A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU EAST SENATORIAL ZONE.

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PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA.

A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU EAST SENATORIAL ZONE.

ABSTRACT

The main purpose of this study is to identify the problems and prospects of small and medium enterprise in Enugu East Senatorial Zone. To do this, data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. The main instrument of data collection was the questionnaire.

The data were presented in tables as frequency, distribution in the data analysis, the techniques of percentages frequencies were used. The hypothesis were tested with z-test technique at 5% significance level.

Having analysed the data the following were the major findings;

Most of the operators of small and medium enterprise in Enugu East Senatorial Zone make an average daily turnover of N15,000 and profit of about N15,000 daily.

There has been a phenomenal growth in the dimensions and nature of small and medium enterprise in Enugu East Senatorial Zone.

The growth is mainly on account of people’s desire to be self employed.

The problems of establishing and managing small and medium enterprise include lack of capital, lack of managerial skills, lack of business ideas, high cost of operational facilities, scarcity of accommodation, lack of efficient preservation, system and poor environmental and sanitation.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Page i

Dedication ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Statement of the problem 4

1.3 Objective of the Study 6

1.4 Hypothesis 6

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review 7

2.1 Conceptual Framework 7

2.2 Theoretical Literature 11

2.2.1 Types of Small and Medium Enterprise 15

2.2.2 Roles of Small and Medium Enterprise in Enugu State

Metropolis in Job Creation and Poverty Eradication 16

2.2.3 Importance of Small and Medium Enterprise in Nigeria 18

2.2.4 Problems of Small and Medium Enterprise Enugu East 22

2.2.5 Prospect of Small and Medium Enterprise Enugu East

Senatorial Zone 23

Challenges in Facing Small and Medium Enterprise in

Enugu East Senatorial Zone 25

Small and Medium Enterprise Credit Scheme: Case Study

Of Enugu East Senatorial Zone 26

2.3 Empirical Framework 30

2.3.1 Ways of Encouraging Small and Medium Enterprise to

Enhance National Development in Enugu East Senatorial

Zone 35

Government Refund on Small and Medium Scale and

Means of Administration 37

2.3.3 Limitation of the Study 38

CHAPTER THREE

Research Methodology 40

3.1 Research Design 40

3.2 Area of Study 40

3.3 Source of Data 40

3.4 Sample Size Determination and Sampling Techniques 41

3.5 Instrument 41

3.6 Data Collection Procedure 42

3.7 Method of Data Analysis 42

CHAPTER FOUR

Data Presentation of Analysis 44

4.1 Analysis and Interpretation of Data 44

4.2 Test Hypothesis 59

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion 63

5.1 Summary of Findings 63

5.2 Conclusion 64

5.3 Recommendation 64

Bibliography 66

Questionnaire 67

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 Administration of Questionnaire 44

Table 4.2 Distribution of Respondents 45

Table 4.3 Age Distribution of Respondents 45

Table 4.4 Marital Distribution of Respondents 46

Table 4.5 Educational Qualification of Respondents 46

Table 4.6 Number of Years in the Business 47

Table 4.7 What Extent Does Enugu East Senatorial Zone

Affect the Operation of Small and Medium Enterprise 48

Table 4.8 Factor Responsible or phenomenal growth of

Small and Medium Enterprise 49

Table 4.9 Responses of Consumers Feelings 50

Table 4.10 Nature of Competition 51

Table 4.11 Problems of Setting up Small and Medium Enterprise 52

Table 4.12 Problems of Managing Small and Medium Enterprise 54

Table 4.13 Future prospects of Small and Medium Enterprise 56

Table 4.14 Distribution of Daily Turnover 57

CHAPTER ONE

BACKGROUND

In recent years, particularly since the adoption of the economic reform programme in Nigeria in 1986, there has been a decisive switch of emphasis from the grandiose, capital intensive, large scale industrial project based on the philosphy of import substitution to small scale industries with immense potentials for developing domestic linkages for rapid, sustainable industrial development. Apart from their potential for ensuring a self reliant industrialization, in terms of ability to rely largely on local raw materials, small scale enterprises are also in a better position to boost employ raw materials, small and medium enterprise, are also in a better position to boost employment, guarantee a more even distribution of industrial development in the country, including the rural areas, and facilitate the growth of non-oil exports.

In Nigeria, the definition of small and medium enterprises also varies from time to time and according to institutions, for instance, the Central Bank of Nigeria’s (CBN) monetary policy circular No:27 of 1988 define small scale enterprises (excluding general commerce) as enterprises in which total investment (including land and working capital) did not exceed #500,000 and or the annual turn-over did not exceed #5.0 million.

Medium enterprise (excluding general commerce) as enterprises in which total investment and not exceed #1,000,0000 (1 million) and the annual turnover did not exceed #1.2 million. Small scale enterprises is one of the modern strategies underdevelop countries are employing to break into the “league” of developed countries. Fasua (2006:85) categorized business that fall under small scale as follows firewood supply, plantain production, restaurant services, small scale poultry raising, operating a nursery for children, home laundry services and host of others. Business grouped under medium scale according to fasusa are ; soap production, hair/body cream production, chemical production, commercial poultry, profession appractes (law, accountancy, education) food and beverage production among others.

Consequently, both the federal and state governments and recently, local governments, have stepped up efforts to promote the development of small scale enterprises through increased incentive scheme, including enhanced budgetary allocations for technical, assistance programmes. New lending schemes and credits institutions for technical assistance programme New lending schemes and credit institutions such as the National Economic Reconstruction found (NERFOUND), World Bank-assisted small-scale enterprises loan scheme (SMES), Nigeria Export and Import Bank (NEXIM), the people’s Bank of Nigeria (PBN) and the Community Bank have also emerged at both the national and local levels to boost the flow of development finance of small scale enterprises which have so far depended largely on personal funds and credit. From informal sources for both their investments and working capital.

Unfortunately, all these formal credit scheme have not been able to adequately redress the fundamental problems which have constrained small scale enterprises access to credit. The low credit rating of this class of enterprises, is attributable largely to their weak capital, base, high mortality rate, low productivity and shortage of managerial skills. Indeed, the problem of weak capital base, high mortality rate, low productivity and shortage of managerial skills. Indeed, the problems, of weak capital base, and poor access to finance appear to have developed into some vicious circle, leading to slow growth, stagnation and even rapid demise of the small scale enterprises. The impact of all existing credit scheme interms of providing funds for meaningful and sustained development among the small scale enterprise, had medium enterprise to serve the expected role of catalyst for rapid industrial development, there is need for a more innovative strategy for improved access to development finance for the small and medium enterprise that would address their inability to provide collateral securities for loans formal credit institutions.

Statement of the problem

Small and medium enterprise are mostly in managed by owners and relations. The financing in most cases in normally provided by the owners. The owners fail to realize the importance of external source of capital in order affect expansion in the business. In most cases, the by the owner, members of the family and friends in most cases.

In another development, small and medium enterprise experiences difficulties in raising equity capital from the finance houses or individuals. Even when the finance house agrees to provide equity capital, the conditions are always dreadful. All the result to inadequate capital available to the sector and thus lead to poor financing. This is the bane of most cottage industries in Nigeria. About 80% of small and medium enterprises are stifled because of this problem of poor financing and other problems associated with it (Chukwuemeka, 2006). The problems that emanated from poor financing include:

Lack of competent management which is the consequence of inability of owners to employ the services of experts.
Use of obsolete equipment and methods of production because of owner’s inability to access new technology.
Excessive competition which resulted from sales which is a consequence of poor finance to cope with increased competition in the industry.

Inspite of the different measures since 1960 to increase industrialization, small medium enterprises are still facing hard conditions. This is as a result of some constraining factors.

The high cost of available raw materials affects the prices of good food. This only has adverse affect on the turnover of the enterprise but also on the profitability.
1. To what extent has the finance house strict conditions affected the development of small scale.
1. Does poor financing actually affect small and medium business operation.
1. Objectives of the study

The specific objectives of the study are:-

To determine factors influencing small and medium enterprise in Nigeria
To determine the extent finance house strict conditions have affected the development of small and medium enterprise in Nigeria
To assess the extent poor financing has affected small and medium business operation in Nigeria.
1. Hypothesis

The following hypothesis are formulated to provide the lead for this study:

H1: The phenomenal growth in the number of small and medium enterprise is not due to guest for self employment.

H2: The profitability of the business has not encouraged people

involved in the business.

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AN INVESTIGATION OF FUEL WOOD CRISIS. A CASE STUDY OF FCT ABUJA

Abstract

This study investigates the fuelwood crisis in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria, with a focus on understanding its causes, impacts, and potential solutions. Fuelwood, a primary source of energy for many households and small-scale enterprises in Nigeria, has become increasingly scarce due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and deforestation. This research adopts a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data gathered through surveys, interviews, and field observations. Key findings highlight the socioeconomic drivers of the crisis, including poverty, high demand for alternative energy sources, and limited access to modern energy. The study also reveals the environmental consequences of over-reliance on fuelwood, such as loss of biodiversity, soil degradation, and increased greenhouse gas emissions. To address these challenges, the research recommends policies aimed at promoting sustainable energy alternatives, afforestation programs, and public awareness campaigns on efficient energy use. By examining the fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja, this study contributes to the broader discourse on energy sustainability and environmental management in developing urban centers.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Fuelwood remains one of the most utilized sources of energy in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, over 70% of households depend on fuelwood for cooking and heating purposes (Babalola et al., 2021). Despite its widespread use, the growing demand for fuelwood, driven by population growth and urbanization, has led to significant environmental and socioeconomic challenges. In the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, the fuelwood crisis is becoming increasingly critical, with deforestation, environmental degradation, and rising costs posing severe threats to sustainable development (Adewuyi et al., 2018).

The reliance on fuelwood as a primary energy source in FCT Abuja is a reflection of limited access to alternative energy sources such as electricity, kerosene, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Many households and small-scale enterprises cannot afford these alternatives due to high costs and irregular supply (Okafor & Joe-Ikechebelu, 2019). Consequently, the unsustainable harvesting of wood from surrounding forests has led to deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and increased greenhouse gas emissions, exacerbating the impacts of climate change.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja poses a dual challenge: meeting the energy needs of a rapidly growing population while mitigating the environmental consequences of over-reliance on wood as an energy source. Deforestation rates in the region have risen significantly, with an estimated 350,000 hectares of forest lost annually in Nigeria due to fuelwood harvesting (FAO, 2020). This loss of forest cover not only contributes to environmental issues such as soil erosion and reduced water quality but also affects the livelihoods of communities that depend on forests for their survival.

Moreover, the escalating costs of fuelwood are placing additional economic burdens on low-income households, forcing some to resort to alternative, less efficient, and more hazardous forms of energy, such as crop residues and animal dung (Adedeji & Olayemi, 2020). This situation calls for urgent attention to understand the underlying drivers of the fuelwood crisis and to develop strategies for sustainable energy access.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to investigate the fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja and its implications for households, the environment, and energy sustainability. The specific objectives are:

To identify the factors contributing to the fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja.

To assess the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of fuelwood dependence in the region.

To evaluate the availability and accessibility of alternative energy sources for households and enterprises.

To recommend sustainable strategies for addressing the fuelwood crisis.

1.4 Research Questions

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

What are the primary factors driving the fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja?

How does fuelwood dependence affect households and the environment in the region?

What alternative energy sources are available and accessible to residents of FCT Abuja?

What strategies can be adopted to ensure sustainable energy access and environmental conservation?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research is significant for several reasons. First, it provides empirical insights into the fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja, contributing to the existing body of knowledge on energy poverty and environmental sustainability. Second, the findings of this study will inform policymakers, environmentalists, and development practitioners on the design and implementation of interventions aimed at promoting sustainable energy use and environmental conservation. Finally, the study highlights the importance of integrating alternative energy solutions into national and regional development plans to address the energy needs of low-income households while protecting the environment.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study focuses on the fuelwood crisis in FCT Abuja, examining its causes, impacts, and potential solutions. Data will be collected from households, small-scale enterprises, and relevant stakeholders in selected urban and peri-urban areas within the territory. The study will also explore the role of government policies, community initiatives, and private sector interventions in addressing the crisis.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Fuelwood: Wood used as fuel for cooking, heating, or other energy needs.

Deforestation: The permanent removal of trees and forests, often for agricultural, industrial, or urban use.

Energy Poverty: A lack of access to affordable and reliable modern energy services.

Sustainable Energy: Energy solutions that meet present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

1.8 Organization of the Study

This study is organized into five chapters. Chapter One provides the background, statement of the problem, objectives, research questions, significance, scope, and definition of terms. Chapter Two reviews relevant literature on fuelwood use, environmental impacts, and sustainable energy alternatives. Chapter Three outlines the research methodology, including the research design, data collection methods, and analysis techniques. Chapter Four presents the results and discussion of findings, while Chapter Five concludes with recommendations and suggestions for future research.

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