PRODUCTION AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SHOE POLISH USING BIOCHAR AS PIGMENT

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PRODUCTION AND QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SHOE POLISH USING BIOCHAR AS PIGMENT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The World Wars witnessed a surge in demand for polish products in order to polish army boots. Shoe polish is a waxy paste, cream, or liquid used to polish, shine, waterproof, and restore the appearance of leather shoes/boots, thereby protecting the footwears against abrasion. Shoe polish can be made of a waxy colloidal emulsion, a substance composed of a few partially immiscible liquids and solids mixed together. It is usually made from ingredients including some or all of naphtha, lanolin, turpentine, wax (often carnauba wax), gum arabic, and ethylene glycol, and if required a colourant, such as carbon black or an azo dye (such as aniline yellow) [1]. The high amount of volatile substances means that the shoe polish will dry out fast, and harden after application, while retaining its shine [2]. Due to surface tension forces, a glossy surface is created after polishing, dries up to give the shoe the required luster. The polish should be resistant to abrasion, smooth, transparent, uniform in colour, be adhesive and thin. Most polishes depend on wax or oil for their polishing properties. Wax polishes are more long lasting [3]. Shoe polish can be manufactured using large heaters and air conditioners. There is no set method of manufacture, although most methods use pressures of two atmospheres to ensure that naphtha does not boil off, and temperatures of up to 85ºC [4]. In the manufacture of shoe polish, wax is reacted with resins which provide the thin film on the shoe after polish has been applied and shined, volatile solvents are used to give it a quick drying effect. Water acts as a solvent while different dyes can be used to give it the colouration [3]. But, a chemical process is any single processing unit or a combination of processing units used for the conversion of raw materials through any combination of chemical and physical treatment changes into finished products; and the process employed in this research work is a straight forward chemical engineering process [5], using simple equipment in the chemistry laboratory.

In the 18th century leather with a high natural veneer and glossy surface finish was used for shoes and boots making, which required in most cases variety of homemade polishes like lanolin to provide shine surfaces [6]. In the 19th century many forms of shoe polish were available often called ‘blacking’ and dubblin when animal by product tallow is mixed with lampblack, being that 82% of the meat consumed in the United States was processed in Chicago, Illinois stockyards, these cities turned out to be major shoe polish producing areas [6]. The popularity of shoe polish lead to the rise of leather and synthetic shoe production, which started late 19th century, then continued throughout the 20th century, the World Wars witnessed a surge in demand for polish products that were used for army boots [7]. An American war correspondent Walter Graeber wrote for TIME magazine that shoe polish was found everywhere Allied troops ventured [8], and that in 1942 “old tins of Britishmade KiWi polish lay side by side with empty bottles of Chianti” [9]. Scottish boot polish makers in Melbourne, Australia made polish in a small factory and their formula was a major improvement on previous brands, it preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored colour of shoes [10]. KiWi was the first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties aimed primarily at inducing shine, the practice of shining people’s shoes grew up in city streets as many shoeshine boys offer shoe shines using a basic form of shoe polish along with polishing cloth [9] [11]. The popularity of KiWi shoe polish spread throughout British Commonwealth Nations, United States of America, rival brands began to emerge which include Shinola and Cavalier (United States), Cherry Blossom (United Kingdom), Parwa (India), Jean Bart (France) and many others [9] [12]. In recent years, there are numerous brands of shoe polish available and the demands are declining due to gradual replacement of formal foot wears with sneakers for everyday use [13]. The two chief areas of shoes polish sales to the general public, specialists, and trade are through the shoe repairers and cobblers, the sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable [14]. The physical definition of wax comes from a substance between resins and fats, chemically it is defined as an ester of a long chain aliphatic acid with a long chain aliphatic alcohol [15]. A better definition also state that wax is the collective name for a series of natural or synthetically produced substances that possess the following properties, kneadable at 20ºC, brittles to solid, coarse to finely crystalline, translucent to opaque but not glass like, melts about 40°C without decomposition, of relatively low viscosity even slightly above melting point, not tending to stringiness, consistency and solubility depending on the temperature and capable of being polished by slight pressure [16]. Shoe polish produced is flammable, toxic, if misused it can stain skin; it is applied to shoes in a well-ventilated area taking care of clothes, carpet and furniture.

The emergence of polish technology in engineering is apparent offshoot of complexities resulting from the induction of substances that produce desired gloss and provides a protective coating for the surface of the materials, changing it to a dry adherent film. Therefore, polish is a substances usually wax based, which when applied to a sequence was based, which applied to sequence protects, makes it smooth and shiny.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

It has been discovered that shoe polish industries in Nigeria are at minimum even though the polish industry is economically very important due to its widespread usage. Shoe polish industry as a surface coaling provider in a very important venture. The manufacture of surface coaling materials of which shoes polish is a part, has been estimated with sales of more than 10,000 million yearly. This in essence means that its usage is wide spread and in teams of employment, gives a lot of opportunities. The economic consequences as highlighted above have4 in turn spu7rred many into a continuous struggle for a good quality product.

Therefore, in a bid to reduce the degree of unemployment by establishing small scale industries, this research project is embark upon.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1 To produce shoe polish which will suit the weather of this country.

2 Produce polish of high quality at minimum cost5

3 To conserve foreign exchange and help solve the problem of balance of payment resulting from, the importation of polishes to offset the unnecessary.

4 To help complement the efforts of existing factories toward meeting the rising demand of product.

5 To create employment opportunities by establishing polish industry.

6 To reduce the depending on government for emplyment by having individual investment and becoming self reliant

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Considering the fact that there are few or practically no functional polish industry in the country, and the imported polish most atimes do not meet up with the local weather conditions, this research project will help to find solution to these problems. And at the same time offer local alternatives to these imported products. It will equally be an avenue for finding means of increasing our domestic national product.

Importantly, exploiting the benefit offered by this research work will help in improving the qualities of polishes produced. This will help in making the polish industry a viable venture, whose product could be exported thereby serving as a foreign exchange earner for the country.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

The research project covers feasibility study, scouting and acquisition of the necessary raw materials required for the production, formulations research and the production of the polish samples. Other areas are, analytical test of product qualities as compared with some commercial brands, evaluation of the project, discussion, conclusion and recommendations.

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