. The most important aspect of daylighting design is to understand how it affect human nature in addition to energy and maintenance benefits (Russell, 2014).
Furthermore, various studies agree that lighting is a major factor in determining the way in which people experience the internal environment, how they experience buildings, as well as how they are able to respond to certain tasks (Widich, 2013). Daylight studies show that daylighting has an important role in health and mental development (Tukur,
2013).However, the study of the illumination of a building was limited to solving Functional and safety problems. The main aim was to guarantee sufficient levels of light to carry out any given activity without really taking other factors such as psychological comfort and visual fatigue into account (Vegas, 2008).Le Corbusier one of the most wellknown architect of the modern movement once said that in addition to the three dimension of any building which are; grid reinforced concrete columns, absence of supporting walls, free design. There is a fourth dimension called nature, which brings sunlight and fresh air to building occupants (Labib, 2013). In the late nineteenth century, many architects excluded daylight from their designs and replaced it with fluorescent lights Building professionals even argued that daylight was a luxury that could be disregarded. In 1936, one author for the Architectural Record noted “science has advanced to the point where artificial lighting can be a competitor to daylighting (Barret, 2014). Moreover the importance of day light as an integral part of human life cannot be over emphasized, it very essential in shopping mall, exhibitions and market places, of which architects have negated the responsibility of providing good day light to the hands of other professionals who must a times provide artificial lighting of various types that most at times do not provide the needed visual comfort (Vegas, 2008). Therefore, it is difficult to overestimate the significance of daylight, and of sunlight, in the character of a building and in the lives of the people who use it. There are, of course, some building types, such as cinemas, theatres or nightclubs, where being cut off from the world outside is an essential part of the experience. In others, department stores or museums for example, daylight may be excluded from large areas of the building so as to give full play to carefully designed display lighting. But most interiors which are to be occupied by people, as opposed to goods or machinery, need plenty of light, and until the middle years of this century the limits of natural lighting were critical determinants in the plan of a building and in the design of its external envelope (Group, 2010).
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
There is need to design sustainable Exposition centres in order to minimise the extensive energy consumption in lighting, with the epileptic power shortage in the country and the need to improve sales through proper use of daylighting as studies have shown that daylighting in expositions halls help in improving sales (Eduardo, 2012). Shortage of electricity in Nigeria have been a major problem which increase the cost of running exposition in terms of lighting up spaces especially in developing countries like Nigeria
(Sadik, 2015) . Large fractions of today’s exposition’ electricity consumptions are due to
electric lighting which account for 20-30% of a typical non-domestic building’s electricity consumption in the United States, “roughly 40% of electricity consumption in exposition buildings is attributable to lighting” (Hinnels, 2008). Electricity consumption reduction in terms of using passive daylighting and energy-efficiency are two major determinant that can help in reducing carbon emission and help in achieving a greener environment (Christoph, 2011).
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY
Current movement tend towards sustainable architectural design with more emphasis to natural and passive design element. With the increase damage of the ecosystem through global warming, as architects. Therefore there is need to carry out a study on how to improve lighting of the interior space without depending much on electricity supply, thereby conserving and making Exposition centre cost effective while reducing energy consumption, in a country with poor electricity supply which gives an added advantage to running process buildings. The projects deals with reducing energy consumption in
Exposition centres through the use daylighting as a substitute for electricity.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of this research is to study energy conservation by the use of daylighting.
The objectives include;
To explore the concept of daylighting from literature.
To establish how daylighting features have been incorporated in the design of exposition centres from case studies.
To empirically determine user requirement, response and attitude to daylighting visibility in exposition centres.
To demonstrate findings from the research in the design of exposition centre Abuja.
1.5 Research Questions
The questions to be addressed by this dissertation are as follows:
What daylighting concepts exist in literature?
How can daylighting be harnessed in the design of Exposition centres?
What are the basic principles of daylighting design?
To what extend has daylighting being used in Exposition centres in Nigeria?
How can daylighting be optimised in the design of an exposition centre for
Abuja?
1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This research will involve the study of exposition in Nigeria as part of a facility. Exposition centre in the country are either provided in a facility or are an extension of the facility. There is no single exposition in the country. The proposed Exposition centre to be sited along airport road of the Federal Capital Territory Abuja essentially have a scope centred on daylighting aimed at improving lighting conditions, improved sales, energy efficiency and a greener environment. The Exposition centre contains all essential facilities that a present day trade fair should have. Such components shall include;
Exhibition halls with sound proof partitions, Exposition, Indoor space, Registration halls, Café and restaurants, Service centres, among others. The centres to be studied are centres that contain state of the art facilities when it comes to exposition. Foreign case studies will also be included since we do not have a single expo exhibition in the country. This research tend to study related issues/ literature concerning existing Exposition in Nigeria. This has become imperative in order to have a standard and possible addition to existing exhibition centres. Information will also be gathered from field work carried out on buildings with emphasis on daylighting.
1.7 RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
Adopting environmentally sustainable design principles in the design and construction of exposition centres through the use of daylight improves the living comfort, brings high investment return to its owners and as well meets best practise standard all over the world. This research information will help in identifying and addressing the key areas of optimizing daylighting in energy efficient building design. More also this research shall be a solution to government and exposition owners on the ways to optimize daylighting for a greener environment.
1.8 SUMMARY
In this chapter the research topic was clearly stated i.e. optimizing daylighting in exposition centres through the various strategies and principles of optimizing daylighting. The research work has comprehensively gave a background of the study, identified the stated the problem that called for the research ,justified the topic of the research, outlined the aim and objectives ,identified what the research questions are, state out the scope and significance of the study. All this where discussed in chapter one.
HOW TO RECEIVE PROJECT MATERIAL(S)
After paying the appropriate amount (#5,000) into our bank Account below, send the following information to
08068231953 or 08168759420
(1) Your project topics
(2) Email Address
(3) Payment Name
(4) Teller Number
We will send your material(s) after we receive bank alert
BANK ACCOUNTS
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 0046579864
Bank: GTBank.
OR
Account Name: AMUTAH DANIEL CHUKWUDI
Account Number: 3139283609
Bank: FIRST BANK
FOR MORE INFORMATION, CALL:
08068231953 or 08168759420