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OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHTING USING VERTICAL LIGHTPIPES IN THE DESIGN OF VERTICAL SHOPPING MALL KANO
ABSTRACT
In commercial buildings, two-thirds of the sale time is during the day, it provides opportunity for optimizing the daylight potential of the region and reducing electric consumption. This solves the two key problems in shopping malls; these are visual and thermal discomfort of workers and customers. The current population growth and scarcity of land in Kano triggered the adaptation of vertical mall, which has a higher height ratio in relation to its area. Most of the shopping malls lack one of the two important key areas which are thermal and visual comfort, therefore the need to optimise these two key elements in design and hence the problem of this study. The aim of the study is to design a vertical shopping mall that optimises daylighting using vertical light pipes (VLP) in Kano. A careful study of the literature reveals that the above is only possible using experimental research design as it is the best to test the efficiency of light pipes in buildings. The methodology adopted for the study was an in depth literature review, case study and experimental research design with simulation as a tool. The major factor considered in the simulation was illuminance within a 3m x3m x 3m windowless box, to investigate the efficiency of dual technology of light pipes and light rods with an increase in diameter as well as in length. The results show that inclusion of vertical light pipes in a space showed a 20% increase in daylighting in that space and that the illuminance within a space reduces by 6% in every 1.5m length. It was concluded that vertical light pipes transfer uniform light to places other daylight apertures cannot reach, while excluding heat and glare. It implies that using light pipes in a shopping mall reduces the cost of lighting the interior and reduces the cost of cooling. Due to the width of a space in a shopping mall, side light and exterior toplight is inadequate to provide daylight within the space. As daylight travels in a straight path, the shelves and merchandise provided within a space obstructs its transfer deeper into a space. Orientation determines the shading to be provided for sidelight apertures to further exclude glare from reaching interior of a shopping mall. The fenestration material used also determines the quality and quantity of daylighting within the space. Light pipes transfer more daylighting to lower floors than other toplighting strategies like skylights. Finally, this study could be said to have achieved its objectives and answers its research questions. Furthermore, some recommendations are given as follows; Based on the simulation results, it is recommended that vertical light pipe should not exceed a height of 9.5m for effective and efficient light transmission. Although vertical light pipes improved the interior daylight up to 20%, it cannot be used on its own. Other daylight strategies should also be considered during the design stage of any project.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………. i
Declaration………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ii
Certification………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………………………………………… iv
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………………………………………….. v
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi
Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………….. viii
List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………………………………. xiii
List of Plates……………………………………………………………………………………………………. xv
List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………….. xvi
List of Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………….. xvii
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
1.1 Background of Study………………………………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 Statement of Problem………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
1.3 Justification………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.4 Aim and Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.5 Scope………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.6 Research Questions…………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
2.2 Daylighting…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
2.3 Benefits of Daylight…………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.4 Strategies of Daylighting……………………………………………………………………………… 7
2.4.1 Side Light…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.4.2 Top Light………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
2.5 Planning for Daylighting…………………………………………………………………………… 11
2.6 Design Principle of Daylight………………………………………………………………………. 12
2.6.1 Principles of Daylighting Design……………………………………………………………….. 13
2.7 Daylighting Process of Designing Buildings………………………………………………… 13
2.7.1 Design Considerations………………………………………………………………………………. 14
2.7.2 Design Recommendations…………………………………………………………………………. 15
2.8 Massing & Orientation for Daylighting……………………………………………………… 15
2.9 Component of Daylight……………………………………………………………………………… 16
2.10 Energy Efficient Lighting systems……………………………………………………………. 22
2.10.1 Light Pipes…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 22
2.10.2 Light Transport Systems…………………………………………………………………………. 23
2.10.3 Benefits of Tubular Daylighting Devices…………………………………………………… 27
2.11 Daylight and Climate………………………………………………………………………………. 29
2.11.1 Nigeria Climate Classification…………………………………………………………………. 29
2.11.2 The Hot-Semiarid Climate………………………………………………………………………. 30
2.12 Walk Through Shopping Mall…………………………………………………………………. 31
2.13 Types of Shopping Mall…………………………………………………………………………… 31
2.14 Daylight Standard in a Shopping Mall……………………………………………………… 35
2.15 Review of Previous Works on Daylighting and Shopping Mall………………….. 36
2.16 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………. 38
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………….. 39
3.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
3.2 Research Methods…………………………………………………………………………………….. 39
3.3 Population………………………………………………………………………………………………… 39
3.4 Sampling…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 40
3.5 Research Instruments……………………………………………………………………………….. 40
3.6 Pilot Study (reliability and validity test)…………………………………………………….. 41
3.6.1 Assessment of Daylight in Existing space at ABM for Pilot Study………………… 41
3.7 Simulation Method……………………………………………………………………………………. 41
3.7.1 Assessment of Daylighting in a shop for Pilot Study Retest…………………………… 41
3.8 Light pipe/ light tube Simulation Method…………………………………………………… 42
3.9 Simulation Process……………………………………………………………………………………. 43
3.9.1 Device Transmittance……………………………………………………………………………….. 43
3.9.2 Simulation Form Modelling………………………………………………………………………. 45
3.9.3 Simulation Model…………………………………………………………………………………….. 47
3.10 Data Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………….. 48
4.0 RESULT AND FINDINGS………………………………………………………………………… 49
4.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
4.2 Case Study………………………………………………………………………………………………… 49
4.2.1 Case Study 1: Times Square Mall, South Korea………………………………………….. 50
4.2.2 Case Study 2: Zorlu Centre, Turkey……………………………………………………………. 56
4.2.3 Case Study 3: Fulton Centre, New York. USA…………………………………………….. 63
4.2.4 Case Study 4: ARG Shopping Mall, Tehran, Iran…………………………………………. 68
4.2.5 Summary and Relationship Between the Four Case studies…………………………… 74
4.2.6 Case Study 5: Ado Bayero Shopping Mall, Kano…………………………………………. 75
4.3 Validation Study……………………………………………………………………………………….. 79
4.3.1 Simulation and Measured Results………………………………………………………………. 80
4.3.2 Visual Analysis………………………………………………………………………………………… 82
4.3.3 Tests of Relationships………………………………………………………………………………. 83
4.3.4 Average Illuminances Calculations…………………………………………………………….. 85
4.4 Simulation Results…………………………………………………………………………………….. 85
4.4.1 Results Analysis and Discussion………………………………………………………………… 88
5.0 DESIGN REPORT……………………………………………………………………………………. 90
5.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 90
5.2 Site Location…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 90
5.3 Site Selection Criteria……………………………………………………………………………….. 91
5.3.1 Site A (Magwan Audu Bako Way, Kano.)…………………………………………………… 91
5.3.2 Site B (Audu Bako Way, Kano.)………………………………………………………………… 92
5.3.3 Site C (Murtala Muhammad way, Kano)…………………………………………………….. 92
5.4 The Proposed Site……………………………………………………………………………………… 93
5.4.1 Features on Site……………………………………………………………………………………….. 93
6.0 BRIEF FORMULATION………………………………………………………………………….. 95
6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………… 95
6.2 Design Consideration………………………………………………………………………………… 96
6.2.1 Structural Elements………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
6.2.2 Entrances and Exits………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
6.2.3 Circulation………………………………………………………………………………………………. 97
6.2.4 Material………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
6.2.5 Services………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 97
6.2.6 Daylighting strategies used……………………………………………………………………….. 98
7.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………….. 99
7.1 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 99
7.2 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………. 100
7.3 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………………….. 100
7.4 Contribution to Knowledge……………………………………………………………………… 101
7.5 Limitation……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 101
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………………………… 102
APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………. 107
APPENDIX I: DESIGN…………………………………………………………………………………. 107
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
For many years now, Nigeria has been facing an extreme electricity shortage. This deficiency is multi-faceted, with causes that are financial, structural, and socio-political, none of which are mutually exclusive. There is insufficient cash generation because of these inefficiencies and the power sector is consequently reliant on fuel subsidies and funding of capital projects by the government. With over 150 million people, according to the Nigerian Energy Policy report from 2003, it is estimated that the population connected to the grid system is short of power supply, over 60% of the time and at present only 10 % of rural households and 40% of the country’s total population have access to electricity (Obadote, 2009).
Green building Technology (2007) opines that daylighting provides the opportunity for both energy savings and improved visual comfort. The science of daylighting design is not just how to provide enough daylight to an occupied space, but how to do so without any undesirable side effects. Beyond adding windows or skylights to a space, it involves carefully balancing heat gain and loss, glare control, and variations in daylight availability. For example, successful daylighting designs will carefully consider the use of shading devices to reduce glare and excess contrast in the workspace. Additionally, window size and spacing, glass selection, the reflectance of interior finishes, and the location of any interior partitions must all be evaluated (Ander, 2014).
There are ways to reduce the excess reliance on electricity and reduce the cost, especially in a commercial building like vertical mall; one of it, is the use of daylight strategy. Daylighting helps create a visually stimulating and productive environment for building occupants, while reducing as much as one-third of total building energy costs. Similarly, a daylighting system is comprised not just of daylight apertures, such as skylights and windows, but is coupled with a daylight-responsive lighting control system. When there is adequate ambient lighting provided from daylight alone, this system has the capability to reduce electric lighting power (Ander, 2014).
The concept of vertical mall, came in existence because of the complexities of densely populated cities/nations where land price was so high, and it was becoming difficult for existing retailers to think of any kind of horizontal expansion to accommodate increasing crowd to their retail outlets. The Water Tower Place skyscraper was ultimately in 1975 appeared as the very first vertical mall in Chicago, Illinois. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base containing an eight-level atrium-style retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile. And also Times Square is considered the first of its kind, the first “vertical mall” in Hong Kong.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Electric power outage has become a problem on daily basis in Nigeria, especially Kano, which draw a major setback in the day to day activities, especially commercial activity; Power consumption in a shopping mall used in lighting the interior part influence the cost of product which is not economically viable and which affects consumer satisfaction.
Matt Kitson (2016) said: “Two key areas that tend to get overlooked when designing malls are thermal and visual comfort”. Malls are designed to maintain air temperature; however, comfort is derived from a number of factors. For internal spaces, these are air temperature, the impact of solar gain on surfaces and air speed. “Daylight is also an important factor; it can significantly drive footfall and increase dwell time”. Independent research shows that stores with daylight can increase sales by 40 per cent, reduce operating costs, and provide better employee satisfaction. By understanding these two, it provides greater opportunities for designers going forward.” (Kitson, 2016).
Most buildings have access to daylight but not all optimise it, this leads to either under lighting of the interior or over lighting therefore leads to excess glare and contributes to visual discomfort. Commercial centres such as shopping malls have now become part of people’s life and a place to spend their leisure time. Most of the shopping malls lack one of the two important key areas which are thermal and visual comfort, therefore the need to optimise these two key elements in design and hence the problem of this study.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
Electric lighting accounts for 35% to 50% of the total electrical energy consumption in commercial buildings. The energy savings from reduced electric lighting through the use of daylighting strategies can directly reduce building cooling energy usage by an additional 10% to 20%. Consequently, for many institutional and commercial buildings, total energy costs can be reduced by as much as one-third, through the optimal integration of daylighting strategies (Ander, 2014). This give way to test new ways of optimizing daylight through light pipes.
The need for shopping mall, as a necessity for commercial activities in the 21st century has become imperative with the attendant need to reduce energy consumption and enhances profit, this will also enhance the shopping atmosphere and which come to the need for the research and design of vertical shopping mall due to High land prices and dense population.
Kano state has a population of approximately 9.4 million based on the 2006 census, and current estimates at 12 million as of 2013. It has a population growth rate of approximately 3.5% per annum (Kano State Government, 2013). According to Kano State Investors Handbook (2013), investment opportunities exist in construction of modern shopping complexes especially within the metropolitan areas of Kano state.
1.4 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study is to design a vertical shopping mall that optimises daylighting using vertical light pipes (VLP). The objectives are to:
Identify general strategies of achieving daylighting in vertical shopping malls.
Determine how to optimize daylight provision using vertical light pipes.
Develop a framework for integrating it into the windowless part of the vertical mall for a hot semi-arid zone.
Propose a vertical shopping mall design that reflects strategies of daylighting.
1.5 SCOPE
There are eight types of shopping mall viz: Neighbourhood, Regional, Community, Superregional, Fashion/Specialty, Theme/Festival, Power and Outlet centre. This study is limited to vertical shopping malls under superregional centre.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
What are the strategies used in vertical shopping mall?
Which strategy optimizes daylighting in vertical shopping mall?
What type of framework can be developed to optimize it in the windowless parts of the vertical shopping mall?
Which of the strategy strategies should be used in the design of vertical shopping mall.
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