PH EFFECT ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE SHAPE

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PH EFFECT ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE SHAPE

ABSTRACT

This study have been able to analyze the effects that bank credit make on private sector investments in Nigeria. On research question one which borders on volume of businesses/transactions in the Private Sector, the study shows that Private investors expand their businesses through bank facilities. This could be achieved through expansion of space/office, purchase of large wears/stock and involvement in large scale operations. Table 4.2 shows that 40(62%) of the respondents agree that bank credit actually increase the volume of businesses of Private investors. Similarly, it was ascertained that operational efficiency can be achieved in the Private sector through acquisition of modern equipment, optimization of facilities and involvement in research and development. Table 4.3 shows that majority of the respondents (42%) maintain that to a great extent, bank credit leads to increase in operational efficiency in the private sector. Finally, on research question three which borders on increase in total number of private investments, it was found that growth in number of Private Investments can be achieved through Bank Credit. Table 4.4 shows that 42 (65%) of respondents share the opinion that Bank Credit relates positively with private sector investment in Nigeria. Based on the conclusions reached, the researcher recommends: the Central Bank should device a means of compelling, Banks to channel credit facilities to the private investors on soft terms, the regulatory agencies of the private sector should do well to sensitize investors on the benefits of credit facilities in business growth, the government and Central Bank should encourage the rural banking scheme as to provide credit facilities to rural investors. Based on the findings mad, the research conclude that: there is a significant relationship between Bank Credit and volume of transactions/businesses of Private Investors in Nigeria, there is a significant relationship between bank credit and operational efficiency in Private investment in Nigeria, there is significant relationship between bank credit and increase in total number of Private investment in Nigeria.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgment v

Table of contents vi

List of tables vii

List of figures viii

Abstract x

Chapter One: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 2

1.3 Objective of the study 3

1.4 Research Questions 4

1.5 Research Hypothesis 4

1.6 Significance of the study 5

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the study 5

1.8 Definition of the Terms` 6

References 7

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 8

2.2 Origin and Objectives of Credit in Banks 8

2.3 Bank credit in Nigeria, types interest and control 10

2.4 Factors affecting bank credit in Nigeria 13

2.5 Central bank of Nigeria (CBN) credit police guidelines 15

2.6 Management of credit administration and policy 19

2.7 Review of credit policies in Nigeria (1980-2006) 21

2.8 Challenges and prospects of private sector

investment in Nigeria 32

2.9 Credit delivery channels in Nigeria 35

2.10 Factor acting as barriers and limitations

to credit delivery 39

2.11 Investment 40

References 42

CHAPTER THREE METHOD OF STUDY

3.1 Introduction 44

3.2 Research design 44

3.3 Population of the study 44

3.4 Sample and sampling procedure 45

3.5 Data collection method 45

3.6 Questionnaire design 45

3.7 Data analysis technique 46

Reference 47

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Introduction 48

4.2 Presentation of data 48

4.3 Testing of hypothesis 51

4.4 Discussion of finding 55

Reference 57

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction 58

5.2 Discussion of findings 58

5.3 Recommendations 59

5.4 Conclusion 60

5.5 Suggestion for further studies 60

Bibliography 61

Questionnaire 62

LISTS OF TABLES

Table 4.1: Response rate of questionnaire 48

Table 4.2: Respondents view on bank credit and

increase in volume of businesses in private sector 49

Table 4.3: Response from bank credit customers 49

Table 4.4: Response from private sector 50

Table 4.5: Test data table for hypothesis I 51

Table 4.6: X2 Computation for hypothesis I 52

Table 4.7: Test data table for hypothesis 53

Table 4.8: X2 Computation for hypothesis II 53

Table 4.9: Test data table for hypothesis III 54

Table 4.10: X2 Computation for hypothesis III 54

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig:2.1 Growth in total credit and credit to private sector 27

Fig:2.2 Banking sector lending rate (prime) 1980-2006 28

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The flexibility, adaptability and regenerative tendencies of the private sector to propel economic development have made the sector a pivotal focus for government industrial development efforts.

The sector is seen as the bedrock of industrialization based on its expected impact and potential contribution towards a diversified production base. Its accelerative effect in achieving macro-objectives such as full employment, income distribution, development, of local technology as well as diffusion of management skills stimulation of indigenous entrepreneurship have been well documented in economic development literature.

Presently, the Nigerian government, like other counterparts, world over is placing much emphasis on the growth of private sector. There is, presently, a renewed effort to encourage private participation in economic activities. It is a foregone conclusion that private investors are the bedrock of national economic development. At least they retain a competitive advantage over public sector by dispersed local market.

In recognition of the many benefit of private sector investment to national development, the Nigerian government had put to place a good number of policies aimed at encouraging the sector. The concept of private sector investments, their roles, characteristics and operational dynamics are not focus of this study. The research however, concentrates on examining the impacts of bank credit on the performance of the sector within the period 1980-2007. In the past, several scholars (Nwabueze, 1990; Partker, 1994; Harty and Partker 1991) have conducted studies in the area of Private Sector. These studies, however, concentrated on justifying the need for government support and commitment to the sector. Little or nothing have been done in the area of the place of bank credit in the sectors operations. These have left a serious vacuum in the literature of financial and economic studies. It is this identified gap in literature that this study seeks to cover.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It is undisputable that the government has no moral right to go into serious business because it lacks the necessary rudiments to run such business. The government stated in 1996 budget that the public sector would be seen as the provider of an enabling environment for the Private Sector to meaningfully contribute to the overall growth of the economy (Awujo 1996). Such categorical statement entails that total support and encouragement should, naturally, be accorded to the sector.

It is noteworthy however that majority of the investment in the Private Sector are in the area of small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs). This sub-sector, no doubt, has been beclouded by Myriads of problems over the years in the country. Though the government had in the past established a number of specialized credit financial institution, in addition to the use of credit guidelines by the Central Bank, the private sector still suffer lack of credit. This is because most banks prefer to be penalized given the uneconomic nature of most businesses.

Similarly, the private sector can only make the desired impact in an economy if there are sustainable development in the areas of volume of transactions/businesses, operational efficiency and increase in number of investors. These indices can only be attained when the financial sector of this economy provide the desired credit facilities. Where the desired financial support is lacking, the operators in the private sector can only operate below optimum level.

The resultant effect is stagnation in the economy and the public sector do of have the “Muscle to shoulder the load alone. This study therefore, looks at Bank Credit vis a vis Private Sector Investment within the period 1980-2007.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This study is designed to exam how bank credit affect Private Sector investment in Nigeria. The specific objectives therefore are to:

1. Examine if Bank Credit influence the volume of transactions/businesses of private Investors in Nigeria.

2. Determine whether Bank Credit leads to operational efficiency among Private Investors in Nigeria.

3. Ascertain whether Bank Credit gives rise to increase in total number of private Investments in Nigeria.

1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study is guided by the following questions:

1. To what extent has Bank Credit influenced the volume of transactions/businesses of Private Sector Investors in Nigeria?

2. To what extent has Bank Credit led to operational efficiency in Private Sector Investments in Nigeria?

3. To what extent has Bank Credit given rise to increased in total number of Private Investments in Nigeria?

1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

This study is conducted under the following assumptions:

H01: There is no significant relationship between Bank Credit and volume of transactions/businesses of Private Investors in Nigeria.

H02: There is no significant relationship between Bank Credit and operational efficiency in Private Investments in Nigeria between Bank Credit and increase in total number of private Investments in Nigeria.

H03: There is no significant relationship between Bank Credit and increase in total number of private investments in Nigeria.

1.6 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY

The result of this study will be of immense benefit to existing and prospective Private Investors in the economy. They will realize the advantages derivable from bank credit. They will also realize the mechanism of bank lending with a view to making optimum use of facilities available. Similarly, the banking sector will also benefit from the result of this study. They will realize how the sector can help also find this study as an invaluable material.

Finally, this study will add to the existing bulk of knowledge on bank credit and private sector investment. It will form the basis for further studies in this direction.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

In a study of this magnitude so many variable come to play. However, the researcher concentrated on volume of businesses, operational efficiency and increase in total number of Private Sector Investments. The research questions and hypotheses focus on this direction.

The geographical scope of this study is Port Harcourt metropolis. This is because the city has a good concentration of Private Investors who are in a better position to supply the relevant data.

Proximity to the researchers base is another factor considered in the choice Port Harcourt. The associated constraints of this study include lack of literature materials insufficient fund and short time period required to complete the study.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following are contextual meaning of key terms used for this.

Advances: Short-term accommodation by a bank for a specific purpose with the repayment source know at the time of the advance.

Bank Credit: Short-term loan given by a bank to its customers .

Private Sector: Investments economic embark upon by private individuals in an economy.

Overdrafts: Credit facility offered by a bank to its current account customer which allows such customers to overdraw his current account either on the strength of financial instrument, or simply more than the credit balance.

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